[3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Tertiary Amine N-Oxides and Silyl Imines as an Innovative Route to 1,2-Diamines.

We have developed a one-pot synthetic method for producing 1,2-diamines from easily prepared and commercially available precursors through a formal umpolung process. Our method utilizes an efficient [3 + 2] cycloaddition as the key step in forming substituted 1,2-diamines in moderate to high yields. These resulting compounds can undergo subsequent transformations, demonstrating their utility as synthetic building blocks for more complex scaffolds. Finally, we propose a reasonable mechanism for this transformation using density functional theory modeling, justifying the experimental observations.

Synthetic Exploration of Bis(phenolate) Aza-BODIPYs and Heavier Group 13 Chelates.

A series of boron, aluminum, gallium, and indium chelates containing the underexplored bis(phenolate) aza-dipyrromethene (aza-DIPY) core were prepared. These compounds were found to possess near-infrared absorption and emission profiles in the 710 to 770 nm domain and exhibit quantum yield values up to 14%. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that heavier group 13 bis(phenolate) aza-DIPY chelates possessed octahedral geometries with either THF or pyridine groups occupying the axial positions as opposed to the tetrahedral geometry of the boron chelate.

The Scientific Method as a Scaffold to Enhance Communication Skills in Chemistry.

Scientific success in the field of chemistry depends upon the mastery of a wide range of soft skills, most notably scientific writing and speaking. However, training for scientific communication is typically limited at the undergraduate level, where students struggle to express themselves in a clear and logical manner. The underlying issue is deeper than basic technical skills; rather, it is a problem of students' unawareness of a fundamental and strategic framework for writing and speaking with a purpose. The methodology has been implemented for individual mentorship and in our regional summer research program to deliver a blueprint of thought and reasoning that endows students with the confidence and skills to become more effective communicators. Our didactic process intertwines undergraduate research with the scientific method and is partitioned into six steps, referred to as "phases", to allow for focused and deep thinking on the essential components of the scientific method. The phases are designed to challenge the student in their zone of proximal development so they learn to extract and ultimately comprehend the elements of the scientific method through focused written and oral assignments. Students then compile their newly acquired knowledge to create a compelling and logical story, using their persuasive written and oral presentations to complete a research proposal, final report, and formal 20 min presentation. We find that such an approach delivers the necessary guidance to promote the logical framework that improves writing and speaking skills. Over the past decade, we have witnessed both qualitative and quantitative gains in the students' confidence in their abilities and skills (developed by this process), preparing them for future careers as young scientists.

Multi-Ion Bridged Pathway of N-Oxides to 1,3-Dipole Dilithium Oxide Complexes.

Roussi's landmark work on the generation of 1,3-dipoles from tertiary amine N-oxides has not reached its full potential since its underlying mechanism is neither well explored nor understood. Two competing mechanisms were previously proposed to explain the transformation involving either an iminium ion or a diradical intermediate. Our investigation has revealed an alternative mechanistic pathway that explains experimental results and provides significant insights to guide the creation of new N-oxide reagents beyond tertiary alkylamines for direct synthetic transformations. Truhlar's M06-2x functional and Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory with Dunning's [jul,aug]-cc-pv[D,T]z basis sets and discrete-continuum solvation models were employed to determine activation enthalpies and structures. During these mechanistic explorations, we discovered a unique multi-ion bridged pathway resulting from the rate-determining step, which was energetically more favorable than other alternate mechanisms. This newly proposed mechanism contains no electrophilic intermediates, strengthening the reaction potential by broadening the reagent scope and limiting the possible side reactions. This thoroughly defined general mechanism supports a more direct route for improving the use of N-oxides in generating azomethine ylide-dilithium oxide complexes with expanded functional group tolerance and breadth of chemistry.

α-Silyl Amides: Effective Bifunctional Lynchpins for Type I Anion Relay Chemistry.

Lynchpins comprising α-silyl amides have been validated for type I anion relay chemistry (ARC) to permit ready access to γ-ketoamides. Importantly, the ARC protocol can be run at ambient temperature without the need of additional reagents to trigger the [1,4] Brook rearrangement.

Development of Chiral, Bifunctional Thiosquaramides: Enantioselective Michael Additions of Barbituric Acids to Nitroalkenes.

We report a general method for the synthesis of chiral thiosquaramides, a class of bifunctional catalysts not previously described in the literature. Thiosquaramides are found to be more acidic and significantly more soluble in nonpolar solvents than their oxosquaramide counterparts, and they are excellent catalysts for the unreported, enantioselective conjugate addition reaction of the barbituric acid pharmacaphore to nitroalkenes, delivering the chiral barbiturate derivatives in high yields and high enantioselectivities, even with catalyst loadings as low as 0.05 mol%.

Palladium-Catalyzed Modular Synthesis of Substituted Piperazines and Related Nitrogen Heterocycles.

We report here a novel method for the modular synthesis of highly substituted piperazines and related bis-nitrogen heterocycles via a palladium-catalyzed cyclization reaction. The process couples two of the carbons of a propargyl unit with various diamine components to provide nitrogen heterocycles in generally good to excellent yields and high regio- and stereochemical control.

Access to Spirocyclized Oxindoles and Indolenines via Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Propargyl Carbonates with 2-Oxotryptamines and Tryptamines.

Reported here are methods for the direct construction of a range of spirocyclized oxindoles and indolenines in good to excellent yields. Specifically, we report the palladium-catalyzed reactions of oxindoles and indoles, both functioning as bis-nucleophiles, with propargyl carbonates to afford spirocyclic products having an exocyclic double bond on the newly formed ring. The reaction proceeds through a process wherein the first nucleophilic unit on the oxindole or indole reacts with an allenyl-palladium species, formed from oxidative addition of Pd(0) to propargyl carbonates, to generate a π-allyl palladium intermediate that then reacts further with the second nucleophilic component of the oxindole or indole. The cascade process forges two bonds en route to spirocyclized oxindole and indolenine products. The use of chiral phosphines renders the cyclization sequence enantioselective, providing spirocyclic products with modest to good enantioselectivities.

Rapid access to spirocyclized indolenines via palladium-catalyzed cascade reactions of tryptamine derivatives and propargyl carbonate.

We report the intermolecular palladium-catalyzed reaction of tert-butyl propargyl carbonate with tryptamine derivatives or other indole-containing bis-nucleophiles. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and with low catalyst loadings to afford novel spiroindolenine products in good to high yields.

Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylation and benzylation of N-alloc and N-Cbz indoles.

A set of general methods for the palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative C3-allylation and C3-benzylation of indoles, starting from the corresponding N-alloc and N-Cbz indoles, respectively, is reported. This chemistry provides ready access to a wide range of functionalized indolenines in good to excellent yields. A tandem process, wherein the palladium catalyzed allylation chemistry is coupled with a Mizoroki-Heck reaction, offers a simple route to cinnamylated products.

Managing referrals for children with receptive language delay.

This study investigates relations between language and cognitive scores in children with receptive language (RL) delay and suggests guidelines for referral for cognitive testing. This retrospective review of the test scores of 41 children, ages 17 to 76 months (mean = 37.7 months), focuses on examining associations between RL and cognitive scores. Results show that mean RL scores are positively correlated with mean cognitive scores and that receptive scores are significant predictors of cognitive performance. Children with RL scores of >1 standard deviation below the mean are at risk for concomitant cognitive deficits. Because children with RL delay are at considerable risk for cognitive deficits, the authors recommend considering referral for cognitive testing when RL standard scores fall below 85.

Improving students' sexual history inquiry and HIV counseling with an interactive workshop using standardized patients.

Sexual history and HIV counseling are essential clinical skills. Our project's purpose was to evaluate a standardized patient (SP) educational intervention teaching third-year medical students sexual history taking and HIV counseling. A 4-hour SP workshop was delivered to one-half of the class. Four weeks later, all students engaged in an SP examination including one station on assessing sexual history taking and HIV counseling. Workshop participants scored one standard deviation higher on sexual history and HIV counseling items than nonparticipants. Our sexual history and HIV counseling curriculum was associated with students asking more thorough sexual histories and providing more HIV counseling.