Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Puccinia psidii Uredospores Reveals Differences of Fungal Populations Infecting Eucalyptus and Guava.

Puccinia psidii sensu lato (s.l.) is the causal agent of eucalyptus and guava rust, but it also attacks a wide range of plant species from the myrtle family, resulting in a significant genetic and physiological variability among populations accessed from different hosts. The uredospores are crucial to P. psidii dissemination in the field. Although they are important for the fungal pathogenesis, their molecular characterization has been poorly studied. In this work, we report the first in-depth proteomic analysis of P. psidii s.l. uredospores from two contrasting populations: guava fruits (PpGuava) and eucalyptus leaves (PpEucalyptus). NanoUPLC-MSE was used to generate peptide spectra that were matched to the UniProt Puccinia genera sequences (UniProt database) resulting in the first proteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus P. psidii. Three hundred and fourty proteins were detected and quantified using Label free proteomics. A significant number of unique proteins were found for each sample, others were significantly more or less abundant, according to the fungal populations. In PpGuava population, many proteins correlated with fungal virulence, such as malate dehydrogenase, proteossomes subunits, enolases and others were increased. On the other hand, PpEucalyptus proteins involved in biogenesis, protein folding and translocation were increased, supporting the physiological variability of the fungal populations according to their protein reservoirs and specific host interaction strategies.

Genetic Variability in Puccinia psidii Populations as Revealed by PCR-DGGE and T-RFLP Markers.

Eucalyptus rust caused by Puccinia psidii is responsible for losses of approximately 20% of young Eucalyptus plants, depending on the environmental conditions and the geographic location. Despite its economic importance, there are few studies describing the genetic variability in P. psidii populations that infect different host plants. In the present study, we evaluated the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (rDNA-ITS) using polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism to assess the genetic variability in P. psidii populations infecting different Eucalyptus spp. and hybrids, as well as guava, jabuticaba, and syzygium. These culture-independent methods were efficient in differentiating populations based on the host species from which they were collected. In general, the results from both techniques showed that the populations collected from guava, jabuticaba, and syzygium were different from and had a greater level of diversity than the Eucalyptus rust populations. The sequencing of cloned rDNA-ITS fragments confirmed that the vast majority of the profiles generated were from P. psidii. This analysis also revealed interesting single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Therefore, these culture-independent methods are suitable for the rapid assessment of genetic variability within and between populations of this biotrophic fungus on a variety of host species and could be a tool to study the evolution of this pathogen and its interactions with host plants.

Efeito da temperatura sobre a produção de enterotoxina estafilocócica em leite / Effect of temperature on production of staphylococcal enterotoxin in milk

Muitos estudos têm investigado as condições nas quais Staphylococcus aureus está apto para produzir enteroxinas. As necessidades nutricionais (presença ou ausência de aminoácidos e glicose), bem como variações de pH e temperatura, podem resultar na produção de enterotoxinas capazes de causar doenças. Neste estudo foram usadas cepas de S. aureus produtoras de enterotoxinas A e C2 (respectivamente FRI 722 e FRI 361) e um isolado no qual foi detectada a presença concomitante dos genes de enterotoxina A e da Síndrome do Choque Tóxico (TSST-1) em estudo anterior. As cepas foram inoculadas em leite UHT e as amostras submetidas a diferentes situações de estresse térmico (tempo e temperatura). Em nosso trabalho, houve produção das enterotoxinas A e C2 e de TSST-1 quando o leite UHT foi exposto a temperaturas elevadas, na faixa de 37 a 42ºC e/ou quando o leite foi exposto a temperaturas oscilantes. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo parecem alertar para os métodos de conservação do leite, uma vez que o mesmo pode ser responsável por intoxicações alimentares causadas pela presença de S. aureus e suas enterotoxinas se não houver correta manipulação do produto, em todas as fases de produção.

SAGE transcript profiling of the juvenile cambial region of Eucalyptus grandis.

Despite the importance of Eucalyptus spp. in the pulp and paper industry, functional genomic approaches have only recently been applied to understand wood formation in this genus. We attempted to establish a global view of gene expression in the juvenile cambial region of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden. The expression profile was obtained from serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) library data produced from 3- and 6-year-old trees. Fourteen-base expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were searched against public Eucalyptus ESTs and annotated with GenBank. Altogether 43,304 tags were generated producing 3066 unigenes with three or more copies each, 445 with a putative identity, 215 with unknown function and 2406 without an EST match. The expression profile of the juvenile cambial region revealed the presence of highly frequent transcripts related to general metabolism and energy metabolism, cellular processes, transport, structural components and information pathways. We made a quantitative analysis of a large number of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin. Our findings provide insight into the expression of functionally related genes involved in juvenile wood formation in young fast-growing E. grandis trees.

Proteomic analysis of the cambial region in juvenile Eucalyptus grandis at three ages.

Recent advances in genomics and proteomics have provided an excellent opportunity to understand complex biological processes such as wood formation at the gene and protein levels. The aim of this work was to describe the proteins participating in the processes involved in juvenile wood formation by isolating proteins from the cambial region of Eucalyptus grandis, at three ages of growth (6-month-old seedlings, 3- and 6-year-old trees), and also to identify proteins differentially expressed. Using a 2-D-LC-MS/MS strategy we identified a total of 240 proteins, with 54 corresponding spots being present in at least two ages. Overall, nine proteins classified into the functional categories of metabolism, cellular processes, and macromolecular metabolism showed significant changes in expression. Proteins were classified into seven main functional categories, with metabolism representing 35.2% of the total proteins identified. The comparison of the reference maps showed not only differences in the expression pattern of individual proteins at each age, but also among isoforms. The results described in this paper provide a dynamic view of the proteins involved in the formation of juvenile wood in E. grandis.

Aplicação da técnica de REP – PCR no rastreamento de Staphylococcus aureus em sala de ordenha, para o monitoramento da qualidade do leite / Using the REP-PCR technic in the tracking of Staphylococcus aureus in milking room, for milk quality production

A identificação e classificação bacteriana são de suma importância no ambiente, na indústria, na medicina veterinária, na microbiologia e na ecologia microbiana. Um número de diferentes métodos genotípicos e fenotípicos estão sendo empregados para identificação e classificação microbiana. A técnica de REP-PCR é baseada no uso de primers sintetizados a partir de sequências repetidas de DNA, chamadas depalindrômicas extragênicas repetidas (REP), e têm sido descrita como um método o qual gera impressões digitais (fingerprints) de DNA que podem diferenciar bactérias entre gêneros e espécies. Neste estudo, o método de fingerprint foi usado para Staphylococcus aureus com o objetivo de avaliar a higiene de ordenha em duas fazendas leiteiras.Foram obtidos vários fingerprints de todos os isolados coletados das diferentes fontes estudadas (mãos de ordenhadores, tetos das vacas,leite e ordenhadeira), e foram obtidos comportamentos muito similares das bandas indicando que os isolados podem ser relatados como clones epidemiológicos. Em nosso estudo, a técnica mostrou ser eficiente para a análise da similaridade entre indivíduos da mesma espécie, no caso, o Staphylococcus aureus, mostrando ser uma ferramenta útil para investigação de falhas no manejo e, em um controle mais eficiente para evitar e/ou diminuir a disseminação de microrganismos causadores de sérias enfermidades em humanos e em animais, que podem ser transmitidas através de produtos como o leite e seus derivados.

The identification and classification of bacteria are of crucial importance in environmental, industrial, veterinary, microbiology and microbial ecology. A number of different phenotypic and genotypic methods are presently being employed for microbial identification and classification. Repetitive-element PCR (Rep-PCR) with primers basedon repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) repeated DNA sequencesis a recently described method which generates DNA fingerprints that descriminate between bacterial species and strains. In this study, this method was used for genomic fingerprinting of Staphylococcus aureus in control of hygiene in milk line production on two farms. Complex fingerprinting patterns were obtained for all isolates from different sources (milking handlers, cows teats, milk and milk machine) were very similar, and the data indicated that the isolated were closely related.In our study, this technic shows to be usefull for investigation in fails on milk line production and for more efficient control for patogenic microrganisms that cause serious illness in humans and animals.