Management of shunt dysfunction using noninvasive intracranial pressure waveform monitoring: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) treatment consists of using valves for drainage, as it is for hydrocephalus in general. Despite this, complications can occur, putting the patient at risk, and neurological monitoring is crucial. OBSERVATIONS: A 61-year-old male, who had been diagnosed with NPH 3 years prior and was being treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt with a programmable valve, presented to the emergency department because of a traumatic brain injury due to a fall from standing height. No previous complications were reported. He had an altered intracranial pressure (ICP) waveform in the emergency room when monitored with the brain4care device, with a P2/P1 ratio of 1.6. Imaging helped to confirm shunt dysfunction. Revision surgery normalized the ratio to 1.0, and the patient was discharged. Upon return after 14 days, an outpatient analysis revealed a ratio of 0.6, indicating improvement. LESSONS: In selected cases of NPH, noninvasive ICP waveform morphology analysis can be effective as a diagnostic aid, as well as in the pre- and postsurgical follow-up, given the possibility of comparing the values of ICP preoperatively and immediately postoperatively and the outpatient P2/P1 ratio, helping to manage these patients.

Decompressive Hemicraniectomies as a Damage Control Approach for Multilobar Firearm Projectile Injuries: A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: While firearms projectile injuries to the head carry a high rate of morbidity and mortality, current literature in clinical management remains controversial. Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) has been previously described in the neurosurgical literature for traumatic brain injuries, with positive results in the reduction of mortality. Here we aim to assess DHC as a damage control approach for multilobar firearm injuries to the head and compare our results with what is present in the literature. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who sustained multilobar firearm injuries to the head admitted to our center from January 2009 to April 2021 was performed. Exclusion criteria were a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score <5, and/or brain stem dysfunction that persisted despite stabilization and medical therapy for intracranial hypertension. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were analyzed, with an average GCS on admission of 8.35. The 60-day mortality rate for all 20 patients was 20% with a total of 4 deaths, 1 of which was due to pulmonary sepsis in the critical postoperative care unit. The mean hospital stay of surviving patients was 22 days. CONCLUSIONS: DHC should be considered as a damage control strategy for young patients with multilobar firearm injuries and GCS >5, having yielded favorable results in this study when compared to current literature.

E.L., a modern-day Phineas Gage: Revisiting frontal lobe injury.

Background: How the prefrontal cortex (PFC) recovers its functionality following lesions remains a conundrum. Recent work has uncovered the importance of transient low-frequency oscillatory activity (LFO; < 4 Hz) for the recovery of an injured brain. We aimed to determine whether persistent cortical oscillatory dynamics contribute to brain capability to support 'normal life' following injury. Methods: In this 9-year prospective longitudinal study (08/2012-2021), we collected data from the patient E.L., a modern-day Phineas Gage, who suffered from lesions, impacting 11% of his total brain mass, to his right PFC and supplementary motor area after his skull was transfixed by an iron rod. A systematic evaluation of clinical, electrophysiologic, brain imaging, neuropsychological and behavioural testing were used to clarify the clinical significance of relationship between LFO discharge and executive dysfunctions and compare E.L.´s disorders to that attributed to Gage (1848), a landmark in the history of neurology and neuroscience. Findings: Selective recruitment of the non-injured left hemisphere during execution of unimanual right-hand movements resulted in the emergence of robust LFO, an EEG-detected marker for disconnection of brain areas, in the damaged right hemisphere. In contrast, recruitment of the damaged right hemisphere during contralateral hand movement, resulted in the co-activation of the left hemisphere and decreased right hemisphere LFO to levels of controls enabling performance, suggesting a target for neuromodulation. Similarly, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), used to create a temporary virtual-lesion over E.L.'s healthy hemisphere, disrupted the modulation of contralateral LFO, disturbing behaviour and impairing executive function tasks. In contrast to Gage, reasoning, planning, working memory, social, sexual and family behaviours eluded clinical inspection by decreasing LFO in the delta frequency range during motor and executive functioning. Interpretation: Our study suggests that modulation of LFO dynamics is an important mechanism by which PFC accommodates neurological injuries, supporting the reports of Gage´s recovery, and represents an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Funding: Fundação de Amparo Pesquisa Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (intramural), and Fiocruz/Ministery of Health (INOVA Fiocruz).

Microsurgical resection of a giant cervico-medullary ependymoma: 2D-dimensional video.

BACKGROUND: Ependymoma is a slowly growing benign neoplasm that constitutes 3-9% of all neuroepithelial spinal cord tumors.[3,4] They rarely involve the cervicomedullary junction where they both compress the distal brainstem and upper cervical cord. Due to the critical contiguous structures, gross total resection of these lesions may result in significant morbidity/mortality.[1,2] Utilizing intraoperative neuromonitoring can help limit the risks of removing these lesions. Not when considering the risk/complications of partial versus total resection, the surgeon should keep in mind that they are benign slow growing tumors with relatively good long-term survivals following partial removals. This surgical video shows the surgical strategy and management of a giant cervicomedullary ependymoma performed in a 23-year-old female. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 23-year-old female presented with cervical pain and quadriparesis of 1-year's duration. The MR with/without gadolinium showed a large intradural, intramedullary cervical spinal cord tumor that severely expanded the spinal cord. It contained a significant cystic component, extending from the lower brain stem to the inferior aspect of C7. The lesion was hyperintense on T1 and T2 sequences and demonstrated minimal contrast enhancement. Surgery warranted a posterior cranio-cervical midline approach consisting of a suboccipital craniectomy with laminotomy. The pathological diagnosis was consistent with an ependymoma (WHO I). Fifteen days postoperatively, the patient was discharged with a minimal residual quadriparesis that largely resolved within 6 postoperative months. Three months later, the MRI confirmed complete tumor removal of the lesion. Notably, longer-term follow-up is warranted before complete excision can be confirmed. If there is a recurrence, repeat resection versus stereotactic radiosurgery may be warranted. CONCLUSION: This video highlights a safe and effective surgical technique for the resection of a giant cervicomedullary ependymoma.

International Neurotrauma Training Based on North-South Collaborations: Results of an Inter-institutional Program in the Era of Global Neurosurgery.

Objective: Shortage of general neurosurgery and specialized neurotrauma care in low resource settings is a critical setback in the national surgical plans of low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Neurotrauma fellowship programs typically exist in high-income countries (HIC), where surgeons who fulfill the requirements for positions regularly stay to practice. Due to this issue, neurosurgery residents and medical students from LMICs do not have regular access to this kind of specialized training and knowledge-hubs. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a recently established neurotrauma fellowship program for neurosurgeons of LMICs in the framework of global neurosurgery collaborations, including the involvement of specialized parallel education for neurosurgery residents and medical students. Methods: The Global Neurotrauma Fellowship (GNTF) program was inaugurated in 2015 by a multi-institutional collaboration between a HIC and an LMIC. The course organizers designed it to be a 12-month program based on adapted neurotrauma international competencies with the academic support of the Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital and Meditech Foundation in Colombia. Since 2018, additional support from the UK, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research in Neurotrauma Project from the University of Cambridge enhanced the infrastructure of the program, adding a research component in global neurosurgery and system science. Results: Eight fellows from Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, Pakistan, and Colombia have been trained and certified via the fellowship program. The integration of international competencies and exposure to different systems of care in high-income and low-income environments creates a unique environment for training within a global neurosurgery framework. Additionally, 18 residents (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba, Germany, Spain, and the USA), and ten medical students (the United Kingdom, USA, Australia, and Colombia) have also participated in elective rotations of neurotrauma and critical care during the time of the fellowship program, as well as in research projects as part of an established global surgery initiative. Conclusion: We have shown that it is possible to establish a neurotrauma fellowship program in an LMIC based on the structure of HIC formal training programs. Adaptation of the international competencies focusing on neurotrauma care in low resource settings and maintaining international mentoring and academic support will allow the participants to return to practice in their home-based countries.

Minimally invasive keyhole supraorbital craniotomy as treatment option for penetrating foreign body through orbital roof.

Intraorbital foreign body is a rare condition, especially when extending into the intracranial compartment. When facing this scenario in the ER, the neurosurgeon must carefully choose the optimal point of surgical access in order to reduce morbidity. The authors hereby report the case of a 66 year-old male with a penetrating trauma to the orbit reaching the anterior cranial base through the orbital roof and associated with an intracerebral hematoma. The removal of the foreign body was performed by a dual approach: an 'eyebrow' supraorbital keyhole craniotomy and an intra-orbital extra-ocular exploration, with later microsurgical drainage of the hematoma and evisceration of the eye 48 hours later. The patient developed a pseudomeningocele, which was treated with lumbar puncture and compressive dressing. After proper intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis, the patient was discharged 21 days after hospital admission.

Complicated Cerebral Venous Thrombosis During the First Trimester of Pregnancy.

Pregnancy and puerperium are known conditions associated with venous thrombotic events, which may present atypically in cases such as cerebral venous thrombosis. Since these are uncommon events, there is a paucity of reports and protocols for the management of these patients, resulting in no clear consensus in the literature. We report a case of a woman, nine weeks pregnant, who developed thrombosis of the right transverse and superior sagittal sinuses. Our diagnosis was made with computed tomography angiography, and due to a significant midline shift, an emergency decompressive hemicraniectomy was required. Although medical and surgical therapies for intracranial hypertension and anticoagulation were optimized in accordance with current medical literature, the patient suffered a spontaneous abortion and remained with significant neurological sequelae.

Is Intraoperative Ultrasound a Valuable Tool for Brain Arteriovenous Malformation Diagnosis and Treatment? A Case Report.

The localization of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) intraoperatively in the setting of an acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is crucial to avoid damage of delicate vascular structures that may even further exacerbate the bleed. Currently, surgical mapping using preoperative angiographic is the standard of practice. We report the use of intraoperative ultrasound for the diagnosis and localization of an AVM in the case of a 61-year-old female with reported iodine contrast allergy and previous severe reaction, in a setting with limited resources, without other imaging options or timely transfer to another facility readily available. Immediate surgical care was warranted to avoid further deterioration of the patient; intraoperative diagnosis and localization of the suspected underlying lesion were done using ultrasound. The ultrasound display showed tubular anechoic intertwined structures that demonstrated bidirectional flow, which is suggestive of an AVM. The intraoperative diagnosis allowed the surgeon to avoid an inadvertent approach to the vascular malformation nidus or vessels, which could have further complicated the case. We believe that intraoperative ultrasound may be valuable for the neurosurgeons today in many settings. Despite the fact that this case occurred in a scenario with limited resources and no other imaging method (such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)) available, we advise readers not to rely solely on intraoperative ultrasound.

Neuronavigation as a minimally invasive tool in the treatment of intracranial gunshot injuries.

Gunshot injury is the most common cause of penetrating brain injury. The in-hospital mortality for civilians with penetrating craniocerebral injury is 52-95%. There are many surgical techniques suitable for the treatment of survivors. We report a surgical technique consisting of neuronavigation guidance for wound treatment with smaller incisions and craniotomies, followed by bullet removal if feasible. We report case of a 15 year old male patient who sustained an accidental firearm injury to the occipital region, submitted to surgical treatment that consisted in a minimally invasive approach guided by neuronavigation. Immediate neurological examination showed inferior homonymous quadrantanopsia alone as a clinical finding. Patient was discharged after one week, and no complications arised in follow-up. We conclude that using neuronavigation as a tool was effective in the reported case and that minimally invasive neurosurgical techniques may be a safe and efficient option for the treatment of traumatic brain injuries caused by firearm projectiles.

The Evolving Concept of Damage Control in Neurotrauma: Application of Military Protocols in Civilian Settings with Limited Resources.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present review was to describe the evolution of the damage control concept in neurotrauma, including the surgical technique and medical postoperative care, from the lessons learned from civilian and military neurosurgeons who have applied the concept regularly in practice at military hospitals and civilian institutions in areas with limited resources. METHODS: The present narrative review was based on the experience of a group of neurosurgeons who participated in the development of the concept from their practice working in military theaters and low-resources settings with an important burden of blunt and penetrating cranial neurotrauma. RESULTS: Damage control surgery in neurotrauma has been described as a sequential therapeutic strategy that supports physiological restoration before anatomical repair in patients with critical injuries. The application of the concept has evolved since the early definitions in 1998. Current strategies have been supported by military neurosurgery experience, and the concept has been applied in civilian settings with limited resources. CONCLUSION: Damage control in neurotrauma is a therapeutic option for severe traumatic brain injury management in austere environments. To apply the concept while using an appropriate approach, lessons must be learned from experienced neurosurgeons who use this technique regularly.

Bone Flap Conservation in the Scalp After Decompressive Craniectomy.

BACKGROUND: Decompressive craniectomy may be used as a primary or secondary treatment for intracranial hypertension and is clearly associated with reduced mortality. The removed bone flap is usually preserved in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue or in the bone bank. The aim of this study was to describe an option for preserving the bone flap after decompressive craniectomy using bone flap preservation in the skull subcutaneous tissue in subgaleal space over the pericranium contralateral to the craniectomy site. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study including patients with severe traumatic brain injury from 2014 to 2016. There were 23 patients who had their bone fragments preserved below the scalp in the subcutaneous tissue for analysis. The following results were analyzed: surgical site infection, bone flap resorption during the period of preservation, and patient discomfort. RESULTS: Five patients died of systemic infectious complications, and the remaining patients underwent cranioplasty a mean 118 days after craniectomy. There were no surgical wound infections, macroscopically evident bone absorption, or site discomfort in any of the patients during a period of 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: This variant of the bone flap preservation technique has been shown to be satisfactory as an option for routine use.

Shunt implantations and peritoneal catheters: Do not cut beyond 20 cm.

BACKGROUND: Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are supplied with long peritoneal catheters, most commonly between 80 and 120 cm long. ISO/DIS 7197/2006([15]) shunt manufacturing procedures include peritoneal catheter as an integrate of the total resistance. Cutting pieces of peritoneal catheters upon shunt implantation or revision is a common procedure. METHODS: We evaluated five shunts assembled with different total pressure resistances and variable peritoneal catheter lengths in order to clarify the changes that occurred in the hydrodynamic profile when peritoneal catheters were cut upon shunt implantation or shunt revision. RESULTS: Originally, all shunts performed within the operational range. Shunt 1 performed in a lower pressure range at 200 mm cut off peritoneal catheter and as a low-pressure shunt with -300 mm cut off. Shunt 2 was manufactured to run at the higher border pressure range, and it went out of specification with a 300 mm cut off. Shunt 3 was manufactured to run close to the lower border pressure range, and at 100 mm cutoff, it was already borderline in a lower resistive category. Other shunts also responded similarly. CONCLUSION: The limit to maintain a shunt in its original pressure settings was 20 cm peritoneal catheter cutting length. By cutting longer pieces of peritoneal catheter, one would submit patients to a less-resistive regimen than intended and his reasoning will be compromised. The pediatric population is more prone to suffer from the consequences of cutting catheters. Shunt manufacturers should consider adopting peritoneal catheters according to the age (height) of the patient.

Considerações hidrodinâmicas sobre a derivação liquórica V: alterações nos dimensionamentos originais do sistema valvular no momento do implante alteram suas características hidrodinâmicas e induzem a erros de avaliação clínica pelo neurocirurgião / Modifications in catheter dimensions upon shunt implantation - Revision affect shunt hydrodynamic profile and clinical judgment

Objetivo: Averiguar se as características hidrodinâmicas das válvulas se alteram significativamente quando os dimensionamentos originais são violados e a possível repercussão clínica desse fato. Métodos: Foi utilizada uma bancada de testes automatizada, conforme a norma ISO 7197. Um sistema valvular foi testado inicialmente com os componentes reconizados e embalados originalmente com o produto. A seguir, substituiu-se o cateter peritoneal original por diversos dimensionamentos encontrados no mercado nacional. Nos testes para a avaliação da influência do diâmetro do cateter no escoamento, foi utilizado sempre o mesmo comprimento original do cateter. Aplicou-se o mesmo raciocínio lógico para a análise do comprimento do cateter. Nove perfis hidrodinâmicos foram obtidos para as diferentes montagens valvulares. Resultados: Diminuições imperceptíveis no diâmetro do cateter peritoneal alteraram o perfil hidrodinâmico do sistema valvular testado. Alterações de 0,1 mm no diâmetro de um cateter peritoneal aumentaram o efeito resistivo do sistema valvular suficientemente para que ele funcionasse fora do perfil hidrodinâmico preconizado; o efeito resistivo se acentuou conforme o diâmetro diminuiu, e vice-versa. A diminuição do comprimento do cateter também influenciou significativamente no desempenho hidráulico da válvula, de um regime inicial de alta pressão para um regime de média pressão. Conclusão: Alterações de dimensionamento em cateteres peritoneais trazem complicações para o paciente e desorientam o julgamento clínico do neurocirurgião no período pós-implante, pois o sistema valvular funcionará em regime hidráulico fora do especificado, e o raciocínio lógico do neurocirurgião também se torna comprometido. Esse fato pode ser crítico principalmente em crianças e neonatos. Não foram identificados relatos desse fato na literatura que antecede esta apresentação.

Objective: Check if the hydrodynamic characteristics of the valves change significantly when the original sizing are violated, and the possible clinical consequences of this fact. Methods: One shunt system was randomly submitted to hydraulic forces in a bench test according to ISO 7197, for 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5 ml/h flow, in six sequential tests, and each sequential test was repeated 7 times. Results are the mean flow for the 7 events. Maintaining original peritoneal length of 1,200 mm, data were collected for i.d. catheter diameters of 1,5, 1,2, 1,1, and 1,0 mm. Maintaining original i.d., peritoneal catheter length was sequentially cut and tested every 10 cm down to 600 mm. Results: Changes in the order of 0,1 mm in catheter inner diameter changes the hydrodynamic profile of the shunt system. Cutting a peritoneal catheter by also changes its original hydrodynamic profile. Shunt will perform in a lower pressure setting from originally specified. Conclusion: Cutting peritoneal catheters upon implantation or revisions is a fact, especially in pediatric patients. Depending on the cutting length of the peritoneal catheter, the shunt system implanted will not perform according the its specifications, being a lower resistance shunt than preconized by the manufacturer, and the neurosurgeon may have misjudgments whenever the patient requires care for shunt malfunction.

Primeiro estudo cooperativo em neurotraumatologia: experiência inicial e ações futuras / First brasilian cooperative study on neurotraumatology: preliminary reports

Este projeto é trabalho do Departamento de Trauma da Sociedade Brasileira de neurocirurgia, realizado com a colaboração de diversas instituições, com o objetivo de conceber uma infra-estrutura que permita dados via internet entre instituições. Descrevemos a situação atual do "Projeto Diretrizes de Atendimento ao Traumatismo Craniencefálico". Apresentamos os resultados iniciais de um estudo cooperativo entre diversas instituições médicas através da criação de um banco de dados e estabelecemos um novo protocolo de estudo. Propomos que o sistema atuial evolua à semelhança do BrainITGroup. No momento é ima proposta conceitual, de uma estrutura de coordenação entre serviços e de acesso a bancos de dados e que estabeleça critérios para publicação.

Inverted-hook occipital clamp system in occipitocervical fixation. Technical note.

The authors describe an occipitocervical fixation procedure in which they use inverted occipital hooks inserted through a burr hole drilled in the squamous part of the occipital bone. Fifteen patients with unstable lesions of the occipitocervical junction underwent occipitocervical internal fixation. The mean follow-up period was 21 months (range 2-63 months). No implant failed, and postoperative immobilization was not required. The placement of a posterior occipitocervical graft (for which fusion is uncertain) can be avoided in certain conditions.