Concentrations and distribution of 210Pb in bird feathers and its potential for tracing age and flight times.

Bird feathers have been widely used as environmental indicators, providing key information on environmental pollution. However, there is little available information on the adsorption of natural radioactivity in bird feathers and consequently, its impact on the field of movement ecology is not yet known. This study investigates the concentration and distribution of 210Pb in wing- and tail-feathers of different bird species with contrasting migratory strategies, and discusses its potential use as a tracer of age and flight times. Adsorption of 210Pb in bird feathers is directly related to the interaction of feathers with air, therefore it is hypothesised that the presence of this radionuclide is proportional to the length of flight times, and is asymmetrically distributed in flight feathers. Consequently, a significant difference is expected between 210Pb concentrations in feathers of long-distance migrants when compared to sedentary species. For this purpose, a total of 45 samples from eight individuals of three bird species with distinct migratory strategies were analysed: a highly aerial and long-distance migratory species (Common swift Apus apus), and two largely sedentary species widely distributed across Europe (Great tit Parus major and Tawny owl Strix aluco). Novel findings show that the content of 210Pb in bird feathers of adult migratory birds is much higher than in sedentary birds or juvenile individuals, demonstrating this naturally occurring radionuclide can provide information about the contact time between feathers and air. Additionally, 210Pb adsorption was not evenly distributed in bird feathers. The findings provide a new method to trace age and flight time of birds using 210Pb in feathers, complementing conventional techniques in bird migration studies.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en preadolescentes antes y durante el confinamiento / Health-related quality of life in preadolescents before and during the lockdown

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Loot box engagement: A scoping review of primary studies on prevalence and association with problematic gaming and gambling.

BACKGROUND: Loot boxes are an increasingly common type of random microtransaction in videogames. There is some concern about their expansion and entailed risks, especially among adolescents. The actual prevalence of engagement with loot boxes among child and adult population is uncertain, and there is still controversy over the nature of their relationship with problematic gaming and gambling. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this scoping review are to summarize the characteristics and findings of published primary empirical studies about the prevalence of engagement with loot boxes and/or their relationship with problematic gaming and gambling, taking in account the type of sample, time frame and measured variables. METHODS: This study follows the Joanna Briggs Institute's "Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews" and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Three academic databases provided 299 articles. RESULTS: Sixteen primary empirical studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. All studies used cross-sectional designs, and most used convenience samples. Twelve study samples were comprised exclusively of gamers, and two were comprised of gamers and/or gamblers. Only six studies included adolescents. The annual prevalence rate of loot box purchases was higher for adult gamers than for adolescents (22.7%-44.2% and 20%-33.9%, respectively), but in studies with general population samples, the opposite was true (24.9% for players aged 13-14 versus 7.8% for adults). In general, the studies suggested a significant positive relationship between engagement with loot boxes and problematic gaming and gambling, but this may be related to the type of engagement (open/purchase/sell), and the characteristics of the study participants (male/female, adolescents/adults, gamers/gamers-gamblers/general population). CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review summarizes the results of recent empirical studies on engagement with loot boxes and discusses how methodological issues may affect their results and interpretation. Recommendations for future research are also provided.

Problematic online gambling among adolescents: A systematic review about prevalence and related measurement issues.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite its illegality among adolescents, online gambling is a common practice, which puts their mental health and well-being at serious risk. This systematic review summarises international scientific literature from the last 20 years on problematic online gambling among adolescents (11-21 years old) to determine its prevalence and to analyse related measurement issues. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed and a protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, IC: CRD42020162932). Five academic databases were consulted, which resulted in an initial sample of 658 papers. RESULTS: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. All studies were cross-sectional and targeted students from elementary school, secondary school or university. Most followed a convenience sampling procedure. The primary measurement instruments used were the DSM-IV-MR-J and SOGS-RA. Between 0.77% and 57.5% of adolescents present some degree of problematic online gambling (problem, pathological or disordered) depending on the instruments used, the study samples and the timeframe analysed. Between 0.89% and 1% of adolescents exhibited an online gambling disorder. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is a great heterogeneity in the methodology of the reviewed studies (samples, measurement instruments, cut-off points and criteria applied). The limited number of studies and the limited generalizability of their results suggest the need for further research and for development of specific instruments to assess different levels of problematic online gambling in representative samples of adolescents based on clinical 'gold standard' criteria and more accurate cut-off points.

Safety.Net: A Pilot Study on a Multi-Risk Internet Prevention Program.

Many programs exist to prevent bullying and cyberbullying. Nevertheless, despite evidence of the numerous overlapping risks of the Internet, programs that jointly and adequately address large sets of risks are not presently described in the scientific literature. This study's main objective was to assess the effectiveness of the Safety.net program in a pilot sample. This program prevents eight Internet risks: cyberbullying, sexting, online grooming, cyber dating abuse, problematic Internet use, nomophobia, Internet gaming disorder, and online gambling disorder. The Safety.net program comprises 16 sessions and 4 modules (digital skills, relational risks, dysfunctional risks, and change of attitudes and cognitions). Each session lasts one hour, but the program has a networked instructional design to recall previous content in later sessions. For its assessment, a pre/post-test repeated measures design with a control group and an intervention group was used. The study sample was 165 adolescents between 11 and 14 years old (M = 12.11, SD = 0.89). The intervention group demonstrated improvements compared to the control group concerning online grooming, problematic Internet use, Internet gaming disorder, and nomophobia. These results suggest that the Safety.net program is effective in preventing the increase of most of the assessed risks and that it reduces some of them with a small number of sessions.

An Exploratory Analysis of Different Problematic Internet Use Profiles in Cybervictims, Cyberbullies, and Cyberbully Victims.

The Internet has brought about a paradigm shift in the lives of many people, especially adolescents. While it has opened great possibilities, it has also led to various risks such as cyberbullying and problematic Internet use (PIU). These two constructs have been extensively researched individually and jointly, but the existence of different profiles of problematic use according to the role a person assumes in the context of cyberbullying has not yet been explored. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to analyze the different PIU profiles of those who have been cybervictims, cyberbullies, and cyberbully victims. An analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on 25,341 adolescents between 10 and 18 years of age (14.60 ± 1.68). The Cyberbullying Triangulation Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Spanish version of the Generalized and Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 (GPIUS2) were used. The results indicate that cybervictims (6.4 percent), cyberbullies (4.3 percent), and cyberbully victims (2.7 percent) have different profiles of PIU (p < 0.001). Two common profiles emerge from the three roles: one of nonproblematic use and the other of severe problematic use. Participants who presented severe problematic use are the ones who obtained higher scores in cybervictimization and cyberaggression, particularly in the case of cyberbully victims. Furthermore, this profile is 7.6 (IC99 percent:6.11-9.44) times more likely to present PIU than noninvolved adolescents. These results are relevant when planning cyberbullying-focused interventions and programs because of the association between cyberbullying and general PIU.

Sexting, Online Sexual Victimization, and Psychopathology Correlates by Sex: Depression, Anxiety, and Global Psychopathology.

Recent research on sexting highlighted a relationship between this new technology-mediated behavior and psychopathology correlates, although up to date results are mixed, and so far, studies have often used simple and not clinically validated measures of mental health. This study aimed to investigate sexting behaviors, online sexual victimization, and related mental health correlates using clinically validated measures for global psychopathology, anxiety, and depression; and doing so separately for men and women. The sample consisted of 1370 Spanish college students (73.6% female; 21.4 mean age; SD = 4.85) who took part in an online survey about their engagement in sexting behaviors, online sexual victimization behaviors, and psychopathological symptomatology, measured by a sexting scale and the Listado de Síntomas Breve (brief symptom checklist) (LSB-50), respectively. Out of our total sample, 37.1% of participants had created and sent their own sexual content (active sexting), 60.3% had received sexual content (passive sexting), and 35.5% had both sent and received sexual content, with significant differences between male and female engagement in passive sexting. No differences were found between men and women in the prevalence of their victimization by nonconsensual dissemination of sexual content; however, women were more pressured and threatened into sexting than men. Sex differences in psychopathology were found only for depression prevalence rates but not for global psychopathology or anxiety. Furthermore, for male participants, our results showed a significant association only between online sexual victimization and psychopathology but not for consensual active and passive sexting. However, for the female participants, active sexting, passive sexting, and online sexual victimization were all associated with poorer mental health. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.

Invarianza factorial de una escala breve para evaluar abuso sexual online en adolescentes de España y chile / Factorial invariance of a brief scale to evaluate online sexual abuse in adolescents in Spain and Chile

El auge de Internet ha traído nuevas formas de victimización infantojuvenil, entre las que destaca el abuso sexual online. El estudio de esta forma de victimización es cada vez más frecuente a nivel mundial, pero existe escasez de instrumentos breves, en lengua española, que además ofrezcan buenas propiedades psicométricas. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la estructura e invarianza factorial intercultural de una escala breve de abuso sexual online. Participaron 1.502 adolescentes de España y Chile de entre 15 y 17 años. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorios con una proporción de la muestra española (n = 698) sugieren que la escala de 12 ítems posee un único factor y adecuada consistencia interna. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios con una segunda proporción de la muestra española (n = 402) y con la muestra chilena (n = 402) corroboran la estructura unifactorial en ambos países. Los análisis apoyan la invarianza factorial configuracional, pero se desecha la existencia de invarianza factorial estricta. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados al utilizar la escala y hacer comparaciones entre ambos países

The extended use of the Internet has produced new forms of victimization for children and youth, among which online sexual abuse stands out. The study of this form of victimization is frequent worldwide, but there is a lack of brief instruments in Spanish language which also offer good psychometric properties. The objective of the present study was to examine the factorial structure and intercultural factorial invariance of a brief scale of online sexual abuse. The participants were 1,502 adolescents from Spain and Chile between 15 and 17 years. The results of exploratory factor analyses with a proportion of the Spanish sample (n = 698) suggest that the 12-item scale has a single factor structure and adequate internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analyses with a second proportion of the Spanish sample (n = 402) and with the Chilean sample (n = 402) corroborate the unifactorial structure in both countries. The results support the configurational factorial invariance, but not the strict factorial invariance. We discuss the implications of the results when using the scale in both countries and making comparisons between them

Training of general practitioners, a Mexican medical school curriculum evaluation / Formación de médicos generales, evaluación curricular en una escuela mexicana de medicina

Background: Educational curricula require constant improvement to respond to the needs of students, institutions and society. Objective: To evaluate the Plan de Estudios 2010 of the Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Methods: Documentary and qualitative study of three phases. First, revision of trends of general medicine in special databases and comparison of curricula between universities. Second, focus groups with clinical teachers and basic sciences to investigate experiences and opinions in relation to trends in general medicine. Third, a "Generalists Committee" was convened to whom the results were presented (phase one and two) and the recommendations were adapted to adapt the results to the general practitioner's context. The participants were informed about the research objective and their participation was voluntary, the anonymity of theirs comments was protected. Results: The trend towards specialization in clinical practice defines the future of general medicine, and the administrative uses have an impact on the practices of the general practitioner and on the patient's medical relationship. Conclusion: Various aspects mainly educational and assistance hindered the quality of the practice of general medicine.

Introducción: los currículos educativos requieren estar en constante perfeccionamiento para responder a las necesidades de estudiantes, instituciones y de la sociedad. Objetivo: evaluar el Plan de Estudios 2010 de la carrera de medicina de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Métodos: estudio documental y cualitativo, de tres fases. En la primera se revisaron las tendencias de la medicina general en bases de datos especializadas y se compararon los planes de estudios entre universidades. En la segunda, se realizaron grupos focales con docentes clínicos y de ciencias básicas para indagar experiencias y opiniones en relación con las tendencias de la medicina general. En la tercera, se convocó a un "Comité de Generalistas" a quienes se les presentaron los resultados de las fases anteriores, y se realizaron las recomendaciones pertinentes para adecuar los resultados al contexto del médico general. La participación de los entrevistados fue voluntaria, fueron informados sobre el objetivo de investigación y se resguardó el anonimato de sus testimonios. Resultados: la tendencia hacia la especialidad en la práctica clínica define el futuro de la medicina general; asimismo, los intereses administrativos repercuten en las prácticas del médico general y en la relación médico-paciente. Conclusión: diversos aspectos, principalmente educativos y asistenciales, obstaculizan la calidad de la práctica de la medicina general.

Sexting, Mental Health, and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Literature Review.

The practice of creating and sharing sexual images via technological devices, known as sexting, has received crescent attention in the past years, especially due to the increase of adolescent engagement in this behavior. Although consensual sexting is not prima facie a crime, as some research has shown, it has the potential to be a risky behavior, and a threshold to get exposure to dangerous kinds of victimization as sextortion, online grooming or cyberbullying. In this context, teenagers represent a vulnerable group due to their limited ability of self-regulation, their high susceptibility to peer pressure, their technophilia, and their growing sexual curiosity. The present paper aims to review the scientific literature to analyze the relationship between mental health and sexting as a potentially risky behavior and its association with online victimization. The results and implications will be discussed.

Retos forenses ante la cibercriminalidad social en menores / Forensic challenges presented by social cybercrime in minors

Hoy en día las TIC forman parte de las actividades cotidianas de gran parte de la población a nivel mundial. Los procesos de socialización de los menores y jóvenes a través de las TIC han suscitado una creciente atención y preocupación por parte de la comunidad científica y educativa. Muchas de las conductas que se llevan a cabo en el mundo físico se han trasladado al ciberespacio, dando paso a «nuevos» comportamientos y oportunidades delictivas, así como a procesos de victimización en parte distintos. En este nuevo contexto han emergido 3 fenómenos prevalentes de cibercriminalidad social ante los que se plantean nuevos retos forenses. En el presente artículo se llama la atención respecto de las consecuencias psicopatológicas de estos 3 fenómenos: cyberbullying, sexting y online grooming, y se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de contar con profesionales en el ámbito de las ciencias forenses que estén formados en los entornos tecnológicos en los que tienen lugar las nuevas formas de criminalidad. Y se abren nuevas perspectivas de mejora en las evaluaciones periciales por parte de expertos forenses de las consecuencias victimológicas y de los perfiles de quienes intervienen en los nuevos ciberdelitos

Nowadays, ICTs have become part of people's daily routines. Attention has been drawn to the way in which teenagers and young adults socialize through ICTs, especially in the scientific and educational communities. Many behaviours undertaken in the physical world have transferred to cyberspace including criminal behaviours and victimization processes. In this new context, there are three prevalent cybercriminal phenomena that pose forensic challenges. Throughout this paper, the psychopathological consequences of cyberbullying, sexting and online grooming will be analyzed. The growth of these types of behaviour has necessitated well-trained professionals from multidisciplinary forensic sciences, who are able to evaluate the victimological consequences and offenders' profile of the abovementioned phenomena

Cibervíctimas con discapacidad: cuestiones victimológicas y retos forenses / Cibervictims with disabilities: Victimological issues and forensic challenges

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Efecto de la implementación de un nuevo plan de estudios en la percepción del ambiente educativo en los estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Effect of the implementation of a new curriculum in the perception of the educational environment in students of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico

Introducción. El Plan de Estudios 2010 de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México plantea un proceso de evaluación continuo que involucra múltiples factores, como profesores, compañeros o pares, así como las expectativas que los estudiantes tienen de su proceso de aprendizaje. El ambiente educativo es muy importante para el logro de los objetivos educacionales de este plan y por lo mismo repercute en el éxito académico y en la motivación de los estudiantes. Sujetos y métodos. El cuestionario Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) evalúa la percepción del aprendizaje, la percepción de los profesores, la autopercepción académica, la percepción del ambiente y la autopercepción social. Se aplicó a una cohorte inicial de 755 estudiantes y se hizo el seguimiento anual durante los primeros cuatro años de la carrera. Resultados. Se aplicó un total de 2.288 cuestionarios en los cuatro años de la carrera de medicina. Los resultados de primero, tercero y cuarto años se interpretan como un ‘ambiente educacional con aspectos más positivos que negativos’, y el segundo año, con una puntuación total de 74,2, como un ‘ambiente educacional con muchos problemas’. Conclusiones. Conforme a los resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos encontrados en la aplicación de la encuesta DREEM, se ponen en evidencia las áreas de oportunidad y posiblemente algunas fortalezas con las que cuenta el Plan de Estudios 2010. Estos hallazgos invitan a líneas de investigación que den seguimiento a este plan a los seis años de su implementación y ejecución (AU)

Introduction. The Curriculum 2010 of the Medical Faculty of the National Autonomous University of Mexico poses a continuous assessment process involving multiple factors such as teachers, companions or peers, as well as expectations that students have of their learning process. The educational environment is very important for achieving the educational objectives of this plan and therefore affects academic success and motivation of students. Subjects and methods. The questionnaire Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) assesses: perception of learning, perception of teachers, academic self-perception, perception of the environment and social self-perception. It was applied to an initial cohort of 755 students, making the annual monitoring during the first four years of the career. Results. A total of 2288 questionnaires were applied in the four years of medical school. The results demonstrate first, third and fourth years are interpreted as ‘educational environment with more positives than negatives’ and the second year with a total score of 74.2 as an ‘educational environment with many problems’. Conclusions. According to the qualitative and quantitative results in the application of the DREEM survey, highlights the areas of opportunity and possibly some strength that comprise the Curriculum 2010, these findings lead to research to follow up this Curriculum to 6 years of implementation and execution (AU)

Sexting en adolescentes: nuevos retos médico-legales / Teen sexting: new medico-legal challenges

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Multiple online victimization of Spanish adolescents: Results from a community sample.

Little is known about online victimization of Spanish adolescents. The present study aims to determine the past-year prevalence of online victimization in a community sample of Spanish adolescents. The final sample consisted of 3,897 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M=14.45, SD=1.59), 1,836 males and 2,049 females, recruited from 39 secondary schools in the east of Spain. The Cuestionario de victimización juvenil mediante internet y/o teléfono móvil (hereinafter, Juvenile Online Victimization Questionnaire, JOV-Q, Montiel & Carbonell, 2012) was applied for the assessment of eight types of online victimization grouped in two major domains: sexual (sexual coercion, sexual pressure, online grooming by an adult, unwanted exposure to sexual content and violation of privacy); and nonsexual victimization (online harassment, happy slapping, pressure to obtain personal information). Sixty-one percent of adolescents reported online victimization during the last year. Online sexual victimization was reported by 39.5% of adolescents and nonsexual victimization by 53.4% of them, whereas 31% of youth reported having experienced online victimization in both domains. The highest prevalence rates were recorded for online harassment (50%), unwanted exposure to sexual content (24.4%), pressure to obtain personal information (18.4%) and online grooming by an adult (17.2%), and the lowest for sexual coercion (6.7%) and happy slapping (2.2%). Thirty-five percent of the adolescents were considered online polyvictims and most of them experienced victimization in both sexual and nonsexual domains (88%). This study illustrates that Spanish adolescents experience high levels of online victimization and that multiple online victimization appears to be the norm among cybervictims.