National survey on the indicators of quality in Bioethics of the SEMICYUC in the departments of Intensive Care Medicine in Spain. / Encuesta nacional sobre los indicadores de calidad en Bioética de la SEMICYUC, en los servicios de Medicina Intensiva en España.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple interventions are performed in critical patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs). This study explores the presence in the daily practice of ICUs of elements related to the 6 bioethics quality indicators of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units, and the participation of their members in the hospital ethics committees. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter observational study was carried out, using a survey exploring descriptive aspects of the ICUs, with 25 questions related to bioethics quality indicators, and assessing the participation of ICU members in the hospital ethics committees. The ICUs were classified by size (larger or smaller than 10 beds) and type of hospital (public/private-public concerted center, with/without teaching). RESULTS: The 68 analyzed surveys revealed: daily informing of the family (97%), carried out in the information room (82%); end-of-life care protocols (44%); life support limitation form (48.43%); and physical containment protocol (40%). Compliance with the informed consent process referred to different procedures is: tracheostomy (92%), vascular procedures (76%), and extrarenal clearance (25%). The presence of ICU members in the hospital ethics committee is currently frequent (69%). CONCLUSIONS: Information supplied to relatives is adequate, although there are ICUs without an information room. Compliance with the informed consent requirements of various procedures is insufficient. The participation of ICU members in the hospital ethics committees is frequent. The results obtained suggest a chance for improvement in the bioethical quality of the ICU.

[Treatment recommendations at the end of the life of the critical patient]. / Recomendaciones de tratamiento al final de la vida del paciente crítico.

Admission of a patient in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is justified when the critical situation can be reverted or relieved. In spite of this, there is high mortality in the ICU in regard to other hospital departments. End-of-life treatment of critical patients and attention to the needs of their relatives is far from being adequate for several reasons: society denies or hides the death, it is very difficult to predict it accurately, treatment is frequently fragmented between different specialists and there is insufficient palliative medicine training, including communication skills. There are frequent conflicts related to the decisions made regarding the critical patients who are in the end of their life, above all, with the limitation of life-sustaining treatments. Most are conflicts of values between the different parties involved: the patient, his relatives and/or representatives, health professionals, and the institution. The SEMICYUC Working Group of Bioethics elaborates these Recommendations of treatment at the end of the life of the critical patient in order to contribute to the improvement of our daily practice in such a difficult field. After analyzing the role of the agents involved in decision making (patient, familiar, professional, and health care institutions), of the ethical and legal foundations of withholding and withdrawal of treatments, guidelines regarding sedation in the end of the life and withdrawal of mechanical ventilation are recommended. The role of advance directives in intensive medicine is clarified and a written form that reflects the decisions made is proposed.

Recomendaciones de tratamiento al final de la vida del paciente crítico / Treatment recommendations at the end of the life of the critical patient

El ingreso de un paciente en la Unidad de Medicina Intensiva (UMI) está justificado cuando es posible revertir o paliar su situación crítica; a pesar de ello, en las UMI se produce una alta mortalidad con respecto a otros servicios hospitalarios. El tratamiento al final de la vida de los pacientes críticos y la atención a las necesidades de sus familiares están lejos de ser adecuados, por diversos motivos: la sociedad niega u oculta la muerte, es muy difícil predecirla con exactitud, con frecuencia el tratamiento está fragmentado entre diferentes especialistas y hay una insuficiente formación en medicina paliativa, incluyendo habilidades de comunicación. Se producen frecuentes conflictos relacionados con las decisiones que se toman en torno a los enfermos críticos que están en el final de su vida, especialmente con la limitación de tratamientos de soporte vital (LTSV). La mayoría son conflictos de valores entre las diversas partes implicadas: el paciente, sus familiares y/o representantes, los profesionales sanitarios y la institución. El Grupo de trabajo de Bioética de la SEMICYUC elabora estas Recomendaciones de tratamiento al final de la vida del paciente crítico con el propósito de contribuir a la mejora de nuestra práctica diaria en tan difícil campo. Tras el análisis del papel de los agentes implicados en la toma de decisiones (pacientes, familiares, profesionales e instituciones sanitarias) y de los fundamentos éticos y legales de la omisión y retirada de tratamientos, se aconsejan unas pautas de actuación en lo referente a la sedación en el final de la vida y la retirada de la ventilación mecánica, se matiza el papel de las instrucciones previas en medicina intensiva y se propone un formulario que refleje de forma escrita las decisiones adoptadas

Admission of a patient in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is justified when the critical situation can be reverted or relieved. In spite of this, there is high mortality in the ICU in regard to other hospital departments. End-of-life treatment of critical patients and attention to the needs of their relatives is far from being adequate for several reasons: society denies or hides the death, it is very difficult to predict it accurately, treatment is frequently fragmented between different specialists and there is insufficient palliative medicine training, including communication skills. There are frequent conflicts related to the decisions made regarding the critical patients who are in the end of their life, above all, with the limitation of life-sustaining treatments. Most are conflicts of values between the different parties involved: the patient, his relatives and/or representatives, health professionals, and the institution. The SEMICYUC Working Group of Bioethics elaborates these Recommendations of treatment at the end of the life of the critical patient in order to contribute to the improvement of our daily practice in such a difficult field. After analyzing the role of the agents involved in decision making (patient, familiar, professional, and health care institutions), of the ethical and legal foundations of withholding and withdrawal of treatments, guidelines regarding sedation in the end of the life and withdrawal of mechanical ventilation are recommended. The role of advance directives in intensive medicine is clarified and a written form that reflects the decisions made is proposed

[Carbon tetrachloride poisoning]. / Intoxicación por tetracloruro de carbono.

Cases of severe acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning are sporadically described in Spain. We report the cases of three patients that inhaled toxic vapour of carbon tetrachloride that they used as a solvent during their working activity. They developed hepatic disfunction and one of them acute renal failure. The interval between the labour exposure and the medical care was higher than 24 hours. All the patients received N-acetylcysteine treatment (300 mg/kg) and oxygen. The patient ith renal failure recurred hemodialysis. The basic aspects of diagnosis and treatment are commented.