Evaluación del abordaje de la sexualidad en las consultas de atención primaria en España: estudio comparativo multicéntrico (2004-2017) / Evaluation of the approach to sexuality in primary care consultations in Spain: A multicentre comparative study (2004-2017)

Objetivo: Describir cómo se aborda la sexualidad en las consultas de los médicos de familia (MF), así como comparar los resultados de un cuestionario realizado en 2017, que actualizó los datos obtenidos de una encuesta de 2004. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, analítico, multicéntrico con 2cortes transversales. De los 3.500 MF que cumplían los criterios selección (acreditación como tutor de residentes y ser trabajador en activo en el momento del estudio), contestaron a la encuesta 598 médicos en 2017 y 357 en 2004. Resultados: En ambos estudios la mayoría (98,6% en 2017 y 96% en 2004) considera que la esfera sexual es un componente importante en la salud de las personas, pero menos de la mitad (40,6% en 2017 y 21,6% en 2004) lo registra sistemáticamente en su historia clínica. Los cursos de formación continuada fueron la principal fuente de formación en sexualidad en ambos estudios (50,6% en 2017 y 31,4% en 2004). Las principales barreras encontradas en ambos estudios fueron la falta de tiempo (85,5% en 2017 y 82,1% en 2004) y la falta de formación (75,2% en 2017 y 74,5% en 2004). Conclusiones: Los MF conocen la importancia de la sexualidad en la salud de las personas, pese a ello, un escaso número de profesionales lo registra sistemáticamente en su historia clínica. Los cursos de formación continuada fueron una fuente formación en sexualidad muy relevante y coincide con un aumento de su oferta en los últimos años. Las principales barreras en ambos estudios fueron la falta de tiempo y la escasa formación (AU)

Objective: To describe how sexuality is addressed in general practitioners’ (GP) consultations, as well as to compare the results of a questionnaire carried out in 2017 that updated the data obtained from a 2004 survey. Material and methods: Descriptive, analytical, multicentre study with 2cross-sections. Of the 3,500 GP who met the selection criteria (holding current accreditation as a resident tutor and being an active worker at the time of the study), 598 doctors participated in the survey in 2017 and 357 in 2004. Results: In both studies, the majority (98.6% in 2017 and 96% in 2004) consider that the sexual sphere is an important component in people's health, but less than half (40, 6% in 2017 and 21.6% in 2004) systematically recorded it in their clinical history. The main source of training in sexuality in both studies were continuing education courses (50.6% in 2017 and 31.4% in 2004). The main barriers found in both studies were lack of time (85.5% in 2017 and 82.1% in 2004) and lack of training (75.2% in 2017 and 74.5% in 2004). Conclusions: GP are aware of the importance of sexuality in people's health, despite this, few professionals systematically record it in their medical records. The main source of training in sexuality is continuing education courses, which has increased in recent years. The main barriers in both studies are lack of time and poor training (AU)

[Evaluation of the approach to sexuality in primary care consultations in Spain: A multicentre comparative study (2004-2017)]. / Evaluación del abordaje de la sexualidad en las consultas de atención primaria en España: estudio comparativo multicéntrico (2004-2017).

OBJECTIVE: To describe how sexuality is addressed in general practitioners' (GP) consultations, as well as to compare the results of a questionnaire carried out in 2017 that updated the data obtained from a 2004 survey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, analytical, multicentre study with 2cross-sections. Of the 3,500 GP who met the selection criteria (holding current accreditation as a resident tutor and being an active worker at the time of the study), 598 doctors participated in the survey in 2017 and 357 in 2004. RESULTS: In both studies, the majority (98.6% in 2017 and 96% in 2004) consider that the sexual sphere is an important component in people's health, but less than half (40, 6% in 2017 and 21.6% in 2004) systematically recorded it in their clinical history. The main source of training in sexuality in both studies were continuing education courses (50.6% in 2017 and 31.4% in 2004). The main barriers found in both studies were lack of time (85.5% in 2017 and 82.1% in 2004) and lack of training (75.2% in 2017 and 74.5% in 2004). CONCLUSIONS: GP are aware of the importance of sexuality in people's health, despite this, few professionals systematically record it in their medical records. The main source of training in sexuality is continuing education courses, which has increased in recent years. The main barriers in both studies are lack of time and poor training.

TICACOS international: A multi-center, randomized, prospective controlled study comparing tight calorie control versus Liberal calorie administration study.

Since the first TICACOS study, 3 additional studies have been published comparing a medical nutrition therapy guided by indirect calorimetry to a regimen prescribed on the basis of predictive equations. A recent guidelines document included a meta-analysis including these 4 papers and found a trend for improvement (OR 0.98-1.48) in favor of medical nutrition therapy guided by indirect calorimetry in terms of survival. The aim of our study was to perform a multicenter prospective, randomized, controlled non blinded study in critically patients to assess the added value for measuring daily resting energy expenditure as a guide for nutritional support. The primary objective was to decrease infectious rate of these critically ill patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This phase III, multi-center, randomized, controlled non blinded study was planned to include 580 newly-admitted, adult ventilated ICU patients that were planned to stay more than 48 h in the ICU departments. The nutritional support was aimed to meet 80-100% of energy requirement measured by indirect calorimetry. The calorie needs were determined by IC in the Study group and by an equation (20-25 kcal/kg ideal body weight/day) in the Control Group. The ICU staff was trained to strive to supply 80-100% of a patient's energy requirements through artificial nutrition, preferably enteral feeding. Primary endpoint was infection rate and secondary endpoints included other morbidities and mortality during ICU, at 90 and 180 days. Comparison between the study and the control group was performed using T test for equality of means (independent samples test). Correlations were performed using the Pearson correlation test. A p level of 0.05 or below was considered as significant. Cross tabs procedure used Chi-square test for testing differences in complication rates, length of stay and length of ventilation. Correlations between energy balances and complications was also be tested using one way analysis as well as ANOVA analysis between groups and within groups. Kaplan Meir curves assessed the proportion of surviving patients in the 2 groups. RESULTS: Seven centers with a calorimeter available participated to the study. Due to slow inclusion rate, the study was stopped after 6 years and after inclusion of 417 patients only. From the 417 intended to treat patients, 339 followed the protocol. There was no differences between control and study groups in terms of age, sex BMI, SOFA (7.1 ± 3.1 vs 7.4 ± 3.3) and APACHE II scores (22.4 ± 7.9 vs 22.2 ± 7.4). The rate of infection (40 vs 31), including pneumonia rate, need for surgery, dialysis requirement, length of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay were not different between groups. Mortality (30 in the control vs 21 in the study group) was not significantly different between groups. The decreased mortality observed in the study group when added to previous studies may have a positive effect on the meta-analysis previously published. CONCLUSION: Tight Calorie Control guided by indirect calorimetry decreased the rate of infection and mortality but not significantly. This may be explained by the not relatively small sample size. There results together with the previous 4 prospective randomized studies, may improve the results of the meta-analysis exploring the effects of IC guided nutrition on mortality.

Risk and protective factors of secondary traumatic stress in Intensive Care Units: An exploratory study in a hospital in Madrid (Spain). / Factores de riesgo y protección del estrés traumático secundario en los cuidados intensivos: un estudio exploratorio en un hospital terciario de Madrid.

AIM: To propose a predictive model of secondary traumatic stress. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. CONTEXT: The study was conducted in the Intensive Care Units of a hospital in Madrid (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: The sample comprised 103 health professionals. INTERVENTIONS: A series of questionnaires were created and completed by the participants. Network analysis and multiple regression were used for data analysis. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Sociodemographic variables such as gender, years of experience and position, secondary traumatic stress, passion for work, work stressors, emotional effort, empathy and self-compassion were evaluated. RESULTS: The result identified the following: a) years of experience as a risk factor for compassion fatigue (ß=0.224 and P=0.029), and harmonious passion as a protector (ß=-0.363 and P=0.001); b) emotional effort and empathy as risk factors for shattered assumptions (ß=0.304 and P=0.004; ß=0.394 and P=0.000, respectively); and c), work stressors and empathy as risk factors for symptomatology (ß=0.189 and P=0.039; ß=0.395 and P=0.000, respectively), and years of experience as a protector (ß=-0.266 and P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This predictive model of secondary traumatic stress identifies protective factors which could be reinforced, such as harmonious passion, and risk factors which should be reduced, such as empathy and emotional effort, with a view to promoting quality of care and quality of life among these professionals.

Coste de la fractura de cadera osteoporótica en España por comunidad autónoma / Cost of osteoporotic hip fracture in Spain per Autonomous Region

Objetivo: Se estimó la utilización de recursos sanitarios (URS) y costes asociados durante los 12 meses posteriores a una primera fractura de cadera osteoporótica (FCO) por comunidad autónoma (CC.AA.). Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, que incluyó pacientes ≥65años hospitalizados por una primera FCO en Andalucía, Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Galicia, Madrid y País Vasco. Se registró la URS relacionada con la FCO, la calidad de vida y la autonomía del paciente, y se estimaron los costes asociados. Resultados: Participaron 487 pacientes (edad media: 83,1años, 77% mujeres), con características demográficas similares entre CC.AA. La duración media del ingreso fue más prolongada en Madrid y en Galicia (mujeres/hombres: 15,0/18,6 y 16,9/12,6 días) y menor en Andalucía y en la Comunidad Valenciana (8,2/7,2 y 8,4/9,4días). Las sesiones de rehabilitación y días de asistencia domiciliaria formal fueron más numerosos en Cataluña y en Madrid (mujeres/hombres: 16/21 y 17/29 sesiones; 19/20 y 30/27días) comparado con Andalucía y Galicia (4/1 y 3/0 sesiones; 3/1 y 1/0días). Los costes medios fueron más altos en Madrid y menores en Andalucía (mujeres/hombres: 12.321/12.297€ y 7.031/6.115€, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Las FCO implican un coste elevado para los sistemas sanitarios autonómicos, observándose diferencias notables entre CC.AA., derivadas principalmente de la duración diferencial de la primera estancia hospitalaria, así como al cuidado ambulatorio durante los meses posteriores. Estas diferencias podrían estar relacionadas con diferencias en la demora quirúrgica. Es deseable un abordaje y consenso a nivel nacional de este problema sanitario, con pautas de actuación comunes, ya que podría suponer grandes beneficios socioeconómicos y sanitarios globales

Objective: We estimated the health resource utilization (HRU) and associated costs during the 12months after a first osteoporotic hip fracture (OHF) in six Spanish Regions. Methods: Observational, prospective study including patients ≥65years-old hospitalized due to a first OHF in: Andalusia, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Galicia, Madrid and the Basque Country. HRU related to OHF, quality of life and patient autonomy were collected, and HRU-associated costs were estimated. Results: Four hundred and eighty-seven patients (mean age: 83.1years, 77% women) were included, with demographic characteristics that were similar across the Regions. Mean hospital stay was longest in Madrid and Galicia (women/men: 15.0/18.6 and 16.9/12.6days, respectively) and shortest in Andalusia and the Valencian Community (8.2/7.2 and 8.4/9.4days). There were more rehabilitation sessions and formal home care days in Catalonia and Madrid (women/men: 16/21 and 17/29 sessions; 19/20 and 30/27days) and fewer in Andalusia and Galicia (4/1 and 3/0 sessions; 3/1 and 1/0days). Mean HRU costs were higher in Madrid and lower in Andalusia (women/men: 12,321€/12,297€ and 7,031€/6,115€, respectively). Conclusions: OHF place a large burden on Spanish Regional Health Systems, including high economic costs. We found notable differences in mean costs across the Regions, mainly caused by the differential length of the first hospital stay and the outpatient care in subsequent months. These differences may be associated with differences in surgical delay. A national consensus on the management of OHF is desirable; moreover, agreeing common guidelines could have major socio-economic and healthcare benefits

Cost of osteoporotic hip fracture in Spain per Autonomous Region. / Coste de la fractura de cadera osteoporótica en España por comunidad autónoma.

OBJECTIVE: We estimated the health resource utilization (HRU) and associated costs during the 12months after a first osteoporotic hip fracture (OHF) in six Spanish Regions. METHODS: Observational, prospective study including patients ≥65years-old hospitalized due to a first OHF in: Andalusia, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Galicia, Madrid and the Basque Country. HRU related to OHF, quality of life and patient autonomy were collected, and HRU-associated costs were estimated. RESULTS: Four hundred and eighty-seven patients (mean age: 83.1years, 77% women) were included, with demographic characteristics that were similar across the Regions. Mean hospital stay was longest in Madrid and Galicia (women/men: 15.0/18.6 and 16.9/12.6days, respectively) and shortest in Andalusia and the Valencian Community (8.2/7.2 and 8.4/9.4days). There were more rehabilitation sessions and formal home care days in Catalonia and Madrid (women/men: 16/21 and 17/29 sessions; 19/20 and 30/27days) and fewer in Andalusia and Galicia (4/1 and 3/0 sessions; 3/1 and 1/0days). Mean HRU costs were higher in Madrid and lower in Andalusia (women/men: 12,321€/12,297€ and 7,031€/6,115€, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: OHF place a large burden on Spanish Regional Health Systems, including high economic costs. We found notable differences in mean costs across the Regions, mainly caused by the differential length of the first hospital stay and the outpatient care in subsequent months. These differences may be associated with differences in surgical delay. A national consensus on the management of OHF is desirable; moreover, agreeing common guidelines could have major socio-economic and healthcare benefits.

Intensive care practices in brain death diagnosis and organ donation.

We conducted a multicentre study of 1844 patients from 42 Spanish intensive care units, and analysed the clinical characteristics of brain death, the use of ancillary testing, and the clinical decisions taken after the diagnosis of brain death. The main cause of brain death was intracerebral haemorrhage (769/1844, 42%), followed by traumatic brain injury (343/1844, 19%) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (257/1844, 14%). The diagnosis of brain death was made rapidly (50% in the first 24 h). Of those patients who went on to die, the Glasgow Coma Scale on admission was ≤ 8/15 in 1146/1261 (91%) of patients with intracerebral haemorrhage, traumatic brain injury or anoxic encephalopathy; the Hunt and Hess Scale was 4-5 in 207/251 (83%) of patients following subarachnoid haemorrhage; and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was ≥ 15 in 114/129 (89%) of patients with strokes. Brain death was diagnosed exclusively by clinical examination in 92/1844 (5%) of cases. Electroencephalography was the most frequently used ancillary test (1303/1752, 70.7%), followed by transcranial Doppler (652/1752, 37%). Organ donation took place in 70% of patients (1291/1844), with medical unsuitability (267/553, 48%) and family refusal (244/553, 13%) the main reasons for loss of potential donors. All life-sustaining measures were withdrawn in 413/553 of non-donors (75%).

Prognosis of elderly patients subjected to mechanical ventilation in the ICU.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognosis of mechanically ventilated elderly patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). DESIGN AND SCOPE: Sub-analysis of a prospective multicenter observational cohort study conducted over a period of two years in 13 medical-surgical ICUs in Spain. PATIENTS: Adult patients who required mechanical ventilation (MV) for longer than 24 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. STUDY VARIABLES: Demographic data, APACHE II, SOFA, reason for MV, comorbidity, functional condition, reintubation, duration of MV, tracheotomy, ICU mortality, in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1661 patients were recruited. Males accounted for 67.9% (n=1127), with a mean age of 62.1 ± 16.2 years. APACHE II: 20.3 ± 7.5. Total SOFA: 8.4 ± 3.5. Four hundred and twenty-three patients (25.4%) were ≥ 75 years of age. Comorbidity and functional condition rates were poorer in these patients (p<0.001 for both variables). Mortality in the ICU was higher in the elderly patients (33.6%) than in the younger subjects (25.9%) (p=0.002). Also, in-hospital mortality was higher in those ≥ 75 years of age. No differences in duration of MV, prevalence of tracheostomy or reintubation incidence were found. Regarding the indication for MV, only the patient ≥ 75 years of age with pneumonia, sepsis or trauma had a higher in-ICU mortality than the younger patients (46.3% vs 33.1%, p=0.006; 55% vs 25.8%, p=0.002; 63.6% vs 4.5%, p<0,001, respectively). No differences were found referred to other reasons for MV. CONCLUSION: Older patients (≥ 75 years) have significantly higher in-ICU and in-hospital mortality than younger patients without differences in the duration of mechanical ventilation. Differences in mortality were at the expense of pneumonia, sepsis and trauma.

A non-compulsory stewardship programme for the management of antifungals in a university-affiliated hospital.

Antimicrobial stewardship programmes promote excellence in the use of antimicrobials by selecting the appropriate antimicrobial agent and the correct dose, route of administration and duration of treatment. However, there is limited experience with such programmes targeting antifungal treatments. We present the results of a non-compulsory programme for the control of antifungals. For 12 months, prescriptions of oral voriconazole or intravenous voriconazole, caspofungin and liposomal amphotericin B were reviewed, and non-compulsory recommendations were made. The incidence and outcome of fungal infections were examined. The results for the dispensed defined daily doses (DDDs) and expenditure on antifungals were compared with those for the previous 12 months. The number of antifungal treatments reviewed was 662. A recommendation to change treatment was made in 29% of the cases, including a change from intravenous to oral treatment (15%), cessation of antifungal treatment (8%), and a change to fluconazole (6%). The DDDs of intravenous voriconazole and caspofungin were reduced by 31.4% and 20.2%, respectively. The DDDs of oral voriconazole and dispensed vials of liposomal amphotericin B were increased by 8.2% and 13.9%, respectively. Expenditure on antifungals was reduced by US$370681.78 (11.8% reduction). The programme was not related to significant increases in the incidence of candidaemia, percentage of persistent/relapsing candidaemia cases, percentage of fluconazole-resistant Candida species, incidence of infections by filamentous fungi, or 12-month mortality in patients with filamentous fungal infections. In conclusion, a stewardship programme targeting antifungals achieved a reduction in antifungal expenditure without reducing the quality of care provided.

[Prolonged mechanical ventilation probability model]. / Modelo de probabilidad de ventilación mecánica prolongada.

OBJECTIVE: To design a probability model for prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) using variables obtained during the first 24 hours of the start of MV. DESIGN: An observational, prospective, multicenter cohort study. SCOPE: Thirteen Spanish medical-surgical intensive care units. PATIENTS: Adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. STUDY VARIABLES: APACHE II, SOFA, demographic data, clinical data, reason for mechanical ventilation, comorbidity, and functional condition. A multivariate risk model was constructed. The model contemplated a dependent variable with three possible conditions: 1. Early mortality; 2. Early extubation; and 3. PMV. RESULTS: Of the 1661 included patients, 67.9% (n=1127) were men. Age: 62.1±16.2 years. APACHE II: 20.3±7.5. Total SOFA: 8.4±3.5. The APACHE II and SOFA scores were higher in patients ventilated for 7 or more days (p=0.04 and p=0.0001, respectively). Noninvasive ventilation failure was related to PMV (p=0.005). A multivariate model for the three above exposed outcomes was generated. The overall accuracy of the model in the training and validation sample was 0.763 (95%IC: 0.729-0.804) and 0.751 (95%IC: 0.672-0.816), respectively. The likelihood ratios (LRs) for early extubation, involving a cutoff point of 0.65, in the training sample were LR (+): 2.37 (95%CI: 1.77-3.19) and LR (-): 0.47 (95%CI: 0.41-0.55). The LRs for the early mortality model, for a cutoff point of 0.73, in the training sample, were LR (+): 2.64 (95%CI: 2.01-3.4) and LR (-): 0.39 (95%CI: 0.30-0.51). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model could be a helpful tool in decision making. However, because of its moderate accuracy, it should be considered as a first approach, and the results should be corroborated by further studies involving larger samples and the use of standardized criteria.

La aplicación de hipotermia moderada tras la reanimación cardiaca iniciada en el medio extrahospitalario puede incrementar la supervivencia sin deterioro neurológico. Estudio de casos y controles / Prehospital induction of moderate hypothermia after cardiac resuscitation can increase survival without increasing neurologic impairment: a case-control study

Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto que tiene la aplicación por un servicio de emergencias de una hipotermia moderada precoz en el medio extrahospitalario sobre la evolución neurológica de los pacientes recuperados de una parada cardiaca. Método: Estudio comparativo caso-control. Se incluyeron como casos los 40 primeros pacientes en parada cardiorrespiratoria (PCR) que fueron reanimados por el SAMUR Protección Civil y tratados con hipotermia en la propia ambulancia, continuada posteriormente en el medio hospitalario. En el grupo control, se incluyeron los últimos 40 pacientes que habiendo sufrido una PCR de origen médico, fueron reanimados por el SAMUR Protección Civil antes de la implantación del protocolo de hipotermia postresucitación, y fueron sometidos, también, al procedimiento de hipotermia tras el ingreso en el hospital. Se descartaron las PCR de origen neurológico, dado que se pretende conocer la influencia de la técnica en ese órgano diana. Para valorar el deterioro neurológico de de los pacientes, se utilizó la escala CPC (Cerebral Perfomance Category). Se consideró en el estudio los grados I y II como "buena evolución neurológica". Resultados: El 50% de los casos presentaron una buena recuperación neurológica frente al 27,5% de los controles (p = 0,039). Esas diferencias se mantuvieron tanto si el ritmo inicial era desfibrilable (58,3% frente a 37,5% de los controles) como no desfibrilable(42,8% frente a 14,2% respectivamente).Conclusiones: Los datos demuestran que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la aplicación de hipotermia moderada prehospitalaria y una mayor probabilidad de recuperación neurológica (CPC I y II). Así, existe una probabilidad de 2,6 veces mayor de que el paciente que ha sufrido una parada cardiorrespiratoria tenga una buena recuperación neurológica si el inicio de la hipotermia moderada se realiza antes de llegar al hospital (AU)

Objectives: To assess the effect of early prehospital emergency responder implementation of moderate hypothermia on neurologic outcome in patients recovering from cardiac arrest. Methods: Case-control comparative study. The cases were the first 40 patients in cardiorespiratory arrest in who mhypothermia was induced in the ambulance after resuscitation by responders from the Citizen Protection Emergency Service of Madrid (SAMUR); hypothermia was also later used in the hospital. The controls were the last 40 patients in cardiorespiratory arrest who were resuscitated by the SAMUR responders before the prehospital hypothermia protocol had been established; hypothermia was later induced after the control patients’ arrival at the hospital. Patients whose cardiorespiratory arrest had neurologic causes were excluded given that the effect on neurologic outcome was underevaluation. The Cerebral Performance Category scale was used to assess impairment. A grade 1 or 2 assessment was considered to indicate a good neurologic outcome. Results: Neurologic outcome was good for 50% of the patients in whom hypothermia was induced early; outcome was good for 27.5% of the control patients (P=.039). The significant difference between cases and controls was maintained regardless of whether the initial heart rhythm was shockable (58.3% of such cases had good neurologic outcomes with early hypothermia vs 37.5% of the controls with shockable rhythm) or not (42.8% of such cases had good outcomes vs14.2% of the controls with non shockable rhythm).Conclusions: Our findings show a significant relationship between prehospital induction of moderate hypothermia and a higher probability of neurologic recovery (performance categories 1 and 2). If moderate hypothermia is initiated before arrival at the hospital, the likelihood of good neurologic recovery is 2.6-times greater (AU)

Prospective study in critically ill non-neutropenic patients: diagnostic potential of (1,3)-ß-D-glucan assay and circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease.

Diagnosis of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in patients under intensive care is challenging. Circulating biomarkers, (1,3)-ß-D-glucan (BG) and galactomannan (GM), were prospectively assessed in 98 critically ill patients at risk of IFD. There were 11 cases of invasive aspergillosis (IA; 4 proven and 7 probable), 9 cases of proven invasive candidiasis (IC), 1 case of mixed proven IC and probable IA, 1 case of proven zygomycosis, and 1 case of mixed mycelial proven IFD. In all IA cases there was no significant difference when the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of GM (0.873 [95%CI, 0.75-0.99]) and BG (0.856 [95% CI, 0.71-0.99]) were compared (p = 0.871). The AUC for BG in IC and for the rest of the IFD cases was 0.605 (95% CI, 0.39-0.82) and 0.768 (95% CI, 0.63-0.90) respectively. Positive BG (40%) predated blood culture (n = 3) and abdominal pus (n = 1) a mean of 3.25 days before Candida was grown. In patients with IFD caused by molds, BG appeared a mean of 5.65 days before culture results. For the diagnosis of patients at risk of IC, BG has shown a high NPV (94.5%), with positive results also predating blood cultures in 30% of patients. In conclusion, early BG results permit a timely initiation of antifungal therapy in patients at risk of IFD.

A prospective comparison of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in medical patients under intensive care: comparison with the diagnostic performance of galactomannan and of (1→ 3)-ß-d-glucan chromogenic assay in serum samples.

Diagnosis of fungal pneumonia (FP) in critically ill patients is challenging. Circulating biomarkers for the diagnosis of FP have limitations and the combination of different assays in serum samples and directly from the target organ may further improve the diagnosis of FP. We prospectively assessed the diagnostic utility of paired galactomannan (GM) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and serum GM and (1→3)-ß-D-glucan (BG) assays in critically ill patients at risk of FP. Patients with FP were classified according to European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Mycoses Study Group criteria, with modifications. Out of 847 admissions, 51 patients were eligible. There were nine invasive aspergillosis (IA) cases (four proven, five probable), three proven Pneumocysitis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) cases and one mixed FP case (probable IA and proven PJP). The diagnostic accuracy as given by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in IA cases (proven and probable) for GM in BAL was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.94-1.00), whilst for GM and BG in serum it was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74-0.96) and 0.815 (95% CI, 0.66-0.96), respectively. For IA cases (proven and probable) AUC for GM in BAL was significantly higher than GM and BG in serum (p 0.025 and p 0.032, respectively). In one of four proven and one of six probable IA cases, GM in serum remained negative, whereas GM in BAL was positive. In patients with IA, GM (90%) and BG (80%) appeared a mean of 4.3 days (range, 1-10 days) before Aspergillus was cultured. GM detection in BAL appears to improve the diagnosis of IA in critical patients.

Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of increasing the limit for gastric residual volume (GRV) in the adequacy of enteral nutrition. Frequency of gastrointestinal complications and outcome variables were secondary goals. DESIGN: An open, prospective, randomized study. SETTING: Twenty-eight intensive care units in Spain. PATIENTS: Three hundred twenty-nine intubated and mechanically ventilated adult patients with enteral nutrition (EN). INTERVENTIONS: EN was administered by nasogastric tube. A protocol for management of EN-related gastrointestinal complications was used. Patients were randomized to be included in a control (GRV = 200 ml) or in study group (GRV = 500 ml). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Diet volume ratio (diet received/diet prescribed), incidence of gastrointestinal complications, ICU-acquired pneumonia, days on mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay were the study variables. Gastrointestinal complications were higher in the control group (63.6 vs. 47.8%, P = 0.004), but the only difference was in the frequency of high GRV (42.4 vs. 26.8%, P = 0.003). The diet volume ratio was higher for the study group only during the 1st week (84.48 vs. 88.20%) (P = 0.0002). Volume ratio was similar for both groups in weeks 3 and 4. Duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay or frequency of pneumonia were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Diet volume ratio of mechanically ventilated patients treated with enteral nutrition is not affected by increasing the limit in GRV. A limit of 500 ml is not associated with adverse effects in gastrointestinal complications or in outcome variables. A value of 500 ml can be equally recommended as a normal limit for GRV.

[Role played by peritoneal dialysis in treating refractory heart failure]. / Papel de la diálisis peritoneal en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca refractaria.

Associated renal and cardiac diseases have a high prevalence among the population in several clinical contexts: acute renal failure in the context of decompensated heart failure (HF), HF patients who develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) and patients with CKD who develop HF. In recent years, cardiorenal syndrome has been described as deteriorating kidney function in the context of HF. However, there are other clinical situations for which nephrologists can contribute their knowledge as a part of an integral treatment strategy, as is the case with refractory HF (RHF). All of these situations require an interdisciplinary cooperative effort between cardiologists and nephrologists with the aim of providing integral treatment. This article aims to review the role of the nephrologist in HF treatment, with an emphasis on the subgroup of patients with RHF and current evidence regarding the usefulness of peritoneal dialysis (PD) as a chronic coadjuvant treatment.

[III Working Meeting SENPE-Baxter: complementary parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient]. / III Mesa de Trabajo SENPE-Baxter: nutrición parenteral complementaria en el paciente crítico.

In the setting of a multidisciplinary debate, and after reviewing the available evidence as well as the experience from experts, the indications and management guidelines for Complementary Parenteral Nutrition (CPN) in the critically ill patient are established. The conclusion refers to the importance of its indication in all the cases where enteral nutrition (EN) is insufficient to cover at least 60% of the caloric-protein target. At least 80% of the patient's caloric requirements should be covered with EN and CPN, with the recommendation of targeting 100% of the demands.

Drogas: ¿cómo actuar? / Drugs: how to act?

No disponible

No disponible

Tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo asociado a embolismo arterial periférico / Massive pulmonary thromboembolism associated to peripheral arterial embolism

No disponible

No disponible