ABSTRACT
The intriguing co-infection of two flaviviruses (GBV-A and GBV-B) in tamarins and the recent discovery of another flavivirus (GBV-C/HGV) in humans raises the question of the relations between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GBV-C/HGV. To address this issue the sera of 285 patients with liver disease (102 patients with cryptogenic and 183 with known forms of chronic liver disease) and 19 patients without liver disease were tested for HGV-RNA. GBV-C/HGV-RNA was detected by RT-PCR using primers encompassing 5'NC and NS5 regions and hybridization with specific biotinilated and radiolabelled probes. GBV-C/HGV RNA was found in 11 of 20 (55%) acute hepatitis C patients, in 13 of 117 (11.1%) patients with chronic hepatitis C, in 11 of 27 patients with a liver transplant (40.7%), one of 19 (5.3%) patients with chronic HBV infection, 15 out of 102 (14.7%) patients with cryptogenic liver disease and two out of 19 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In cryptogenic patients, elevated serum gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, higher than twice the normal values) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, above normal values) levels were significantly associated with GBV-C/HGV-RNA infection (P < 0.001). In conclusion GBV-C/HGV appears to be transmitted in humans by blood exposure and to be associated with liver disease in HCV co-infected patients and in a minority of patients with cryptogenic disease. The virus is only occasionally pathogenic for the liver and when liver damage is present; the association with the combined elevation of GGT and APH serum levels might represent a specific feature of the liver tropism of the agent.
