ABSTRACT
Enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a marker of inflammation in domestic animals, but it is unclear whether it is a reliable marker of oxidative stress, especially in the transition period in dairy cows. This study aims to assess if ADA and redox status measurements in saliva provide the same utility to detect disease condition as that obtained from serum. Sixty-eight multiparous Holstein cows, between 2 and 3 weeks postpartum were selected. Five study groups were established: control (healthy), and cows with ketosis, mastitis, laminitis, and metritis. The parameters measured were ADA activity, total oxidants (TOS), antioxidants (TAC), and OSi ratio.Regarding redox status, no significant differences arise in both saliva and serum being the correlations negative and not significant. In saliva, ADA activity in healthy cows differs from those with pathological processes, having the lowest activities. In serum, ADA activity is similar in the healthy and ketosis cows, showing the lowest activities meanwhile animals with mastitis, laminitis, or metritis have significantly higher activities. In conclusion, the measurement of ADA activities and redox status in saliva does not give consistent results, being preferable to measure them in serum during the transition period.
Subject(s)
Adenosine Deaminase , Cattle Diseases , Ketosis , Mastitis , Saliva , Animals , Cattle , Female , Adenosine Deaminase/analysis , Adenosine Deaminase/blood , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Ketosis/veterinary , Lactation , Mastitis/veterinary , Milk , Oxidation-Reduction , Postpartum Period , Saliva/enzymologyABSTRACT
Introducción: investigaciones recientes han descrito que en la adultez mayor pueden presentarse cambios en la producción del tono y timbre de la voz. Dichos cambios pueden ser indicadores de alteraciones cog-nitivas tempranas, incluso en estadios preclínicos del deterioro cognitivo. El propósito de este estudio fue identificar en la literatura hallazgos relevantes sobre el análisis acústico en personas mayores con dete-rioro cognitivo. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio de revisión sistemática de la literatura, en el que se consultaron las siguientes bases de datos: PlosOne, Science Direct, PubMed/pmc y Google Scholar. Se utilizaron metabuscadores como: acoustic analysis, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, prosody, voice analysis y voice production; además, se incluyeron artículos empíricos que describieran un análisis acústico en población adulta mayor con deterioro cognitivo. La evaluación fue realizada de manera independiente por dos evaluadores, quienes determinaron el riesgo de sesgo en la revisión. Se encontraron 59 artículos relacionados con el tema, de los cuales solo 25 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: los artículos revisados identificaron cambios en la prosodia lingüística y paralingüística, el timbre y la tonalidad de la voz, asociados con el deterioro cognitivo del adulto mayor. Conclusión: los protocolos de estudio en el análisis acústico podrían ser una buena herramienta para el apoyo en el diagnóstico clínico diferencial del deterioro cognitivo en la vejez y una buena oportunidad para la identificación de riesgo en etapas preclínicas de las demencias
Introduction: In recent research, changes in the vocal tone and timbre production that occur in late adulthood have been described. These changes indicate early cognitive disturbances, even in preclini-cal stages of cognitive decline. This study aims to identify relevant findings from the literature regard-ing acoustic analysis in elderly adults with cognitive impairment. Material and methods: A systematic review study was conducted, in which the following databases were consulted: PlosOne, Science Direct, PubMed/pmc, and Google Scholar. Search engines such as acoustic analysis, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, prosody, voice analysis, and voice production were used. Additionally, empirical articles describing the acoustic analysis in elderly adults with cognitive risk are included. The evalua-tion was independently performed by two evaluators, who determined the risk of bias in the review. A total of 59 articles related to the topic were found, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria. Results: The reviewed articles identified changes in linguistic and paralinguistic prosody, timbre, and vocal tonality, which are associated with cognitive decline in the elderly. Conclusion: Study protocols in the acoustic analysis could be a good tool to support the differential clinical diagnosis of cognitive deterioration in late adulthood and a good opportunity to identify the risk in preclinical stages of dementia
Introdução: pesquisas recentes descrevem que mudanças na produção do tom e timbre da voz podem ocorrer na idade adulta avançada; essas mudanças podem ser indicadores de alterações cognitivas pre-coces, inclusive em estágios pré-clínicos de deterioração cognitiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi identifi-car achados relevantes na literatura sobre análise acústica em idosos com déficit cognitivo. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo de revisão sistemática da literatura, no qual foram consultadas as seguintes bases de dados: PlosOne, Science Direct, PubMed/pmc e Google Scholar; foram utilizados meca-nismos de procura, tais como: acousticanalysis, alzheimer'sdisease, mildcognitiveimpairment, prosody, voiceanalysis e voiceproduction. Foram incluídos artigos empíricos que descrevem a análise acústica na população idosa com déficit cognitivo. A avaliação foi realizada de forma independente por dois avalia-dores, que determinaram o risco de viés na revisão. Foram encontrados 59 artigos relacionados ao tema, dos quais apenas 25 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: os artigos revisados identificaram alterações na prosódia linguística e para-linguística, no timbre e no tom de voz, associadas à deteriora-ção cognitiva em idosos. Conclussão: os protocolos de estudo em análise acústica podem ser uma boa ferramenta para apoiar o diagnóstico clínico diferencial do comprometimento cognitivo na velhice e uma boa oportunidade para identificar o risco em estágios pré-clínicos de demência
Subject(s)
Humans , Speech Acoustics , Speech , Voice , Aged , Clinical Diagnosis , Cognitive DysfunctionABSTRACT
Resumen Un estudio de corte transversal realizado entre 2012-2014 en adultos autónomos de Bogotá, mostró una prevalencia de 23% de demencia, encontrándose asociada con baja escolaridad, edad avanzada e hipertensión arterial. La relación de estos factores de riesgo con la progresión del dete rioro cognitivo no ha sido estudiada en nuestra población. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos o sociales con la progresión a deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) o demencia, en adultos autónomos de Bogotá. Material y métodos: una cohorte de sujetos normales y con DCL, del estudio de 2012-2014, se revaluó aplicándose el protocolo neuropsiquiátrico y neuropsicológico del estudio anterior. Se realizaron análisis de correspondencia múltiple y de regresión logística. Resultados: se revaluaron 215 adultos autónomos, 118 sujetos habían sido diagnosticados con cognición normal y 97 con DCL en el primer estudio; 73% fueron mujeres con edad promedio de 71(DE:7.3) años y escolaridad de 8.2 (DE: 5.4) años. Progresaron a demencia 6% de los sujetos en un tiempo de 4(DE:1) años. Un 75% de sujetos normales permaneció sin cambio y 22% progresó a DCL; mientras que 65% de sujetos con DCL no tuvo cambios y un 25% se normalizó. Progresar de normal a DCL se asoció con baja escolaridad OR=2.43 (IC95% 1.004-5.91; p=0.049) y de DCL a demencia con IMC<25 OR=6.3 (IC95% 1.26-31; p=0.025). Conclusión: tener baja escolaridad (<5 años) se asoció en los sujetos normales con un mayor riesgo de progresión a DCL, mientras que tener un IMC <25 aumentó el riesgo de progresión a demencia en los sujetos con DCL. No identificamos factores protectores en los sujetos que se nor malizaron. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 66-74).
Abstract A cross-sectional study carried out between 2012-2014 in autonomous adults of Bogotá showed a 23% prevalence of dementia, being associated with low schooling, advanced age and arterial hy pertension. The relationship between these risk factors and the progression of cognitive deterioration has not been studied in our population. Objective: to evaluate the association between cardio-metabolic or social risk factors with the progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, in autonomous adults of Bogotá. Material and methods: a cohort of normal subjects with MCI, from the 2012-2014 study was re-evaluated applying the neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological protocol of the previous study. Multiple correspondence and logistic regression analyzes were performed. Results: 215 autonomous adults were re-evaluated; 118 subjects had been diagnosed with normal cognition and 97 with MCI in the first study; 73% were women with an average age of 71 (SD: 7.3) years and schooling of 8.2 (SD: 5.4) years. 6% of the subjects progressed to dementia in a time of 4 (SD: 1) years. 75% of normal subjects remained unchanged and 22% progressed to MCI while 65% of subjects with MCI did not change and 25% normalized. Progressing from normal to MCI was associated with low schooling OR = 2.43 (95% CI 1.004-5.91; p = 0.049) and from MCI to dementia with BMI≤25 OR = 6.3 (IC95% 1.26-31; p = 0.025). Conclusion: having low schooling (≤5 years) was associated in normal subjects with a higher risk of progression to MCI, while having a BMI ≤25 increased the risk of progression to dementia in subjects with MCI. Protective factors in subjects who normalized were not identified. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 66-74).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Disease Progression , Cognitive Dysfunction , Risk Factors , Dementia , Cardiometabolic Risk FactorsABSTRACT
In this study, the influence of several factors such as breed, sex, and production stage over the normal range values of salivary biomarkers of health status was evaluated in pigs. A total of 409 pigs of 2 different breeds (conventional Large White × Duroc and Iberian pigs) were included in the study. Animals were divided into different groups according to their sex (male or female) and the stage of the production cycle they were in (post-weaning, nursery, fattening, and finishing). The levels of an inflammatory marker, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and two acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured in saliva samples. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity level (TAC) was quantified for the first time in porcine saliva; therefore, an analytical validation and stability analysis during storage at -80°C were also performed. Differences according to breed were observed for all the markers studied; thus, the influence of age and sex on the normal range values were studied separately for conventional and Iberian pigs. In Large White × Duroc pigs the overall median values of ADA, CRP, Hp and TAC were 282 U/L, 10.49 ng/mL, 0.88 µg/mL, and 21.73 µM Trolox equivalents, respectively. However, higher values of inflammatory marker and acute phase proteins were observed in males at the initial stages of the production cycle, while females presented higher values when they had reached sexual maturity. In Iberian pigs the overall median values observed were 585 U/L, 4.81 ng/mL, 0.63 µg/mL, and 21.21 µM Trolox equivalents for ADA, CRP, Hp, and TAC respectively with slight differences in the influence of the studied factors. Sex differences were not observed in the levels of acute phase proteins in Iberian pigs, probably due to the castration of males during the first days of life; however, ADA levels were found to be higher in male pigs at the end of the production cycle. It could be concluded that breed, sex, and production stage influence the range values of salivary markers of health status in pigs and should be taken into account to further establish reference intervals.
ABSTRACT
The low prevalence of dementia described in communities is likely due to the low sensitivity of screening tests and an absence of evaluation by specialists. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in adults older than 50 years. METHODS: A two-phase, cross-sectional study was conducted by specialists to evaluate cognition and associated demographic risk factors in 1,235 independent community-dwelling adults from Bogotá. In Phase I, screening was performed using the MMSE and MoCA tests. In Phase II, after application of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery with neurologic and psychiatric evaluations, a cognitive diagnosis was established by consensus. RESULTS: The prevalence found for MCI was 34% and for dementia was 23%. MCI was associated with incomplete high school, OR=1.74 (95%CI=1.23-2.45), and with an age of 70-79 years, OR=1.93 (95%CI=1.47-2.53). A total of 73% of MCI cases were amnestic. Dementia was associated with incomplete primary education, OR=8.98 (95%CI=5.56-14.54), complete primary education, OR=6.23 (95%CI=3.70-10.47), and age older than eighty years, OR=3.49 (95%CI=2.23-5.44). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dementia found was greater than the rates reported in previous studies. Low educational level was the main risk factor for cognitive impairment and should be considered in strategic planning for the local health system.
A baixa prevalência de demência relatada em comunidades deve ser devida ao emprego de testes de rastreio de baixa sensibilidade e à falta da avaliação por especialistas. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e demência em adultos com idade superior a 50 anos. MÉTODOS: Um estudo transversal de duas fases realizado por especialistas, avaliando a cognição e os fatores de risco demográficos associados, com 1.235 adultos autônomos da comunidade em Bogotá. Em uma Fase I, foram realizados os testes de rastreio MEEM e MoCA. Na Fase II, após uma ampla bateria neuropsicológica com avaliações neurológicas e psiquiátricas, foi estabelecido um diagnóstico cognitivo por consenso. RESULTADOS: A prevalência encontrada de CCL foi de 34% e de demência, de 23%. CCL foi associado a ensino médio incompleto, OR=1,74 (IC 95%=1,23-2,45) e idade entre 70-79 anos, OR=1,93 (IC 95%=1,47-2,53). Entre os casos de CCL, 73% eram amnésticos. A demência foi associada a ensino fundamental incompleto, OR=8,98 (IC 95%=5,56-14,54), ensino fundamental completo, OR=6,23 (IC 95%=3,70-10,47) e idade superior a oitenta anos, OR=3,49 (IC 95%=2,23-5,44). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de demência encontrada é maior do que a relatada em estudos prévios. O baixo nível educacional foi o principal fator de risco para declínio cognitivo e deve ser considerado no planejamento estratégico do nosso sistema de saúde.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The low prevalence of dementia described in communities is likely due to the low sensitivity of screening tests and an absence of evaluation by specialists. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in adults older than 50 years. METHODS: A two-phase, cross-sectional study was conducted by specialists to evaluate cognition and associated demographic risk factors in 1,235 independent community-dwelling adults from Bogotá. In Phase I, screening was performed using the MMSE and MoCA tests. In Phase II, after application of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery with neurologic and psychiatric evaluations, a cognitive diagnosis was established by consensus. RESULTS: The prevalence found for MCI was 34% and for dementia was 23%. MCI was associated with incomplete high school, OR=1.74 (95%CI=1.23-2.45), and with an age of 70-79 years, OR=1.93 (95%CI=1.47-2.53). A total of 73% of MCI cases were amnestic. Dementia was associated with incomplete primary education, OR=8.98 (95%CI=5.56-14.54), complete primary education, OR=6.23 (95%CI=3.70-10.47), and age older than eighty years, OR=3.49 (95%CI=2.23-5.44). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dementia found was greater than the rates reported in previous studies. Low educational level was the main risk factor for cognitive impairment and should be considered in strategic planning for the local health system.
RESUMO A baixa prevalência de demência relatada em comunidades deve ser devida ao emprego de testes de rastreio de baixa sensibilidade e à falta da avaliação por especialistas. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e demência em adultos com idade superior a 50 anos. MÉTODOS: Um estudo transversal de duas fases realizado por especialistas, avaliando a cognição e os fatores de risco demográficos associados, com 1.235 adultos autônomos da comunidade em Bogotá. Em uma Fase I, foram realizados os testes de rastreio MEEM e MoCA. Na Fase II, após uma ampla bateria neuropsicológica com avaliações neurológicas e psiquiátricas, foi estabelecido um diagnóstico cognitivo por consenso. RESULTADOS: A prevalência encontrada de CCL foi de 34% e de demência, de 23%. CCL foi associado a ensino médio incompleto, OR=1,74 (IC 95%=1,23-2,45) e idade entre 70-79 anos, OR=1,93 (IC 95%=1,47-2,53). Entre os casos de CCL, 73% eram amnésticos. A demência foi associada a ensino fundamental incompleto, OR=8,98 (IC 95%=5,56-14,54), ensino fundamental completo, OR=6,23 (IC 95%=3,70-10,47) e idade superior a oitenta anos, OR=3,49 (IC 95%=2,23-5,44). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de demência encontrada é maior do que a relatada em estudos prévios. O baixo nível educacional foi o principal fator de risco para declínio cognitivo e deve ser considerado no planejamento estratégico do nosso sistema de saúde.
Subject(s)
Humans , Prevalence , Dementia , Cognitive DysfunctionABSTRACT
Objetivo: proporcionar al lector una descripción, de los resultados referidos en publicaciones sobre el cuidador informal de personas mayores. Material y Método: estudio descriptivo, de revisión de artículos publicados entre 1997-2014, en diferentes bases de datos. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas, estudios descriptivos y correlaciónales. Resultados: se identificaron 158 estudios de los cuales se seleccionaron 91. La revisión mostro que existe evidencia para determinar la relación entre la afectación de la salud física y psicológica con el oficio de cuidado. Las estrategias de intervención más recomendadas son las combinadas, aunque las más utilizadas son las no farmacológicas. Conclusiones: los sistemas de salud, deben implementar programas de cuidado y apoyo para los cuidadores, y no solo para los pacientes cuidados, las intervenciones deben dirigirse hacia la prevención de factores de riesgo y la promoción de la salud, mediante una combinación de estrategias clínicas y psicosociales.
Objective: to provide the reader with a description of the results reported in publicationson the informal caregiver Elderly. Materials and methods: descriptive, Review Published Articles Between 1997-2014, in different databases. Systematic reviews, descriptive and correlational studies were included. Results and Discussion: 158 studies were identified of which 91 were selected The review showed that there is evidence to determines the relationship between the affectation of physical and psychological health care with the work. The most recommended intervention strategies are combined, but the most commonly used are non-pharmacological. Conclusions: health Systems, should implement programs Care and Support for Caregivers, and not onlyfor the care patients. Interventions should be directed towards the prevention of risk factors and promoting health, by a combination of clinical and psychosocial strategies.
Subject(s)
Aged , Caregivers , Therapeutics , WorkloadABSTRACT
La anorexia nerviosa sigue siendo uno de los grandes desafíos de la psiquiatría, por la dificultad de manejo y refractariedad a los diversos tratamientos que se han empleado. Si tomamos en cuenta sólo un aspecto del problema que explica, en parte, esta retractariedad, como es la ausencia total de motivación real a la mejoría por parte de la paciente anoréxica, podemos valorar la imperiosa necesidad de incluir a la familia en el tratamiento integral de la Anorexia Nerviosa. Según la literatura, en las familias de pacientes anoréxicas, nos encontramos con sistemas cerrados que bloquean, la coindividuación y coevolución de todos los miembros de la familia. En este trabajo planteamos un abordaje terapéutico orientado a facilitar la individuación de la paciente, dando espacio a legitimar la expresión de conflictos y la existencia de diferencias negadas. Nuestra experiencia nos muestra, sin embargo, que al empujar a la familia a una mayor diferenciación entre sus miembros, con recuencia el síntoma se agrava o bien la familia abandona la terapia. Es por esto que postulamos la necesidad de separar el proceso terapéutico en 2 ó 3 etapas; la primera como una etapa fundamentalmente estratégica, orientada al alivio del síntoma, requisito indispensable para reducir el riesgo vital de la paciente y así pasar a la segunda etapa, enfocada principalmente a facilitar la individuación y los cambios naturales de esta etapa del desarrollo del ciclo vital de la familia. En una tercera etapa nos proponemos acoger y estimular la resolución de conflictos que estaban encubiertos y que se manifiestan ya sea en uno de los padres, en ambos, o en la relación de ellos. En este estudio describimos brevemente el trabajo realizado en ocho familias de pacientes anoréxicas, cinco de ellas dadas de alta, y tres en proceso de terapia actualmente
