Quiste óseo simple de resolución espontánea: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Simple bone cyst of spontaneous resolution: case report and literature review

Introducción: El quiste óseo simple (QOS) es un pseudoquiste intraóseo, de etiología desconocida que representa el 1% de los quistes maxilares. Radiográficamente se observa una imagen radiolúcida de bordes bien definidos, irregulares o festoneados. Su tratamiento consiste en la exploración quirúrgica y curetaje de paredes óseas. En pocas ocasiones se ha descrito resolución espontánea. El propósito de este documento es presentar un caso de QOS de resolución espontánea y realizar una revisión de literatura.Reporte de caso:Mujer de 12 años consulta para evaluación odontológica de rutina. En radiografía panorámica se observa lesión radiolúcida entre raíces de dientes 4.4 y 4.5, de límites bien definidos corticalizados. Se complementó con tomografía computarizada de haz cónico, donde se observó adelgazamiento de tablas óseas. Se realizó un diagnóstico presuntivo de QOS. Se controló a los 3 y 3,5 años observándose hueso de leve mayor densidad que el hueso circundante.Materiales y métodos:Se realizó una revisión de literatura sobre QOS de resolución espontánea en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, relacionando los términos libres “simple bone cyst” “spontaneous resolution” “jaws” y sus variantes.Resultados:Se encontraron 13 casos de QOS de resolución espontánea. Las características clínicas y radiográficas de los casos coinciden con la literatura. El 54% de los casos tuvo resolución espontánea en un periodo menor o igual a 5 años.Conclusión:En el presente caso se realizó el seguimiento radiográfico del paciente, demostrando que controlar en el tiempo puede considerarse como tratamiento, ya que la lesión podría resolverse espontáneamente.(AU)

Introduction: Simple bone cyst (SBC) is an intraosseous pseudocyst, of unknown etiology, which represents 1% of maxillary cysts. Radiographically, a radiolucent image with well-defined, irregular or scalloped edges is observed. Treatment consists of surgical exploration and curettage of bone walls. Spontaneous resolution has rarely been described. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of spontaneous resolution of SBC and perform a literature review.Case Report:A 12-year-old woman attends to a routine dental evaluation. Panoramic radiography shows a radiolucent image between roots of teeth 4.4 and 4.5, of well-defined corticated borders. It was complemented with cone-beam computed tomography examination, where thinning of cortical bone was observed. A presumptive diagnosis of SBC was performed. Controls at 3 and 3,5 years were performed and bone of slightly higher density than the surrounding bone was observed.Materials and methods:A literature review on SBC of spontaneous resolution was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, relating the free terms “simple bone cyst” “spontaneous resolution” “jaws” and their variants.Results:13 cases of spontaneous resolution of SBC were found. The clinical and radiographic characteristics of the cases coincide with the literature. 54% of cases had spontaneous resolution in a period of 5 years or less.Conclusion:In the case presented, radiographic follow-up of the patient was performed, demonstrating that following-up can be considered as treatment, since the lesion could resolve spontaneously.(AU)

The genus Microcotyle in Mediterranean scorpaenoids (Teleostei), including the description of Microcotyle merche n. sp. from Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809).

More than 65 species of the genus Microcotyle Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863, have been described to date, most of them infecting Perciformes. Among the scorpaenoids (Perciformes, formerly Scorpaeniformes) the species of the genus Microcotyle parasitize sebastids and scorpaenids worldwide. In this study, we provide new morphological and molecular data for Microcotyle spp. in sebastids and scorpaenids from the Western Mediterranean and north-east Atlantic. Specimens of Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809) (n = 107) and Scorpaena spp. (n = 107) were examined and their microcotylid specimens morphologically and molecularly characterized. Microcotyle merche n. sp. ex H. dactylopterus and specimens of Microcotyle algeriensis Ayadi, Gey, Justine & Tazerouti, 2016 from a new host and locality (Scorpaena scrofa from the north-east Atlantic) are herein described. Both species are phylogenetically close, but their morphology is markedly different mostly because the anterior lobe of the haptor present in other Microcotyle species is almost absent in M. algeriensis. Findings of M. merche n. sp. in the Mediterranean also excludes the presence of Microcotyle sebastis in this sea, encouraging the review of the exceptionally large host range and geographical distribution of this species.

Thirty-five years (1986-2021) of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: bibliometric and scoping analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an acquired defect of the cellular immunity associated with the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The disease has reached pandemic proportion and has been considered a public health concern. This study is aimed at analyzing the trend of HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria. METHOD: We used the PUBMED database to a conduct bibliometric analysis of HIV/AIDS-related research in Nigeria from 1986 to 2021 employing "HIV", "AIDS", "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", "Human immunodeficiency virus", and "Nigeria" as search description. The most common bibliometric indicators were applied for the selected publications. RESULT: The number of scientific research articles retrieved for HIV/AIDS-related research in Nigeria was 2796. Original research was the predominant article type. Articles authored by 4 authors consisted majority of the papers. The University of Ibadan was found to be the most productive institution. Institutions in the United States dominated external production with the University of Maryland at the top. The most utilized journal was PLoS ONE. While Iliyasu Z. was the most productive principal author, Crowel TA. was the overall most productive author with the highest collaborative strength. The keyword analysis using overlay visualization showed a gradual shift from disease characteristics to diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Trend in HIV/AIDS research in Nigeria is increasing yet evolving. Four articles were retracted while two had an expression of concern. CONCLUSION: The growth of scientific literature in HIV/AIDS-related research in Nigeria was found to be high and increasing. However, the hotspot analysis still shows more unexplored grey areas in future.

The versatility of simplicity: Structures of Cardiocephaloides longicollis used for different purposes during cercarial transmission.

Transmission and infection strategies are critical for completing the life cycles of trematode parasites, which are characterized by complex life cycles involving multiple hosts and stages. Transmission between the first and second intermediate hosts typically relies on cercariae, a free-swimming larval stage that displays a series of behaviors to efficiently disperse, locate, attach to, and infect the next host. The aim of this study is to provide detailed information on behaviors used by furcocercariae (bifurcated tail) during its transmission from the snail to the fish host, using the laboratory-established model of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Strigeidae). These cercariae are released from snails into seawater, where they swim, locate, penetrate the skin of fish, and encyst as metacercariae in their brain. In a series of in vivo assays, freshly-emerged cercariae were used to visually study their behavior and locomotion. Histopathology of experimentally infected gilthead seabreams with C. longicollis, taken at sequential post-infections times, were analysed to localize the migrating cercariae to the fish brain. Our results show that simplicity and versatility are the key features for the success of cercariae transmission by using their organs for different purposes. While 80% of the behavior was spent in a resting position, the most common swimming behavior was with tail-first, which is commonly described in furcocercariae to reach the host microhabitat. However, C. longicollis relies more on the furcae of the tail by using them as a propeller providing thrust and guidance when they swim, instead of using the tail stem. After attaching to the fish skin, cercariae rapidly creep on it using the oral- and ventral-suckers simulating a leech-like movement until they find a suitable penetration site. To penetrate, cercariae press the cephalic structures against the skin, while the ventral sucker anchors the cercariae to it. After this, they switch their locomotion to a slow peristaltic movement, opening the path through tissues with the help of their cephalic structures and anchoring their body with their surface spines. This is consistent with the post-penetration histological analyses, which suggested that C. longicollis cercariae move between the cells of the connective tissue and muscle fibers when migrating towards the fish's brain, without provoking relevant tissue damage or host responses. Understanding the versatility of cercarial structures to adapt to external conditions enriches our knowledge on parasites and their transmission ecology, opening the door to the design of avoidance methods in fish farms struggling with harmful parasites.

Estudio bibliométrico de cirugía refractiva y ojo seco en la literatura científica / Bibliometric study of refractive surgery and dry eye scientific literature

Antecedentes y objetivo La cirugía refractiva es actualmente un procedimiento seguro y eficaz, y es reconocida como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del ojo seco. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la producción e identificar el estado de conocimiento sobre el ojo seco secundario a cirugía refractiva, sus inicios y su evolución, así como cuales son los autores e instituciones más notorios. Material y métodos Se realizó una búsqueda de referencias a través de la base de datos Scopus, utilizando «cirugía refractiva» como descriptor principal y «ojo seco» como secundario; unidos ambos por el operador booleano AND, y limitándose el campo a la disponibilidad de título, resumen y palabras clave. A las publicaciones seleccionadas se le aplicaron los indicadores y los mapas bibliométricos habituales. Resultados Se recopilaron 78 artículos del periodo 2001-2019. Según la ley de Price, el crecimiento de la producción de la literatura fue lineal. La tasa de crecimiento anual fue del 8,6% con un tiempo de duplicación de 8,4 años. El núcleo de Bradford ofreció 4 revistas, todas con factor de impacto>2. Estas fueron: Journal of Ophthalmology, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Journal of Glaucoma y The British Journal of Ophthalmology. El país con mayor producción fue EE. UU. Conclusiones La producción científica sobre el ojo seco secundaria a cirugía refractiva sigue un crecimiento lineal, no cumpliéndose los postulados de Price. Existe una alta transitoriedad de autores. Esto puede indicar una baja productividad por autor, o bien la presencia alta de investigadores que hayan publicado publican ocasionalmente sobre este tema (AU)

Objective Currently, refractive surgery is a safe and effective procedure, and considered as a risk for development of dry eye. The aim of study is to analyze the scientific publications in the field of ocular dryness secondary to refractive surgery through a bibliometric approach. The temporal period goes since 2001 to 2019, years in which first references appeared and search limited selection is done, respectively. The set of publications ranges from the first publication appeared in 2001, to the last one selected in 2019. Methods A search of references was made through Scopus, using «refractive surgery» as main descriptor, and «dry eye» as secondary one; both descriptors were limited to those available in the chosen field for the title, abstract, and keywords. The most common indicators and bibliometric maps were applied for to the selected publications. Results A total of 78 original articles were collected from the timeframe 2001-2019. According to the Price's law, the growth of literature production was linear turned out in a linear growth of literature production. The annual growth rate was 8.6% with a literature doubling time of 8.4 years. The Bradford core, preferred journals chosen by authors were 4 with offered four preferred journals by the authors, all of them with an impact factor >2. These were Ophthalmology, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal of Glaucoma and British Journal of Ophthalmology. Regarding geographical distribution, the United States had the highest production. Conclusions The scientific production of dry eye after refractive surgery follows a linear growth. In this instance, postulates of the Price's growth law of science are not fulfilled. In addition, there is a high rate of transience. That may indicate low productivity or presence of researchers from other related subjects disciplines, who have published occasionally in this topic (AU)

Bibliometric study of refractive surgery and dry eye scientific literature.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, refractive surgery is a safe and effective procedure, and considered as a risk for development of dry eye. The aim of study is to analyze the scientific publications in the field of ocular dryness secondary to refractive surgery through a bibliometric approach. The temporal period goes since 2001-2019, years in which first references appeared and search limited selection is done, respectively. The set of publications ranges from the first publication appeared in 2001, to the last one selected in 2019. METHODS: A search of references was made through Scopus, using "refractive surgery" as main descriptor, and «dry eye¼ as secondary one; both descriptors were limited to those available in the chosen field for the title, abstract, and keywords. The most common indicators and bibliometric maps were applied for to the selected publications. RESULTS: A total of 78 original articles were collected from the timeframe 2001-2019. According to the Price's law, the growth of literature production was linear turned out in a linear growth of literature production. The annual growth rate was 8.6% with a literature doubling time of 8.4 years. The Bradford core, preferred journals chosen by authors were 4 with offered four preferred journals by the authors, all of them with an impact factor >2. These were Ophthalmology, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Journal of Glaucoma and British Journal of Ophthalmology. Regarding geographical distribution, the United States had the highest production. CONCLUSIONS: The scientific production of dry eye after refractive surgery follows a linear growth. In this instance, postulates of the Price's growth law of science are not fulfilled. In addition, there is a high rate of transience. That may indicate low productivity or presence of researchers from other related subjects disciplines, who have published occasionally in this topic.

Bibliometric analysis of global sickle cell disease research from 1997 to 2017

Abstract Introduction Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a single point mutation in the β-globin chain of the hemoglobin. It has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a public health priority since 2006. Methods The Scopus database was used in this study with the search descriptors: "sickle cell" and "sickle cell disease". We applied common bibliometric indicators to evaluate the trend in scientific literature in sickle cell disease research. Results We retrieved a total of 19,921 pieces of scientific literature in the repertoire from 1997 to 2017. The Price law was fulfilled in the trend of production of scientific literature on SCD as the growth of scientific literature was more exponential (r = 0.9751; r2 = 0.9509) than linear (r = 0.9721; r2 = 0.9449). We observed a duplication time of 4.52 years. The Bradford core was made up of 69 journals with Blood at the top, publishing the greatest number of articles. The most productive institutions were mostly United States agencies and hospitals. The United States was the most productive country. The National Institute of Health was the most productive institution and also had the highest number of citations. Vichinsky E was the most productive author, while the most cited article was published by Circulation. Conclusion The growth of scientific literature in Sickle cell disease was found to be high. However, the exponential growth trend shows a "yet-to-be-explored" area of research. This study will be useful for physicians, researchers, research funders and policy-cum-decision makers.

Bibliometric analysis of global sickle cell disease research from 1997 to 2017.

INTRODUCTION: Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a single point mutation in the ß-globin chain of the hemoglobin. It has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a public health priority since 2006. METHODS: The Scopus database was used in this study with the search descriptors: "sickle cell" and "sickle cell disease". We applied common bibliometric indicators to evaluate the trend in scientific literature in sickle cell disease research. RESULTS: We retrieved a total of 19,921 pieces of scientific literature in the repertoire from 1997 to 2017. The Price law was fulfilled in the trend of production of scientific literature on SCD as the growth of scientific literature was more exponential (r=0.9751; r2=0.9509) than linear (r=0.9721; r2=0.9449). We observed a duplication time of 4.52 years. The Bradford core was made up of 69 journals with Blood at the top, publishing the greatest number of articles. The most productive institutions were mostly United States agencies and hospitals. The United States was the most productive country. The National Institute of Health was the most productive institution and also had the highest number of citations. Vichinsky E was the most productive author, while the most cited article was published by Circulation. CONCLUSION: The growth of scientific literature in Sickle cell disease was found to be high. However, the exponential growth trend shows a "yet-to-be-explored" area of research. This study will be useful for physicians, researchers, research funders and policy-cum-decision makers.

A Bibliometric and Mapping Analysis of Glaucoma Research between 1900 and 2019.

PURPOSE: To explore the relevance of scientific production on glaucoma using bibliometric tools. DESIGN: Bibliographic study. PARTICIPANTS: Original articles published from 1900 through 2019. METHODS: We performed a search in Web of Science for documents published between 1900 and 2019. We used bibliometric indicators to explore documents production, dispersion, distribution, time of duplication, and annual growth, as characterized by Price's law of scientific literature growth, Lotka's law, the transient index, and the Bradford model. We also calculated the participation index of different countries and institutions. Finally, we explored with bibliometric mapping the co-occurrence networks for the most frequently used terms in glaucoma research. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bibliometric indicators for individuals, institutions, and countries. RESULTS: A total of 33 631 original articles were collected from the timeframe 1900 through 2019. Price's law showed an exponential growth. Scientific production was adjusted better to exponential growth (r = 0.967) than linear growth (r = 0.755). Literature on glaucoma research increased its growth in the last 30 years at a rate of 5.1% per year with a production that doubled its size every 13.9 years. The transience index was 60.08%; this indicates that most of the scientific production is the output of very few authors. Bradford's law showed a high concentration of articles published in a small core of specialized journals. Lotka's law indicated that the distribution of authors is concentrated heavily in small producers. The United States and University of London demonstrated the highest production of original articles. Map network visualization showed the generated term map detailing clusters of closely related terms. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma literature has grown exponentially. A very high rate of transience was found that indicates the presence of numerous authors who sporadically publish on this topic. No evidence of a saturation point in the glaucoma literature was observed.

Trends in the scientific literature on atypical antipsychotic drugs in the United Kingdom: a bibliometric study.

OBJECTIVE: A bibliometric study was undertaken of peer-reviewed publications on atypical antipsychotic drugs (AADs) from the United Kingdom and the findings are presented herein. METHODS: We selected the documents from the Scopus database. We applied several production and dispersion bibliometric indicators, including Price's law on the growth of the scientific literature, and Bradford's law. We also calculated a so-called 'participation index' across different countries. The bibliometric data were thereafter correlated with social and health data from the UK, including total per capita expenditure on health and gross domestic expenditure. RESULTS: A total of 4156 original manuscripts were published within the timeframe 1967-2015. Our results are in accord with Price's law, with scientific output demonstrating exponential growth (r = 0.9227, as against an r = 0.8766 after adjustment). The drugs most widely evaluated were clozapine (465 documents), olanzapine (263) and risperidone (248). Stratification into Bradford zones produced a nucleus represented by the Journal of Psychopharmacology (168 articles) and British Journal of Psychiatry (159 articles). A total of 1250 different journals were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Publications on AADs in the UK have shown exponential growth across the studied period, which is in line with the progressively burgeoning novel AAD releases. No evidence of a saturation point was observed.

Bibliometric analysis of global Lassa fever research (1970-2017): a 47 - year study.

BACKGROUND: Lassa fever has been a public health concern in the West African sub-region where it is endemic and a latent threat to the world at large. We investigated the trend in Lassa fever research using bibliometric approach. METHODS: We used the SCOPUS database employing "Lassa fever" as search descriptor. The most common bibliometric indicators were applied for the selected publications. RESULTS: The number of scientific research articles retrieved for Lassa fever research from 1970 to 2017 was 1101. The growth of publications was more linear (r = 0.67) than exponential (r = 0.53). The duplication time of the scientific articles was 9.19 years. Small number of authors were responsible for bulk of the article production (transience index of 78.89%). The collaboration index was 4.59 per paper. The Bradford core consisted of 19 journals in which Journal of Virology was at the top (4.6%). Majority of the output were from USA government agencies. United States was the most productive country. Joseph B. McCormick was the most productive author, while New England Journal of Medicine published the two most cited articles. CONCLUSION: The growth of scientific Literature on Lassa fever was of linear pattern with high transient authors indicating low productivity and non-specialized authors from other related areas publishing sporadically. This study provides a helpful reference for medical virologists, epidemiologist, policy decision makers, academics and Lassa fever researchers.

Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production as regards statin use for ophthalmological symptoms of myasthenia gravis. / Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica sobre el efecto del consumo de estatinas en las manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la miastenia gravis.

INTRODUCTION: The first symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG) usually involve weakness of the ocular muscles, making it relevant that ophthalmologists have updated information on studies as regards its relationship with the consumption of drugs, such as statins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bibliometric analysis was performed using the Scopus database and by a search strategy in the selection of documents containing descriptors related to statins in the «Title¼ («TI¼) field and the descriptors «ophthalm *', «myast *', «visual *' in other fields of the document (period 1986-2015). RESULTS: The results showed that, while the number of scientific publications on ocular effects of statins has grown lineally (n=838; y=2.267x-4507.1; r=0.7221; time of duplication: 4.66 years, and rate of annual growth: 50.06%), the specific publications about MG have experienced an exponential growth (n=38; y=2E-262e0.3001x; r=0.3892; time of duplication: 2.95 years, and rate of annual growth: 46.25%) without reaching the saturation postulated in Price theory of the expansion of the scientific literature. The majority of publications relating to MG are reports of cases linked to a worsening of the MG symptoms, and simvastatin and atorvastatin are the agents mentioned in most of the publications. CONCLUSIONS: These results should enable ophthalmologists to expand their knowledge concerning the evolution of studies on statins and MG, pointing out the relevance of such causal relationships.

Electroencephalography as a post-stroke assessment method: An updated review. / Electroencefalografía como método de evaluación tras un ictus. Una revisión actualizada.

Given that stroke is currently a serious problem in the population, employing more reliable and objective techniques for determining diagnosis and prognosis is necessary in order to enable effective clinical decision-making. EEG is a simple, low-cost, non-invasive tool that can provide information about the changes occurring in the cerebral cortex during the recovery process after stroke. EEG provides data on the evolution of cortical activation patterns which can be used to establish a prognosis geared toward harnessing each patient's full potential. This strategy can be used to prevent compensation and maladaptive plasticity, redirect treatments, and develop new interventions that will let stroke patients reach their new maximum motor levels.

Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production in the area of Optometry.

OBJECTIVE: Using a bibliometric approach an analysis was made of the scientific publications of Spanish investigators in the area of optometry, from 1974 until 2013. METHODS: The EMBASE database was used for this study, employing optomtr*, optic*, visual, vision, eye*, and ophthalm* as search terms. The most common bibliometric indicators were applied for the selected publications. RESULTS: The number of published articles retrieved for Spain from 1974-2013 was 1,055. The growth of publications was more exponential (R=0.93) than linear (R= 0.71). The doubling time of scientific production was 3.63 years. The level of productivity primarily corresponded to small producers (Transience index of 64%). The collaboration index was 4.4 authors per paper. The majority of the output was generated in academic settings (62.27%). The Bradford core was formed by four journals, in which Optometry and Vision Science accounted for the majority of publications, with 11.85%. CONCLUSIONS: Research in the area of optometry in Spain is in a phase of exponential growth, containing a high level of transient authors, which may indicate either a low productivity or the presence of investigators from other related fields that have published in a sporadic manner in this area. A small number of research groups are responsible for producing the majority of articles, primarily in an academic setting. There is a high concentration of publications in a few journals.

Time trends, characteristics, and evidence of scientific advances within the legal complaints for alleged sexual HIV transmission in Spain: 1996-2012.

This article quantifies and characterizes existing legal complaints for the sexual transmission of HIV in Spain, describes temporal trends and whether advance of scientific knowledge is reflected in charging decisions, judicial reasoning, and sentences. Sentences and writs dictated by Spanish penal and civil jurisdictions between 1981 and 2012 were obtained through legal databases systematic search. Sixteen sentences and 9 writs belonging to 19 cases were included; 17 judged by penal and two by civil jurisdictions. The first sentence was pronounced in 1996, 3 between 1999 and 2000, 4 between 2001 and 2005, and 18 between 2006 and 2012. In 10 (53%) cases there was effective HIV transmission, there was not in 6 (32%) and in 3 (15%) directionality could not be determined. Of the defendants, 15 (79%) were heterosexual males, 1 of which was an injecting drug user (IDU), 3 were men who have sex with men (MSM), and 1 was a heterosexual woman. In the 10 cases of HIV transmission, the mechanism was heterosexual sex and index cases were males in nine occasions. Disclosure of HIV status, use of condoms and its frequency, and its possible breaks were mentioned in only some sentences/judicial decisions and fewer mentioned the use of antiretroviral treatment. Very few cases referred to plasma viral load (VL), and there are incorrect statements regarding HIV transmissibility. Only one 2012 sentence mentioned VL levels, adherence to ART, CD4 lymphocyte levels, concomitant sexually transmitted infections, and references to pertinent literature. The number of judicial decisions in Spain is increasing and the profile of the plaintiffs, largely heterosexual women, does not reflect the groups most affected by the HIV epidemic, largely IDU and MSM. Most judgments and writs do not reflect HIV scientific and technical advances. It is of utmost importance that these complex processes incorporate the most up-to-date knowledge on the subject.

Molecular and morphological differentiation of two similar species of Accacoeliidae (Digenea): Accacladocoelium macrocotyle and A. nigroflavum from sunfish, Mola mola.

In a study of 106 sunfish, Mola mola (L.), from Mediterranean waters, 2,731 worms, belonging to 2 congeneric species of accacoeliids, Accacladocoelium macrocotyle (Diesing, 1858) Robinson, 1934 and Accacladocoelium nigroflavum (Rudolphi, 1819) Robinson, 1934 , were collected from the digestive system. It is often difficult to differentiate between these 2 species as they are sympatric and very similar; in fact, according to previous descriptions, the extent of the vitellarium is the only interspecific difference, described as extending posteriorly to the ovary in A. macrocotyle and as anterior to the anterior testis in A. nigroflavum. However, this diagnostic trait is not always valid; moreover, it is often indistinguishable because it is masked by the uterine eggs. Here, the morphology of new specimens of both species has been studied in detail and combined with molecular analysis. This study shows that the extension of the vitellarium is very similar in both species, but the degree of ramification differs. Furthermore, although the morphological differences are very slight, both species seemed genetically different: intraspecific differences ranged between 0.8 and 1.5% in internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 rRNA gene (ITS2) and between 0.5 and 1.6% in cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and interspecific differences ranged between 2 and 3.2% in ITS2 and between 9.6 and 10.6% in COI. In addition, we observed previously undescribed morphological differences, which help to differentiate these 2 species: the oral sucker is relatively smaller in A. nigroflavum than in A. macrocotyle and the ovary is usually relatively longer in A. nigroflavum than in A. macrocotyle.

Metazoan parasite communities and diet of the velvet belly lantern shark Etmopterus spinax (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae): a comparison of two deep-sea ecosystems.

By combining an examination of stomach contents yielding a snapshot of the most recent trophic niche and the structure of parasite communities reflecting a long-term feeding niche, this study aimed at gaining more comprehensive information on the role of the small-sized deep-water velvet belly lantern shark Etmopterus spinax in the local food webs of the Galicia Bank and the canyon and valley system of the Avilés Canyon, which have been both proposed for inclusion in the Natura 2000 network of protected areas. As far as is known, this study provides the first comparative parasite infracommunity data for a deep-sea shark species. Component parasite communities in E. spinax were relatively rich, whereas the infracommunities were rather depauperate, with similar low diversity at both localities. The significant differences in the composition and structure of both parasite communities and prey assemblages indicate differential effects of the two deep-sea ecosystems on both long-term and most recent trophic niches of E. spinax. These results underline the importance of the use of multivariate analyses for the assessment of geographical variation in shark populations based on parasites and diet data.

Morphometric, molecular and ecological analyses of the parasites of the sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo Cetti (Sparidae) from the Spanish Mediterranean: implications for aquaculture.

One of the fish species with the highest potential for aquaculture is the sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo Cetti. Among other aspects, the development of new fish cultures requires studies of potential pathogens that may compromise survival of the fish in captivity. Moreover, both cultured and wild fish can act as sources or reservoirs of pathogens which may negatively affect other well-established cultures. We have studied the parasite fauna of the wild sharpsnout seabream, and monitored the survival of the parasites in culture conditions. The sharpsnout seabream was sampled from two different Spanish localities and examined for parasites. Additionally, 20 fish were maintained in captivity. Ten of them were examined for parasites after a period of 10 days and a further ten fish after another 10 days. All fish were parasitized with at least four species, with 19 parasite species being identified, seven of which were recorded for the first time in the sharpsnout seabream. These included Microcotyle sp., Magnibursatus bartolii, Steringotrema pagelli, Galactosomum sp., Cardiocephaloides longicollis, Caligus ligusticus and Gnathia vorax. We also report the first records of two parasite species in the wild sharpsnout seabream, the polyopisthocotylean monogeneans Atrispinum seminalis and Sparicotyle chrysophrii. Previously, these parasites had only been recorded in farmed sharpsnout seabream. Most parasites in the skin, gills and alimentary tract disappeared under the conditions of captivity, with the exception of the monogeneans of the genus Lamellodiscus. The information provided about the sharpsnout seabream parasite fauna will be useful to prevent possible problems in fish farms due to some parasite species. Many parasites of the sharpsnout seabream recorded in the present study are shared by the main fish species in Mediterranean aquaculture, the gilthead seabream, thus suggesting the possibility of cross-infections.

[The administration of intravenous contrast agents: extravasations]. / Administración de contrastes intravenosos: las extravasaciones.

Local extravasation of intravenous contrast material is a relatively common complication that radiologists need to know about. The risk of extravasation is greater in children, the elderly, and unconscious patients. Although most extravasations are mild and do not lead to further complications, some can result in severe lesions that require surgery, especially in cases that are associated with compartment syndrome. We describe the main characteristics of extravasations, comment on different treatments, and propose a protocol for dealing with them.