Effects of fumonisin B1 and mycotoxin binders on growth performance, tibia characteristics, gut physiology, and stress indicators in broiler chickens raised in different stocking densities.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of stocking density, fumonisin B1 (FB), and mycotoxin binder (TB) on growth performance, bone quality, physiological stress indicators, and gut health in broiler chickens. Day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks (n = 1,440/experiment) were randomly allocated to 72 floor pens in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, using 3 stocking densities (12.5 birds/m2 [HSD], 10 birds/m2 [MSD], or 7.5 birds/m2 [LSD]), 2 levels of purified FB (0 or 10 ppm), and 2 levels of TB (0 or 0.2%). Each treatment had 6 replicates (n = 6/treatment) and experiments lasted 34 days. All data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA with stocking density level, FB, and TB as main factors. Body weight gain and feed intake were lower (P < 0.05) in broilers kept at HSD and MSD compared to LSD-housed counterparts. Birds fed an FB-contaminated diet exhibited a higher feed-to-gain ratio compared with those fed an FB-free diet (P < 0.05). None of the treatments affected intestinal morphology or ileal secretory immunoglobulin A levels. Stocking density affected tibia breaking strength (P < 0.05), which was lower in chickens housed at HSD compared with LSD-housed chickens. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) was elevated (P < 0.05) in HSD and MSD groups compared with the LSD group. Serum nitric oxide (NO) levels were elevated (P < 0.05) in chickens fed the FB-contaminated diet compared with the control diet-fed counterparts. Significant interaction (P < 0.05) between FB and TB on serum NO levels was noted. In summary, increasing stocking density lowered growth performance and bone quality, but increased the H/L ratio. Dietary TB did not affect FB-induced increases in the feed-to-gain ratio. No interaction was observed between stocking density and FB for the measured variables.

Microwave spectroscopic observation of distinct electron solid phases in wide quantum wells.

In high magnetic fields, two-dimensional electron systems can form a number of phases in which interelectron repulsion plays the central role, since the kinetic energy is frozen out by Landau quantization. These phases include the well-known liquids of the fractional quantum Hall effect, as well as solid phases with broken spatial symmetry and crystalline order. Solids can occur at the low Landau-filling termination of the fractional quantum Hall effect series but also within integer quantum Hall effects. Here we present microwave spectroscopy studies of wide quantum wells that clearly reveal two distinct solid phases, hidden within what in d.c. transport would be the zero diagonal conductivity of an integer quantum-Hall-effect state. Explanation of these solids is not possible with the simple picture of a Wigner solid of ordinary (quasi) electrons or holes.

Fundamental electrochemiluminescence characteristics of fluorine-doped tin oxides synthesized by sol-gel combustion.

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) materials synthesized by sol-gel combustion method were investigated for electrochemical luminescence (ECL) application. Effects of sol-gel combustion conditions on the structures and morphology of the porous FTO (p-FTO) materials were studied. ECL efficiency of p-FTO-based cell was about 251 cd/m2 at 4 V bias, which is higher than the sell using only FTO electrodes (102.8 cd/m2). The highest intensity of the emitting light was obtained at the wavelength of about 610 nm. The porous FTO layer was effective for increasing ECL intensities.

Knudsen-to-hydrodynamic crossover in liquid 3He in a high-porosity aerogel.

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the drag force acting on a high porosity aerogel immersed in liquid (3)He and its effect on sound propagation. The drag force is characterized by the Knudsen number, which is defined as the ratio of the quasiparticle mean free path to the radius of an aerogel strand. Evidence of the Knudsen-hydrodynamic crossover is clearly demonstrated by a drastic change in the temperature dependence of ultrasound attenuation in 98% porosity aerogel. Our theoretical analysis shows that the frictional sound damping caused by the drag force is governed by distinct laws in the two regimes, providing excellent agreement with the experimental observation.

The Dietary Effects of Fermented Chlorella vulgaris (CBT(®)) on Production Performance, Liver Lipids and Intestinal Microflora in Laying Hens.

Fermented Chlorella vulgaris CBT(®) was evaluated for its effects on egg production, egg quality, liver lipids and intestinal microflora in laying hens. One hundred and eight Hy-line Brown layers (n = 108), 80 wk of age, were fed a basal diet supplemented with CBT(®) at the level of 0, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, respectively for 42 d. Egg production was measured daily and egg quality was measured every two weeks. Five eggs from each replicate were collected randomly to determine egg quality. Egg production increased linearly with increasing levels of CBT(®) supplementation (p<0.05), although there was no significant effect of treatment on feed intake. Egg yolk color (p<0.001) and Haugh unit (p<0.01) improved linearly with increasing dietary CBT(®). Hepatic triacylglycerol level was linearly decreased with increasing dietary CBT(®) (p<0.05). The supplemental CBT(®) resulted in linear (p<0.001) and quadratic (p<0.01) response in population of cecal lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, fermented Chlorella vulgaris supplemented to laying hen diets improved egg production, egg yolk color, Haugh unit and positively affected the contents of hepatic triacylglycerol and the profiles of cecal microflora.

Comparison of saline wastewater treatment performance of SBR with repeated starvation under aerobic and non-aerobic conditions.

This study investigated the effects of repeated starvation and feeding on the performance of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) used for treating saline wastewater. The effects of aerobic and non-aerobic conditions on the sludge during starvation were evaluated to recover the performance of the SBR in terms of floc size and pollutant removal after resuming wastewater feeding. The floc size, fractal dimension, sludge volume index (SVI), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), and pollutant removal efficiency were monitored. Experiment results revealed that the floc size and fractal dimensions decreased during starvation under both aerobic and non-aerobic conditions and increased after re-feeding wastewater. However, the difference in floc physical characteristics and performance depended on the starvation condition and was pronounced as starvation and re-feeding were repeated. The floc size and fractal dimensions decreased from 152.7 to 72.2 and 1.98 to 1.79 at the end of the fourth starvation period, resulting in deterioration of the sludge settleability and effluent quality. On the other hand, the floc size and fractal dimensions decreased from 158.7 to 135.7 and 1.95 to 1.81 at the end of the fourth starvation period but remained relatively constant after sludge adaptation. Some correlations were observed between the parameters monitored in this study. The results showed that maintaining the sludge under non-aerobic conditions was an effective strategy for reducing the effects of repeated starvation.

The expression of non-clustered protocadherins in adult rat hippocampal formation and the connecting brain regions.

Non-clustered protocadherins (PCDHs) are calcium-dependent adhesion molecules which have attracted attention for their possible roles in the neuronal circuit formation during development and their implications in the neurological disorders such as autism and mental retardation. Previously, we found that a subset of the non-clustered PCDHs exhibited circuit-dependent expression patterns in thalamo-cortical connections in early postnatal rat brain, but such patterns disappeared in adulthood. In this study, we identified that the non-clustered PCDHs showed differential expression patterns along the septotemporal axis in the subregions of adult hippocampus and dentate gyrus with topographical preferences. The expressions of PCDH1, PCDH9, PCDH10 and PCDH20 showed septal preferences, whereas the expressions of PCDH8, PCDH11, PCDH17 and PCDH19 showed temporal preferences, suggesting that they play roles in the formation/maintenance of intrahippocampal circuits. PCDHs also exhibited the region-specific expression patterns in the areas connected to hippocampal formation such as entorhinal cortex, lateral septum, and basolateral amygdaloid complex. Furthermore, the expression levels of three PCDHs (PCDH8, PCDH19 and PCDH20) were regulated by the electroconvulsive shock stimulation of the brain in the adult hippocampus and dentate gyrus. These results suggest that non-clustered PCDHs are involved in the maintenance and plasticity of adult hippocampal circuitry.

Ultrasound attenuation of superfluid 3He in aerogel.

We have performed longitudinal ultrasound (9.5 MHz) attenuation measurements in the B phase of superfluid 3He in 98% porosity aerogel down to the zero temperature limit for a wide range of pressures at zero magnetic field. The absolute attenuation was determined by direct transmission of sound pulses. Compared to the bulk fluid, our results revealed a drastically different behavior in attenuation, which is consistent with theoretical accounts with gapless excitations and a collision drag effect.

Filtration characteristics of immersed coarse pore filters in an activated sludge system for domestic wastewater reclamation.

The filtration characteristics of two different module configurations with coarse pore filter (non-woven fabric) were investigated for sludge floc separation in an activated sludge reactor for domestic wastewater reclamation. A polypropylene non-woven fabric filter (35 g/m2) was used for the two different module configurations, one flat and one tubular type, each with a filtration area of 0.052 m2. The different module types, submerged in the oxic compartment of A/O (anaerobic/oxic) type reactors, were operated simultaneously. The filtration fluxes were gradually increased from 0.5 to 1.2 and 1.73 m/d. The filtration pressures were more stably maintained for the tubular type module than the plate type. The tubular type module installed horizontally with two-side suction showed less filtration pressures than the tubular type module installed vertically with one-side suction. The solid separation was significantly high showing less than 5 mg/L effluent solids. The organic and T-N removal efficiencies were around 95 and 50%, respectively. The 85% removal of T-P was achieved with 20 mg/L injection of PAC (poly-aluminum chloride).

Size and fractal dimension of particles in the River Nakdong.

Water samples were collected at seven sites located along the River Nakdong on 30 occasions. Water quality, size and the fractal dimension (dF) of suspended particles were measured. The laser light scattering method was used to obtain the size and dF of suspended particles. The average size of particles in this river ranged from 89 microm and 169 microm, which appears to be relatively coarse compared with other rivers worldwide. The average dF of suspended particles in this study ranged from 1.8 to 1.9. Slight variations in fractal dimension values and other particle characteristics results from various measuring methods available. The correlation analysis showed that DO, TN, NO3 and chlorophyll-a had significant positive relationships with particles size, whereas flow rates and temperature had negative relationships. However, the factors which had positive relationships with particles size showed negative relationships with the dF of suspended particles. Generally, as the size of particles increased, the fractal dimension of particles decreased which indicated that the shape of the larger particles became more irregular relative to that of the smaller ones. To obtain and apply the statistical functional relationship between water quality characteristics, multiple linear regression equations of the size and fractal dimension of particles on explanatory variables such as pH, BOD, TSS, DO, T-N and T-P have been established.

Effects of addition sequence and rapid mixing conditions on use of dual coagulants.

The performance of dual coagulants in clay suspension was investigated in this study using aluminium chloride and the cationic polymer as coagulants. According to the study results, the performance of dual coagulants was affected by dosage of aluminium chloride. Beneficial effect by use of dual coagulants were only noted when aluminium chloride was underdosed. The addition sequence of coagulants was important for the performance of dual coagulants. Simultaneous addition resulted in the best performance, while addition of the polymer first resulted in the worst performance. Addition of aluminium chloride first resulted in the similar performance as single use of aluminium chloride. Although sulphate ion improved the floc characteristics, similar results were obtained. The effectiveness of rapid mixing depended on dosage of aluminium chloride. Extending rapid mixing (6 min) was beneficial when aluminium chloride was underdosed so that coagulation occurred at the combination region. However, such benefit was not observed at the optimum condition, which belonged to the sweep coagulation region. Different floc formation caused the difference. Extended rapid mixing would be beneficial when collision between clay particles and Al(III) was necessary. However, such benefit would disappear at the optimum condition because rapid mixing could break up the floc already formed.

Effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR.

Most seafood wastewater has been treated by the activated sludge process. Due to changes in salt concentration, pollutant loadings and raw materials, the process is not operated satisfactorily to meet effluent regulation. Most problems faced at present are solid liquid separation. In this study, effects of salt concentration on floc characteristics and pollutants removal efficiencies were investigated in treatment of seafood wastewater by SBR. For analyzing fractal dimension of flocs, the small angle laser light scattering (SALLS) method was applied using a Diffraction Particle Sizer (Malvern Instruments). Organic removal efficiencies (in terms of COD(Mn)) decreased with increasing salt concentration, but eventually reached a steady state. Fractal dimension and floc size also showed similar trends with changing salt concentration. The main reasons to reduced pollutant removal efficiencies were deteriorated biological activity and settling properties. The biological activity was affected faster than the floc characteristics by increasing salt concentration. The deteriorated settling properties were explained by decreased size and fractal dimension of floc due to increasing salt concentration. The settling properties of floc such as sludge volume index (SVI) and zone settling velocity (ZSV) were related to size and fractal dimension of floc. The fractal dimension of floc was better related to the settling properties than the size of floc.

Non-woven fabric filter separation activated sludge reactor for domestic wastewater reclamation.

A non-woven fabric filter was experimentally evaluated for solid-liquid separation in an activated sludge reactor as an alternative membrane. A polypropylene fabric filter (70, 50 and 35 g/m2) was used for the experiment. The pilot system was operated in A/O (Anaerobic/Oxic) type in which the filter module was submerged into the oxic compartment. The filtration module consists of 10 plate type rectangular filter elements with effective filtration area, 2 m2. Gravity filtration was carried out for solid-liquid separation by changing the water head 0.05-0.5 m without backwashing during the system operation. Initial permeate flux was set at 0.4 m/d. C/N ratio of raw wastewater was controlled at 4.5 in terms of BOD/T-N. The fabric filter system showed a good performance enough for domestic wastewater treatment. Effluent solid concentration was 3.2 mg/L (93.5% removal). COD removal efficiency was 91.6% producing an effluent concentration around 13 mg/L. 66% of total nitrogen removal could be obtained at the adjusted C/N ratio of influent wastewater. However phosphorus removal was very low at 23%. It was found that the initial flux of 0.4 m/d should be maintained for stable performance of the system.

Homarine as a feeding deterrent in common shallow-water antarctic lamellarian gastropodMarseniopsis mollis: A rare example of chemical defense in a marine prosobranch.

The common bright yellow antarctic lamellarian gastropodMarseniopsis mollis was examined for the presence of defensive chemistry. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicated that a major component of ethanolic extracts purified by reversed-phase column chromatography was homarine. Further high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the mantle, foot, and viscera verified the presence of homarine in all body tissues at concentrations ranging from 6 to 24 mg/g dry tissue. A conspicuous macroinvertebrate predator of the shallow antarctic benthos, the sea starOdontaster validus, always rejected live individuals ofM. mollis, while readily feeding on pieces of fish tail muscle. Filter paper disks treated with shrimp elicited a broad range of feeding behaviors in the sea starO. validus (movement of disc to mouth, extrusion of cardiac stomach, humped feeding posture). Shrimp disks treated with homarine (0.4 and 4 mg/disk) were rejected byO. validus significantly more frequently than control disks treated with solvent carrier and shrimp or shrimp alone. The highest concentration of homarine tested not only caused feeding deterrence, but in several sea stars a flight response was noted. Homarine was not detected in the tunic of the antarctic ascidianCnemidocarpa verrucosa, a presumed primary prey ofM. mollis. Nonetheless, crude extracts of the epizooites that foul the tunic (primarily the bryozoans and hydroids) contain homarine, suggestingM. mollis may ingest and derive its chemistry from these organisms. This appears to be only the third example of chemical defense in a member of the Order Mesogastropoda. As the vestigial internalized shell ofM. mollis is considered a primitive condition, the findings of this study lend support to the hypothesis that chemical defense evolved prior to shell loss in shell-less gastropods.

Alpha adrenergic antagonism by cyclosporine.

Cyclosporine has been shown to exert antiadrenergic actions in previous studies from this laboratory. Interactions of CsA with the alpha-one and alpha-two receptor were studied in rabbits. Blood pressure studies revealed that CsA exerts a competitive, reversible antagonism against norepinephrine, epinephrine, and phenylephrine. Further studies of heart rate depression by clonidine also demonstrated that CsA antagonizes this action. In conclusion, cyclosporine appears to act as a nonspecific alpha antagonist.

Cyclosporine-induced hypotension.

The cardiovascular effects of i.v. infusion of cyclosporine were studied in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits. In doses ranging from 0.5 to 120 mg/kg/hr, CsA induced significant, sustained, dose-dependent hypotension. At the 60 mg/kg/hr dose the average drop in diastolic blood pressure was 27 mmHg (n = 9). Possible mechanisms were investigated by comparison of heart rate and blood pressure responses to physiologic manipulation, metabolic inhibition, or receptor antagonism before and after infusion of CsA. CsA did not modify responses to vagal stimulation, decreases in heart rate and blood pressure, P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.002, respectively. However, the cardiovascular reflex response during recovery was significantly attenuated after CsA infusion, P less than 0.05, n = 7. Response to bilateral carotid occlusion after CsA was decreased by 17 mmHg (n = 8, P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences between CsA alone and CsA plus glycopyrrolate or CsA plus aspirin. In this cyclosporine-induced hypotensive rabbit model, the hypotensive response appears to be related to a decrease in the endogenous sympathetic adrenergic activity, not to alterations in cholinergic tone, ganglionic transmission, or vasodilatory prostaglandin metabolism.

Morphine may not produce true catalepsy.

Though catalepsy is one of the primary features classically associated with morphine injections in animals, several investigators have suggested that morphine may not produce true catalepsy. A study was therefore undertaken using the most widely accepted tests of catalepsy to determine whether a dose related catalepsy could be obtained in rats. The effect produced by morphine was then compared with the catalepsy elicited by subthreshold to suprathreshold doses of haloperidol. In the course of catalepsy assessment, it was found that half the tests employed could not distinguish between the several doses of morphine that were administered. Moreover, the cataleptoid behavior induced by morphine failed to satisfy nearly all of the criteria most widely used for catalepsy. This is in marked contrast to the results obtained with varying doses of haloperidol. These results are compatible with the suggestion that morphine may not be a true cataleptigenic agent.