ABSTRACT
AIMS: To analyse the influence of lean pork (P) and veal (V) consumption on the lipid profile of healthy subjects within the framework of a healthy diet comprising low levels of total fat (TF), saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol. DESIGN: Double-crossover, randomized and controlled trial SUBJECTS: 44 healthy individuals (22 male and 22 female), recruited voluntarily from the University Complutense of Madrid. The weight and lipid profiles of these volunteers were normal and their dietary patterns were typical for people in our area. INTERVENTIONS: The study comprised 4 phases: stabilisation phase (5 weeks), the participants followed their normal diet; second phase (6 weeks), half of the subjects, were randomised to lean pork or veal consumption, 150 g per day, for their main meal of the day; washout period (5 weeks) and final phase, which was the second phase of intervention (6 weeks). During the intervention stages, only the main meal of the day was taken in the Hospital. The rest of the subjects' diets consisted of different fortnightly menus designed in accordance with the recommendations of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis (SEA). RESULTS: After both stages of intervention had been completed, there was a mean reduction of 5.5% in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, after each intervention there were no significant differences between those who had consumed P, 2.62 (0.55) mmol/L and those who had consumed V, 2.71 (0.47) mmol/L. No differences were observed in any of the other parameters between those who had consumed P and those who had consumed V. CONCLUSIONS: Lean pork and veal produces similar effects on the lipid profiles of healthy subjects. Its consumption, as part of the saturated fat and cholesterol-controlled diet, could therefore be included in food guidelines, both for normal and therapeutic diets.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol/blood , Diet , Meat , Adult , Animals , Cattle , Cross-Over Studies , Female , Humans , Male , SwineABSTRACT
Antecedentes. Las tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en las poblaciones están íntimamente ligadas con los valores de lípidos sanguíneos, y éstos, a su vez, dependen de los hábitos alimentarios. En España, la alimentación ha cambiado notablemente en las últimas 3 décadas, orientándose hacia un patrón menos cardiosaludable. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar los hábitos alimentarios de la población española y analizar la asociación con las concentraciones plasmáticas de lípidos. Población y métodos. En 1992 realizamos un estudio epidemiológico transversal (estudio DRECE) a partir de una muestra representativa de la población española, con la finalidad de estudiar los hábitos alimentarios y los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Participaron 4.787 individuos de ambos sexos, con edades entre 5 y 59 años, seleccionados aleatoriamente por todo el territorio nacional. A todos los sujetos se les realizó una encuesta validada de frecuencias de consumo alimentario semicuantitativo y se procedió a una extracción de sangre para determinación de diferentes parámetros lipídicos (colesterol total, triglicéridos, colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad [cHDL]), colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad [cLDL]). A partir del cuestionario alimentario se estima la energía y los siguientes macronutrientes: hidratos de carbono, proteínas, grasas totales, grasas saturadas, grasas monoinsaturadas, grasas poliinsaturadas, colesterol dietético, fibra, alcohol y cálculo del índice colesterol grasa-saturada (expresados en g/día, porcentajes o ajustados/1.000 kcal). Todos los datos se muestran de manera descriptiva para la totalidad de la población española o siguiendo la distribución por ocho grandes regiones: noreste (Cataluña, Aragón, Baleares); norte (País Vasco, Navarra, Rioja, Cantabria); noroeste (Galicia, Asturias); Castilla-León; centro-sur (Madrid, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura), Levante (Valencia, Murcia), Andalucía y Canarias. Por último, se estudia la correlación entre los parámetros lipídicos y los nutrientes grasas totales, grasas saturadas, colesterol e índice colesterol-grasa saturada para las regiones analizadas. Resultados. El consumo promedio de grasas saturadas (14 por ciento) y de colesterol dietético (514 mg/día) de la población española sobrepasa las recomendaciones de una dieta prudente. El mayor consumo de grasas saturadas y colesterol corresponde principalmente a las regiones de Levante y Andalucía, siendo Castilla-León la comunidad con los valores más bajos. Las concentraciones de cLDL y triglicéridos son igualmente elevadas en las comunidades de Levante, Andalucía y Canarias. Existe una correlación positiva y significativa entre las grasas totales, grasas saturadas, índice de colesterol-grasas saturadas, colesterol dietético con el colesterol total. Además el índice colesterol-grasa saturada se correlaciona positivamente con las concentraciones de cLDL y triglicéridos, mientras que la correlación es negativa con las concentraciones de cHDL, para el conjunto de las 8 regiones estudiadas. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio ponen de manifiesto una asociación entre ingestión de grasas saturadas y colesterol dietético con las concentraciones plasmáticas de lípidos en diferentes regiones españolas (AU)
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Child, Preschool , Male , Middle Aged , Child , Humans , Feeding Behavior , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Cholesterol, Dietary/adverse effects , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology , Hyperlipidemias/complicationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To know the distribution of phenotypes Lp(a) in an young population. METHODS: Lipoprotein levels, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins and the Lp(a) phenotypes were determined in 105 children, selected according to their cholesterol concentrations. RESULTS: The Lp(a) concentrations were significantly higher in group with low molecular weight respect to group with high molecular weight. The most frequent isoform was S3. CONCLUSIONS: The Lp(a) concentrations correlate inversely with the molecular weight of Apo(a) isoforms.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression/genetics , Lipoprotein(a)/genetics , Adolescent , Apolipoproteins A/blood , Apolipoproteins A/genetics , Apolipoproteins B/blood , Apolipoproteins B/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/blood , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/methods , Female , Humans , Immunoblotting , Lipoprotein(a)/blood , Male , Molecular Weight , Myocardial Ischemia/blood , Myocardial Ischemia/genetics , Phenotype , Population Surveillance , Protein Isoforms/genetics , SpainABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In Spain the mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is relatively low compared to that of other developed countries. Until now few epidemiological studies have been performed among the global Spanish population to evaluate a relation between CVD risk factors and the lipid profile that could justify our privileged situation. For, this reason, the DRECE study was designed to know the situation at present in Spain respect to the risk of suffering from CVD in particular, the lipid profile. POPULATION AND METHODS: This study included 4,787 subjects (2,324 males and 2,463 females) with an age ranging from 5-60 years, representative of the total Spanish population with these characteristics during the period from 1992 to 1994. Medical history was made for all participants, who also underwent a physical examination. The following parameters were determined: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol HDLc, cholesterol transported by low-density lipoproteins, LDLc (estimated by the Friedewald's formula), apolipoprotein AI and apoliprotein B (immunoturbidimetry). RESULTS: The results obtained and expressed in mean (SD) show that, although the population has total cholesterol concentrations (190.1 [42.4] and 192.8 [44.8] mg/dl for females and males, respectively) and LDLc (113.9 [37.9] and 117.5 [38.1] mg/dl for females and males, respectively) with values as high as those found in developed countries, the HDLc concentrations (58.6 [13.2] and 51.5 [13.4] mg/dl for women and men, respectively) are also increased and this could be the reason why the mortality rate in Spain caused by CVD is lower than in other countries. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of high HDLc levels and their antiatherogenic role could justify that, at best in part, the rate mortality in Spain is lower than in other developed countries.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol/blood , Triglycerides/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diet , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Reference Values , Risk Factors , SpainABSTRACT
Increased plasma lipoprotein(a)-Lp(a)-levels are linked to a high risk of cardiovascular disease unrelated to other lipoproteins. It seems that Lp(a) values in childhood remain unaltered up to adulthood. In a randomly chosen population of 1970 children, aged from 4 to 18 years and living in a Spanish community, the following serum parameters were studied: total cholesterol, total triglycerides, Lp(a), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Mean Lp(a) serum values were 15.0 +/- 14.7 mg dl-1. No differences were seen between either sex in the first years of childhood. Of the studied children, 15.1% presented Lp(a) concentrations above 30 mg dl-1. A correlation between Lp(a) and total cholesterol concentrations, which disappeared when low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were corrected according to cholesterol present in Lp(a), was observed.
