ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and intrarater reliability of a palpatory protocol based on a combination of 3 palpatory methods to identify both the C7 spinous process (C7 SP) and the factors that affect the errors and inaccuracy of palpation. METHODS: Twenty-five women between the ages of 18 and 60 years were submitted to a palpation protocol of the C7 SP, and a radiopaque marker was fixed on the skin at the possible location of the vertebrae. A radiograph and a photograph of the cervical spine were obtained in the same posture by a first rater. A second rater performed the same palpation protocol and took a second photograph. The accuracy and measurement error of the palpation protocol of C7 SP were assessed through radiographic images. The inter-rater reliability was estimated by the interclass correlation coefficient and assessed using photographs of each rater. The Pearson's correlation coefficients (r), the Fisher exact test, and the χ2 test were used to identify the factors associated with the error and inaccuracy of palpation. RESULTS: Accuracy of the C7 palpation was 76% with excellent reliability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.99). There was a moderate correlation between weight and the measurement of palpation error (r = -0.6; P = .003). One hundred percent of inaccuracy palpation was related to the increased soft-tissue thickness (P = .005) in the cervical region. CONCLUSION: The palpation protocol described in this study was accurate and presented excellent reliability in identifying the C7 SP. Increased weight and dorsocervical fat pad were associated to error and palpation inaccuracy, respectively.
Subject(s)
Cervical Vertebrae , Palpation , Adolescent , Adult , Cervical Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Palpation/methods , Posture , Reproducibility of Results , Young AdultABSTRACT
Tendo em vista a relação estabelecida entre desnutrição neonatal e atividade celular ligada ao sistema imune, macrófagos peritoniais de ratos Wistar machos, desnutridos e recuperados, foram expostos à diatermia de ondas curtas pulsadas (DOCP) e a campo magnético (CM) alternado em frequência ultrabaixa para verificar in vitro as possíveis alterações no índice de aderência.
In view of the established relationships between neonatal malnutrition and the immuno system, peritoneal macrophages of male Wistar rats were exposed to diatermic pulsate short wave (DPSW) and to alterned magnetic field on extreme low frequency, in order to verify in vitro adhesion index and phagocytic activity...
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Immune System Diseases/physiopathology , Electromyography , Malnutrition , Phagocytosis/immunology , Macrophage-Activating Factors , Radio Waves , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
No presente trabalho, foi investigado o efeito dos campos eletromagnéticos (CEM) näo ionizantes de extrema baixa frequência (ELF) e rádio-frequência (RF) sobre o desenvolvimento sensorial e motor em ratos neonatos. Ratos wistar foram expostos aos campos eletromagnéticos näo-ionizantes ELF, alternado,60Hz (n=24) e de RF,30MHz, burst de 55 Hz(n=30), no período de aleitamento (1§ ao 21§ dias pós-natais durante 30 minutos. O peso dos filhotes foram aferidos diariamente. foram diariamente observadas a maturaçäo dos reflexos (preensäo palmar, recuperaçäo de decúbito, colocaçäo pelas vibrissas, aversäo ao principío, resposta ao susto, geotaxia negativa, reaçäo de aceleraçäo) e a atividade locomotora no campo aberto nos 3§, 7§, 14§, 21§ dias pós-natais, quantificando o número de quadrados invadidos (NQI). A evoluçäo ponderal, a maturaçäo dos reflexos e o NQI dos grupos expostos aos CEM, comparados aos controles, näo sofreram alteraçöes. Estes resultados indicam que sob as condiçöes experimentais utilizadas, os campos eletromagnéticos näo alteram a expressäo comportamental de desenvolvimento sensório-motor
