ABSTRACT
We report new cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in patients from Kinkantu, Ngäbe-Bugle indigenous comarca, Panama. We isolated Rickettsia rickettsii in cell culture after intraperitoneal inoculation of guinea pigs with tissues from a deceased patient. Our results indicate that Rocky Mountain spotted fever is emerging in this region.
Subject(s)
Rickettsia , Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever , Animals , Disease Outbreaks , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Panama , Rickettsia rickettsii , VaccinationABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169047.].
ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a devastating and terminal disease in non-human primates (NHPs). Regular TB screenings using the intradermal tuberculin test (TST) have been the mainstay of TB surveillance and control in NHPs. Historically, Aotus monkeys have been considered less susceptible to TB than other NHPs. Here we present the diagnosis and epidemiology of a TB outbreak at The Gorgas Memorial Institute Aotus colony in Panama, and the results of two cross-sectional randomized TB screening studies, using antibody (Ab) and IFN-gamma release assay testing. RESULTS: Epidemiological and spatial analysis confirmed that the outbreak was the result of a continuing intermittent exposure, with human to monkey transmission as the most likely source. During the outbreak that lasted five months (January-June 2015), Mycobacterium kansassi and MTB were isolated from lung caseous granulomas in 1/7 and 3/7 TB suspicious animals respectively. Furthermore, MTB was detected by qRT-PCR in formalin fixed lung and liver granulomas in 2/7 and 1/6 monkeys respectively, suggesting an aerosol route of infection. Likewise, a random sample that included 63 / 313 adult (>2 year-old) monkeys, screened for latent TB with the Primagam® IFN-gamma release assay, between March-May, 2016, were all non-reactors; indicating that the outbreak was self-limiting and the colony was likely free or latent TB infection. Control measures included, quarantine, disinfection and TST screening of all personnel. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Aotus are highly susceptible to TB, therefore, TB prevention measures should be strictly enforced in Aotus monkey colonies.
Subject(s)
Aotidae , Disease Outbreaks , Monkey Diseases/epidemiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , Tuberculosis/veterinary , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Cattle , Cross-Sectional Studies , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Disease Susceptibility/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Female , Humans , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interferon-gamma Release Tests/methods , Interferon-gamma Release Tests/veterinary , Male , Mass Screening/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Monkey Diseases/microbiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Panama/epidemiology , Random Allocation , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Tuberculin Test/veterinary , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/immunologyABSTRACT
Synanthropic wild mammals can be important hosts for many vector-borne zoonotic pathogens. The aim of this study was determine the exposure of synanthropic mammals to two types of tick-borne pathogens in Panama, spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) and Borrelia relapsing fever (RF) spirochetes. One hundred and thirty-one wild mammals were evaluated, including two gray foxes, two crab-eating foxes (from zoos), four coyotes, 62 opossum and 63 spiny rats captured close to rural towns. To evaluate exposure to SFGR, serum samples from the animals were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using Rickettsia rickettsii and Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii antigen. Immunoblotting was performed using Borrelia turicatae protein lysates and rGlpQ, to assess infection caused by RF spirochetes. One coyote (25%) and 27 (43%) opossums showed seroreactivity to SFGR. Of these opossums, 11 were seroreactive to C. R. amblyommii. Serological reactivity was not detected to B. turicatae in mammal samples. These findings may reflect a potential role of both mammals in the ecology of tick-borne pathogens in Panama.
