Validation of screening criteria for spondyloarthritis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in routine clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is one of the most common extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Diagnostic delay must be avoided. AIMS: We assessed the validity of SpA screening criteria (any of the following characteristics: chronic low back pain with onset before 45 years of age; inflammatory lower back pain or alternating buttock pain; arthritis; heel enthesitis; dacylitis; HLA-B27 positivity; sacroiliitis on imaging). METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional observational study in IBD patients aged ≥18 years. After evaluating the SpA screening criteria, the gastroenterologists referred the participants to the rheumatologists, who determined whether the patient fulfilled the screening criteria and carried out the necessary tests for SpA diagnosis. RESULTS: 35 (11.7%) out of 300 patients were diagnosed with SpA. The combination with the best balance between sensitivity and specificity (91.4% and 72.1%, respectively, when applied by the rheumatologists; 80% and 78.9%, when applied by the gastroenterologists) for SpA screening, was fulfillment of any of the following: chronic low back pain with onset before age 45 years, inflammatory low back pain or alternating buttock pain, arthritis, or dactylitis. CONCLUSION: This is one of the first studies to validate SpA screening criteria in IBD patients in routine clinical practice.

Safety of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 3931 patients.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety of thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. To identify predictive factors associated with the development of thiopurine-induced adverse events. METHODS: Long-term incidence of adverse events was estimated in patients from a prospectively maintained Spanish nationwide database using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify potential predictive factors of adverse events. RESULTS: Three thousand nine hundred and thirty-one patients were included. Ninety-five percent of patients were on azathioprine. The median follow-up with thiopurines was 44 months (range, 0-420). Adverse events occurred at a median of 1 month after starting treatment. The cumulative incidence of adverse events was 26%, with an annual risk of 7% per patient-year of treatment. Most frequent adverse events were nausea (8%), hepatotoxicity (4%), myelotoxicity (4%), and pancreatitis (4%). Four patients had lymphoma. Female and Crohn's disease increased the risk of having nausea. The risk of hepatotoxicity was lower in females and higher in Crohn's disease. The risk of myelotoxicity was significantly higher in patients treated with mercaptopurine and in females. The risk of pancreatitis was higher in Crohn's disease. Overall, 17% of patients discontinued thiopurine treatment due to adverse events. Thirty-seven percent of these patients started thiopurines again and 40% of them had adverse events again. CONCLUSIONS: As many as 1 of 4 patients on thiopurine therapy had adverse events during follow-up. A relatively high proportion of patients (17%) had to discontinue the treatment with thiopurines due to adverse events. However, more than half of patients that restarted thiopurine treatment after its discontinuation due to adverse events tolerated it. Several predictive factors for some adverse events have been identified.

Clinical patterns and outcomes of ischaemic colitis: results of the Working Group for the Study of Ischaemic Colitis in Spain (CIE study).

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of prospective studies evaluating the natural history of colonic ischaemia (CI). We performed such a study to evaluate the clinical presentation, outcome, and mortality as well as clinical variables associated with poor prognosis. METHODS: An open, prospective, and multicentre study was conducted in 24 Spanish hospitals serving a population of 3.5 million people. The study included only patients who met criteria for definitive or probable CI. A website (www.colitisisquemica.org) provided logistical support. RESULTS: A total of 364 patients met criteria for inclusion. CI was suspected clinically in only 24.2% of cases. The distribution of clinical patterns was as follows: reversible colopathy (26.1%), transient colitis (43.7%), gangrenous colitis (9.9%), fulminant pancolitis (2.5%), and chronic segmental colitis (17.9%). A total of 47 patients (12.9%) had an unfavorable outcome as defined by mortality and/or the need for surgery. Multivariate analysis identified the following signs as independent risk factors for an unfavorable outcome: abdominal pain without rectal bleeding [odds ratio (OR) 3.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-9.3], non-bloody diarrhoea (OR 10; 95% CI = 3.7-27.4), and peritoneal signs (OR 7.3; 95% CI = 2.7-19.6). Unfavorable outcomes also were more frequent in isolated right colon ischaemia (IRCI) compared with non-IRCI (40.9 vs. 10.3%, respectively; p < 0.0001). The overall mortality rate was 7.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of CI is very heterogeneous, perhaps explaining why clinical suspicion of this disease is so low. The presence of IRCI, and occurrence of peritoneal signs or onset of CI as severe abdominal pain without bleeding, should alert the physician to a potentially unfavorable course.

[Cholestasis of pregnancy]. / Colestasis gravídica.

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a reversible cholestatic liver disease that may develop during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and resolves rapidly after delivery. The chief complaint is pruritus. Serum liver tests reveal moderate cholestasis with increased levels of bile salts (> or = 10 micromol/l) and aminotransferases. The pathogenesis of ICP is multifactorial. Potential contributors include a genetic predisposition interacting with the effects of estrogen and progesterone metabolites on bile secretory mechanisms, as well as environmental factors. ICP may cause fetal distress, with stillbirths or premature deliveries, leading to increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Several drugs have been used for ICP treatment. The available evidence suggests that the most effective therapy is ursodeoxycholic acid, since this drug improves pruritus and liver function tests without maternal or fetal toxicity.

Colestasis gravídica / Cholestasis of pregnancy

La colestasis gravídica, o colestasis intrahepática del embarazo (CIE), es una enfermedad colestásica reversible de frecuencia variable, que se desarrolla durante el segundo o tercer trimestre de la gestación y se resuelve rápidamente tras el parto. El síntoma principal de este trastorno es el prurito. Las pruebas de laboratorio muestran una colestasis moderada con elevación de las sales biliares en el suero ($ 10 mmol/l) y un incremento de las transaminasas. La patogenia de la CIE es multifactorial, e incluye factores genéticos que modulan los efectos de los metabolitos de estrógenos y progesterona sobre la secreción biliar y factores ambientales. La CIE puede causar distrés fetal con nacidos muertos o partos prematuros, ocasionando una mayor morbimortalidad perinatal. Aunque se han utilizado múltiples fármacos en el tratamiento de la CIE, la evidencia disponible hasta la fecha sugiere que el ácido ursodesoxicólico es el más eficaz, ya que mejora el prurito y los parámetros bioquímicos, sin efectos adversos para la madre ni el niño

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a reversible cholestatic liver disease that may develop during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and resolves rapidly after delivery. The chief complaint is pruritus. Serum liver tests reveal moderate cholestasis with increased levels of bile salts ($ 10 µmol/l) and aminotransferases. The pathogenesis of ICP is multifactorial. Potential contributors include a genetic predisposition interacting with the effects of estrogen and progesterone metabolites on bile secretory mechanisms, as well as environmental factors. ICP may cause fetal distress, with stillbirths or premature deliveries, leading to increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Several drugs have been used for ICP treatment. The available evidence suggests that the most effective therapy is ursodeoxycholic acid, since this drug improves pruritus and liver function tests without maternal or fetal toxicity