ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The association between low bone mineral density (BMD) and periodontitis in perimenopausal women is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether osteoporosis or osteopenia is associated with periodontal disease in a population of adult women. METHODS: A sample of over-45-year-old women with or without low BMD underwent lumbar spine and hip bone densitometry and a complete periodontal examination. The extent/severity or absence of periodontal disease was noted using two different case definitions. Data were gathered on socio-economic status, medication history, systemic co-morbidities, alcohol or tobacco use as well as serum levels of calcium and vitamin D. RESULTS: One hundred seventy three women aged between 45 and 72 years old were recruited with a mean age of 57.8 years. One hundred and three had decreased BMD (61 with osteoporosis and 42 with osteopenia) and 70 were healthy. Moderate or severe periodontitis was present in 52.6% of the women. Multivariate analysis showed a clear association between low BMD and periodontitis, but only in women above 58 years old and independent of tobacco consumption or oral hygiene. CONCLUSION: In this sample of generally healthy perimenopausal women, low BMD was associated with clinical attachment level (CAL). Women over 58 years old with decreased BMD presented with a higher mean percentage of sites with CAL ≥ 4 mm as well as CAL ≥ 6 mm when compared to controls, independent of active smoking status or poor oral hygiene.
Subject(s)
Bone Diseases, Metabolic , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal , Periodontitis , Absorptiometry, Photon , Adult , Aged , Bone Density , Bone Diseases, Metabolic/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/complications , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/epidemiology , Perimenopause , Periodontitis/complications , Periodontitis/epidemiology , Vitamin DABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Hyperparathyroidism/physiopathology , Ovarian Cysts/physiopathology , Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis , Hirsutism/etiology , Parathyroidectomy , OvariectomySubject(s)
Adrenal Rest Tumor/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/complications , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/complications , Virilism/etiology , Adrenal Rest Tumor/blood , Adrenal Rest Tumor/diagnosis , Adrenal Rest Tumor/surgery , Aged , Carcinoma, Papillary/complications , Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Hormones/blood , Humans , Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/blood , Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/surgery , Incidental Findings , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/surgery , Obesity/complications , Ovarian Cysts/complications , Ovarian Cysts/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery , Postmenopause/blood , Thyroid Neoplasms/complications , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Virilism/bloodABSTRACT
Kallmann Syndrome (KS) is a genetic disease of embryonic development which is characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) due to a deficit of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a hypo/anosmia (including a hypoplasia of the nasal sulcus and agenesis of the olfactory bulbs). Even though it is a genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous clinical disease, there are some key genes related to KS (KAL1, FGFR1 (KAL2), GNRHR, KISSR1 (GPR54), GNRH1, NELF and PROK2). The aim of this study was to present a case report of a genetic diagnosis of KS linked to the presence of mutations in the FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, also known as KAL2) gene. This diagnosis was made in a 44-year old female affected by a hypogonadism for which she had received intermittent treatment until she was 30 years old based on the patient's own decision. The molecular analysis of FGFR1 identified the mutation c. 246_247delAG (p.T82Xfs110) in heterozygosis on exon 3 of the KAL2 gene. This is the first report of this mutation related to idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH).
