Intussusception With a Pathological Lead Point in a Two-Month-Old Infant.

Intussusception is one of the most common causes of acute intestinal obstruction in infancy and early childhood. Most cases of intussusception tend to occur in infancy, between the ages of four and six months. The causes can be split into two categories: non-pathologic and pathologic. Non-pathological causes include administration of the rotavirus vaccine, dehydration, and recent illness. Pathological causes can be attributed to Meckel's diverticulum (in 75% of cases), polyps (15%), and lymphoma or other tumors (3%). Intussusception rarely occurs in infants less than three months of age. If intussusception does occur in patients under three months of age, the cause is idiopathic in up to 75% of the cases. Additionally, myoglandular-type polyps are exceedingly rare and very rarely occur in patients under the age of 50. This case report discusses the diagnosis and treatment of intussusception in a two-month-old male patient who initially presented to the pediatric inpatient unit for dehydration secondary to a suspected viral illness, later developing colicky abdominal pain and bloody stools. He was found to have colo-colonic intussusception with a myoglandular-type polyp lead point. In discussing this case, the aim is to teach about intussusception and myoglandular-type polyps, as well as reveal a rarity in both etiologies for this age group.

Meningococcal Disease in Persons With HIV Reported Through Active Surveillance in the United States, 2009-2019.

Persons with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk for bacterial infections, and previous publications document an increased risk for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in particular. This analysis provides evidence that PWH face a 6-fold increase in risk for IMD based on Active Bacterial Core surveillance data collected during 2009-2019.

Overlap of pain-related and general measures of disability among adults with chronic pain.

PURPOSE: Chronic pain is known to be correlated with disability. We aimed to determine the overlap between a general self-reported measure of disability and a measure of disability due to pain problems among adults with chronic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and analyzed respondents with chronic pain in the past 3 months. General disability was defined as being limited in the kind or amount of work one can do due to any physical, mental, or emotional problem. Pain-related disability was defined as pain limiting one's activity on "most days" or "every day." RESULTS: Based on a sample of 6874 respondents with chronic pain, 58% had either kind of disability, including 9% who reported only pain-related, but not general disability; and 27% who reported both types of disability. Respondents reporting only pain-related, but not general disability tended to be younger and had lower rates of obesity, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension than respondents reporting both pain-related and general disability. DISCUSSION: Among people with chronic pain, most people with disability are experiencing limitations related to pain problems. Assessment of disability without addressing pain interference has likely underestimated the disability burden in this population.

Secondary Cases of Invasive Disease Caused by Encapsulated and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae - 10 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2011-2018.

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) can cause meningitis and other serious invasive disease. Encapsulated Hi is classified into six serotypes (a-f) based on chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule; unencapsulated strains are termed nontypeable Hi (NTHi). Hi serotype b (Hib) was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children in the pre-Hib vaccine era, and secondary transmission of Hi among children (e.g., to household contacts and in child care facilities) (1,2) led to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation for antibiotic chemoprophylaxis to prevent Hib disease in certain circumstances.* High Hib vaccination coverage since the 1990s has substantially reduced Hib disease, and other serotypes now account for most Hi-associated invasive disease in the United States (3). Nevertheless, CDC does not currently recommend chemoprophylaxis for contacts of persons with invasive disease caused by serotypes other than Hib and by NTHi (non-b Hi). Given this changing epidemiology, U.S. surveillance data were reviewed to investigate secondary cases of invasive disease caused by Hi. The estimated prevalence of secondary transmission was 0.32% among persons with encapsulated Hi disease (≤60 days of one another) and 0.12% among persons with NTHi disease (≤14 days of one another). Isolates from all Hi case pairs were genetically closely related, and all patients with potential secondary infection had underlying medical conditions. These results strongly suggest that secondary transmission of non-b Hi occurs. Expansion of Hi chemoprophylaxis recommendations might be warranted to control invasive Hi disease in certain populations in the United States, but further analysis is needed to evaluate the potential benefits against the risks, such as increased antibiotic use.

Psychosocial work environment stressors for school staff during the COVID-19 pandemic: Barriers and facilitators for supporting wellbeing.

Introduction: After periods of remote and/or hybrid learning as a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic, the return to in-person learning has been beneficial for both students and teachers, but it has not been without challenges. This study was designed to assess the impact of the return to in-person learning on the school experience, and efforts made to ease the transition in furthering a positive in-person learning environment. Materials and methods: We conducted a series of listening sessions with 4 stakeholder groups: students (n = 39), parents (n = 28), teachers/school staff (n = 41), and a combination of listening sessions and semi-structured interviews with building level and district administrators (n = 12), focusing on in-school experiences during the 2021-2022 school year amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. A primarily deductive qualitative analysis approach was employed to code the data followed by a primarily inductive thematic analysis, followed by thematic aggregation, thus providing depth and identification of nuances in the data. Results: Three main themes emerged around school staff experiences: (1) increased levels of stress and anxiety manifested in key ways, including students' challenges with personal behavior management contributing to increased aggression and staff shortages; (2) school staff described key contributors to stress and anxiety, including feeling excluded from decision making and challenges with clear and consistent communication; and (3) school staff described key facilitators that supported their management of anxiety and stress, including adaptability, heightened attention and resources to wellbeing, and leveraging interpersonal relationships. Discussion: School staff and students faced significant stress and anxiety during the 2021-2022 school year. Further exploration and identification of approaches to mitigate key contributors to increased stress and anxiety for school staff, along with increased opportunities for implementing key facilitators that were identified as important in managing and navigating the increased stress and anxiety offer valuable opportunities for helping to create a supportive work environment for school staff in the future.

OnabotulinumtoxinA effects on trigeminal nociceptors.

BACKGROUND: OnabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) is approved globally for prevention of chronic migraine; however, the classical mechanism of action of onabotA in motor and autonomic neurons cannot fully explain the effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA in this sensory neurological disease. We sought to explore the direct effects of onabotulinumtoxinA on mouse trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons using an inflammatory soup-based model of sensitization. METHODS: Primary cultured trigeminal ganglion neurons were pre-treated with inflammatory soup, then treated with onabotulinumtoxinA (2.75 pM). Treated neurons were used to examine transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 cell-surface expression, calcium influx, and neuropeptide release. RESULTS: We found that onabotulinumtoxinA cleaved synaptosomal-associated protein-25 kDa in cultured trigeminal ganglion neurons; synaptosomal-associated protein-25 kDa cleavage was enhanced by inflammatory soup pre-treatment, suggesting greater uptake of toxin under sensitized conditions. OnabotulinumtoxinA also prevented inflammatory soup-mediated increases in TRPV1 and TRPA1 cell-surface expression, without significantly altering TRPV1 or TRPA1 protein expression in unsensitized conditions. We observed similar inhibitory effects of onabotulinumtoxinA on TRP-mediated calcium influx and TRPV1- and TRPA1-mediated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide and prostaglandin 2 under sensitized, but not unsensitized control, conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our data deepen the understanding of the sensory mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA and support the notion that, once endocytosed, the cytosolic light chain of onabotulinumtoxinA cleaves synaptosomal-associated protein-25 kDa to prevent soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor-mediated processes more generally in motor, autonomic, and sensory neurons.

Phylogenomic Comparison of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Causing Disseminated Gonococcal Infections and Uncomplicated Gonorrhea in Georgia, United States.

Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) is a rare complication caused by the systemic dissemination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to normally sterile anatomical sites. Little is known about the genetic diversity of DGI gonococcal strains and how they relate to other gonococcal strains causing uncomplicated mucosal infections. We used whole genome sequencing to characterize DGI isolates (n = 30) collected from a surveillance system in Georgia, United States, during 2017-2020 to understand phylogenetic clustering among DGI as well as uncomplicated uro- and extragenital gonococcal infection (UGI) isolates (n = 110) collected in Fulton County, Georgia, during 2017-2019. We also investigated the presence or absence of genetic markers related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as well as surveyed the genomes for putative virulence genetic factors associated with normal human-serum (NHS) resistance that might facilitate DGI. We found that DGI strains demonstrated significant genetic variability similar to the population structure of isolates causing UGI, with sporadic incidences of geographically clustered DGI strains. DGI isolates contained various AMR markers and genetic mechanisms associated with NHS resistance. DGI isolates had a higher frequency of the porB1A allele compared with UGI (67% vs 9%, P < .0001); however, no single NHS resistance marker was found in all DGI isolates. Continued DGI surveillance with genome-based characterization of DGI isolates is necessary to better understand specific factors that promote systemic dissemination.

Surveillance for Disseminated Gonococcal Infections, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs)-United States, 2015-2019.

BACKGROUND: Disseminated gonococcal infections (DGIs) are thought to be uncommon; surveillance is limited, and case reports are analyzed retrospectively or in case clusters. We describe the population-level burden of culture-confirmed DGIs through the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) system. METHODS: During 2015-2016, retrospective surveillance was conducted among residents in 2 ABCs areas and prospectively in 3 ABCs areas during 2017-2019. A DGI case was defined as isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a normally sterile site. A case report form was completed for each case and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed on available isolates. RESULTS: During 2015-2019, 77 DGI cases were identified (a rate of 0.13 cases per 100 000 population) and accounted for 0.06% of all reported gonorrhea cases in the 3 surveillance areas. Most DGI cases were male (64%), non-Hispanic Black (68%), and ranged from 16 to 67 years of age; blood (55%) and joint (40%) were the most common sterile sites. Among 29 isolates with AST results during 2017-2019, all were susceptible to ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS: DGI is an infrequent complication of N gonorrhoeae; because it can quickly develop antimicrobial resistance, continued DGI surveillance, including monitoring trends in antimicrobial susceptibility, could help inform DGI treatment recommendations.

Alagille Syndrome and Repeat Oxygenator Failure during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Word of Caution.

Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that is caused by heterozygous mutation of JAG1 or NOTCH2 gene that impacts several multisystem organs including but may not be limited to the liver, heart, musculoskeletal, skin, and the eyes. The most common congenital heart defect associated with Alagille syndrome is multilevel right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with multiple central and peripheral branch pulmonary arterial stenoses occurring in up to two-thirds of these patients. We report two cases of Alagille syndrome who underwent extensive pulmonary arterial branch rehabilitation and experienced unusual oxygenator failure during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We present lessons learned from these two cases and the changes that we implemented in our practice that facilitated smooth conduct of CPB in other cases that we performed subsequently.

Build upon basics: An intervention utilizing safety huddles to achieve near-zero incidence of catheter associated urinary tract infection at a department of Veterans Affairs long-term care facility.

BACKGROUND: When traditional interventions are used in long term care for catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention, residual rates are still high despite a decrease. We conducted a quality improvement study focusing our interventions on patient and staff behavioral patterns identified through a structured huddle process to improve upon the basics for CAUTI prevention. METHODS: Baseline was from January 2016 to March 2017; the intervention period was from April 2017 to June 2020. We implemented a systematic huddle to determine root cause of each CAUTI and applied lessons throughout the facility. We measured the monthly CAUTI incidence per 1000 urinary catheter days and analyzed the reduction in CAUTI during the intervention period. RESULTS: CAUTI decreased by 73% during the intervention period compared to the baseline period, with an IRR of 0.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11-0.66; P = .004). The number of catheter days per month increased by 4% in the intervention period (17,407 in 39 months) compared to the baseline period (6,440 in 15 months) with IRR of 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.07; P = .008). No patterns were noted in organisms responsible for CAUTI. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings stress the importance of looking beyond the traditional interventions for CAUTI prevention in long term care population. By doing this, interventions can be customized for this special population to achieve optimal outcomes.

Perceptual weighting of acoustic cues for accommodating gender-related talker differences heard by listeners with normal hearing and with cochlear implants.

Listeners must accommodate acoustic differences between vocal tracts and speaking styles of conversation partners-a process called normalization or accommodation. This study explores what acoustic cues are used to make this perceptual adjustment by listeners with normal hearing or with cochlear implants, when the acoustic variability is related to the talker's gender. A continuum between /ʃ/ and /s/ was paired with naturally spoken vocalic contexts that were parametrically manipulated to vary by numerous cues for talker gender including fundamental frequency (F0), vocal tract length (formant spacing), and direct spectral contrast with the fricative. The goal was to examine relative contributions of these cues toward the tendency to have a lower-frequency acoustic boundary for fricatives spoken by men (found in numerous previous studies). Normal hearing listeners relied primarily on formant spacing and much less on F0. The CI listeners were individually variable, with the F0 cue emerging as the strongest cue on average.

Measuring mental health burden in humanitarian settings: a critical review of assessment tools.

BACKGROUND: The effects of disasters and conflicts are widespread and heavily studied. While attention to disasters' impacts on mental health is growing, mental health effects are not well understood due to inconsistencies in measurement. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to review mental health assessment tools and their use in populations affected by disasters and conflicts. METHOD: Tools that assess posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, substance use disorder, and general mental health were examined. This review began with a search for assessment tools in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Next, validation studies for the tools were obtained through snowball sampling. A final search was conducted for scientific studies using the selected tools in humanitarian settings to collect the data for analysis. The benefits and limitations described for each tool were compiled into a complete table. RESULTS: Twelve assessment tools were included, with 88 studies using them. The primary findings indicate that half of the studies used the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. The most common limitation discussed is that self-report tools inaccurately estimate the prevalence of mental health problems. This inaccuracy is further exacerbated by a lack of cultural appropriateness of the tools, as many are developed for Western contexts. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that researchers and humanitarian workers reflect on the effectiveness of the mental health assessment tool they use to accurately represent the populations under study in emergency settings. In addition, mental health assessment should be coupled with action.

Patterns of conservation of spliceosomal intron structures and spliceosome divergence in representatives of the diplomonad and parabasalid lineages.

BACKGROUND: Two spliceosomal intron types co-exist in eukaryotic precursor mRNAs and are excised by distinct U2-dependent and U12-dependent spliceosomes. In the diplomonad Giardia lamblia, small nuclear (sn) RNAs show hybrid characteristics of U2- and U12-dependent spliceosomal snRNAs and 5 of 11 identified remaining spliceosomal introns are trans-spliced. It is unknown whether unusual intron and spliceosome features are conserved in other diplomonads. RESULTS: We have identified spliceosomal introns, snRNAs and proteins from two additional diplomonads for which genome information is currently available, Spironucleus vortens and Spironucleus salmonicida, as well as relatives, including 6 verified cis-spliceosomal introns in S. vortens. Intron splicing signals are mostly conserved between the Spironucleus species and G. lamblia. Similar to 'long' G. lamblia introns, RNA secondary structural potential is evident for 'long' (> 50 nt) Spironucleus introns as well as introns identified in the parabasalid Trichomonas vaginalis. Base pairing within these introns is predicted to constrain spatial distances between splice junctions to similar distances seen in the shorter and uniformly-sized introns in these organisms. We find that several remaining Spironucleus spliceosomal introns are ancient. We identified a candidate U2 snRNA from S. vortens, and U2 and U5 snRNAs in S. salmonicida; cumulatively, illustrating significant snRNA differences within some diplomonads. Finally, we studied spliceosomal protein complements and find protein sets in Giardia, Spironucleus and Trepomonas sp. PC1 highly- reduced but well conserved across the clade, with between 44 and 62 out of 174 studied spliceosomal proteins detectable. Comparison with more distant relatives revealed a highly nested pattern, with the more intron-rich fornicate Kipferlia bialata retaining 87 total proteins including nearly all those observed in the diplomonad representatives, and the oxymonad Monocercomonoides retaining 115 total proteins including nearly all those observed in K. bialata. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons in diplomonad representatives and species of other closely-related metamonad groups indicates similar patterns of intron structural conservation and spliceosomal protein composition but significant divergence of snRNA structure in genomically-reduced species. Relative to other eukaryotes, loss of evolutionarily-conserved snRNA domains and common sets of spliceosomal proteins point to a more streamlined splicing mechanism, where intron sequences and structures may be functionally compensating for the minimalization of spliceosome components.

Pupillometry Reveals That Context Benefit in Speech Perception Can Be Disrupted by Later-Occurring Sounds, Especially in Listeners With Cochlear Implants.

Contextual cues can be used to improve speech recognition, especially for people with hearing impairment. However, previous work has suggested that when the auditory signal is degraded, context might be used more slowly than when the signal is clear. This potentially puts the hearing-impaired listener in a dilemma of continuing to process the last sentence when the next sentence has already begun. This study measured the time course of the benefit of context using pupillary responses to high- and low-context sentences that were followed by silence or various auditory distractors (babble noise, ignored digits, or attended digits). Participants were listeners with cochlear implants or normal hearing using a 12-channel noise vocoder. Context-related differences in pupil dilation were greater for normal hearing than for cochlear implant listeners, even when scaled for differences in pupil reactivity. The benefit of context was systematically reduced for both groups by the presence of the later-occurring sounds, including virtually complete negation when sentences were followed by another attended utterance. These results challenge how we interpret the benefit of context in experiments that present just one utterance at a time. If a listener uses context to "repair" part of a sentence, and later-occurring auditory stimuli interfere with that repair process, the benefit of context might not survive outside the idealized laboratory or clinical environment. Elevated listening effort in hearing-impaired listeners might therefore result not just from poor auditory encoding but also inefficient use of context and prolonged processing of misperceived utterances competing with perception of incoming speech.

RNA-Seq employing a novel rRNA depletion strategy reveals a rich repertoire of snoRNAs in Euglena gracilis including box C/D and Ψ-guide RNAs targeting the modification of rRNA extremities.

Previous mRNA transcriptome studies of Euglena gracilis have shown that this organism possesses a large and diverse complement of protein coding genes; however, the study of non-coding RNA classes has been limited. The natural extensive fragmentation of the E. gracilis large subunit ribosomal RNA presents additional barriers to the identification of non-coding RNAs as size-selected small RNA libraries will be dominated by rRNA sequences. In this study we have developed a strategy to significantly reduce rRNA amplification prior to RNA-Seq analysis thereby producing a ncRNA library allowing for the identification of many new E. gracilis small RNAs. Library analysis reveals 113 unique new small nucleolar (sno) RNAs and a large collection of snoRNA isoforms, as well as the first significant collection of nuclear tRNAs in this organism. A 3' end AGAUGN consensus motif and conserved structural features can now be defined for E. gracilis pseudouridine guide RNAs. snoRNAs of both classes were identified that target modification of the 3' extremities of rRNAs utilizing predicted base-pairing interactions with internally transcribed spacers (ITS), providing insight into the timing of steps in rRNA maturation. Cumulatively, this represents the most comprehensive analysis of small ncRNAs in Euglena gracilis to date.

Emergence of Localized Serogroup W Meningococcal Disease in the United States - Georgia, 2006-2016.

Several countries in Europe and Australia are reporting an increasing incidence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W (NmW) as a consequence of the rapid expansion of a single NmW clone belonging to clonal complex 11 (1-5). Because this clone is reported to be associated with more severe disease, unusual clinical presentations, and a high case fatality ratio (CFR), it is considered a hypervirulent strain (1,6). In the United States, NmW accounts for approximately 5% of meningococcal disease reported each year, and this proportion has remained stable for several years (7). However, localized increases in NmW have been reported, most notably in Florida during 2008-2009 (8). In Georgia, NmW accounted for only 3% of meningococcal disease cases reported during 2006-2013; however, between January 2014 and December 2016, 42% of all reported cases were NmW. Surveillance data from Georgia were analyzed to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of NmW cases, and whole-genome sequencing of NmW isolates was performed for comparison with NmW strains circulating in the United States and worldwide. These data indicate that the U.S. NmW strains might have evolved from the same ancestor as the hypervirulent strain that is circulating globally. Genetic analysis demonstrates that these strains are closely related, which would suggest that genetic variation led to the rise of different strains from the same ancestor. Given the recent global expansion of this potentially hypervirulent NmW lineage, clinicians and public health officials need to remain vigilant in obtaining isolates to monitor changes in circulating strains.

Effect of hypobaria and hyperoxia during sepsis on survival and energy metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Injured warfighters air evacuated to tertiary medical care facilities are subjected to many stresses that may promote the development of sepsis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to "in-flight" hypobaria and/or hyperoxia within 24 hours after onset of intra-abdominal infection in rats accelerates the development and/or severity of sepsis and neurologic injury in survivors. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cecal ligation/puncture (CLP) or sham procedures. Twenty-four hours later, rats were then placed in hypobaric chambers for 6 hours and assigned to normobaric conditions and maintained at either 21% or 100% O2, or under hypobaric conditions (pressure equivalent to an altitude of 8,000 ft) but maintained under either 28% or 100% O2. Two days after CLP or sham, blood samples were obtained for cytokine levels, and mitochondria were isolated from the brain and heart of a subset of animals for analysis of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Animals were also evaluated for neuromotor impairment before and 15 days postsurgery. RESULTS: Among the 70 rats studied, 16.7% of CLP but none of the sham-treated rats died. All of the CLP but none of the sham rats had evidence of peritonitis at 2 days. Twenty percent (6 of 30) CLP rats undergoing hypobaria versus 12.5% (3 of 24) of CLP rats exposed to normobaria died (p = 0.715) while 12% (3 of 25) of CLP rats exposed to hyperoxia versus 20.7% (6 of 29) of CLP rats exposed to normoxia died (p = 0.48). The ratio of mitochondrial ATP-generating O2 consumption to resting respiration was higher in the CLP plus hypobaria under 100% compared with shams. The only difference in H2O2 production was observed in mitochondria from CLP rats exposed to hyperoxia under normobaric conditions. Composite neurologic scores obtained 15 days postinjury were lower than those at baseline for shams. CONCLUSION: We conclude that neither "in-flight" hyperoxia nor hypobaria exacerbate sepsis or neurologic injury.

Acceptance of internet-based hearing healthcare among adults who fail a hearing screening.

OBJECTIVE: This study measured help-seeking readiness and acceptance of existing internet-based hearing healthcare (IHHC) websites among a group of older adults who failed a hearing screening (Phase 1). It also explored the effects of brief training on participants' acceptance of IHHC (Phase 2). STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty-seven adults (age 55+) who failed a hearing screening participated. DESIGN: During Phase 1 participants were administered the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) and patient technology acceptance model (PTAM) Questionnaire. During Phase 2 participants were randomly assigned to a training or control group. Training group participants attended an instructional class on existing IHHC websites. The control group received no training. The PTAM questionnaire was re-administered to both groups 4-6 weeks following the initial assessment. RESULTS: The majority of participants were either considering or preparing to do something about their hearing loss, and were generally accepting of IHHC websites (Phase 1). The participants who underwent brief IHHC training reported increases in hearing healthcare knowledge and slight improvements in computer self-efficacy (Phase 2). CONCLUSIONS: Older adults who fail hearing screenings may be good candidates for IHHC. The incorporation of a simple user-interface and short-term training may optimize the usability of future IHHC programs for this population.

Effects of Making Art and Listening to Music on Symptoms Related to Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To understand the benefits of making art and listening to music and whether those activities may be beneficial for reducing symptoms associated with blood and marrow transplantation. 
. DESIGN: A randomized, three-group, pre-/post-pilot design.
. SETTING: Outpatient Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinic at the University of Kansas Cancer Center in Kansas City.
. SAMPLE: 39 adults aged from 22-74 years receiving blood and marrow transplantations.
. METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Therapy-related symptoms, state anxiety, and physiologic distress.
. FINDINGS: Of the 39 participants, 14 were randomized to the control group, 14 to the art group, and 11 to the diversional music group. No significant differences in age, gender, ethnicity, or diagnosis existed between groups. No statistical differences were found between groups on all measures following the intervention. 
. CONCLUSIONS: Although the results of the current study did not indicate significant differences, healthcare professionals may still consider creative therapies as a viable option for patients within hospital or outpatient clinics because they do not require specialty training or costly resources, and they may be an enjoyable activity to occupy time for patients and caregivers.
. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Art making and music listening are safe and desirable for patients undergoing blood and marrow transplantation in an outpatient clinic. Nurses might consider partnering with therapists to offer these creative therapies as diversion during treatment.