Risk Factors and Clinical Phenotypes Associated with Severity in Patients with COVID-19 in Northeast Mexico.

Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the main clinical phenotypes, laboratory findings, and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients hospitalized at the High Specialty Medical Unit # 71 of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study with a total of 105 patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection at the High Specialty Medical Unit # 71 (Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico), from May 15th to August 15th, 2020. The cases were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive through an RT-qPCR test. Clinical phenotypes and laboratory tests were evaluated to determine the degree of severity of the disease and the most frequent comorbidities. Results: The clinical characteristics of a total of 105 hospitalized patients (47 females and 58 males; median age being 52 years) with confirmed COVID-19 diagnoses were studied. The severity of the disease was classified as moderate grade (62.7%), severe grade (21.5%), and critical grade (15.6%). Among the most frequent underlying pathologies coexisted overweight (n = 75, 78.12%), obesity (n = 21, 21.87%), diabetes (n = 10, 9.52%), and hypertension (n = 6, 5.71%), some of these patients present more than one pathology. This association was found with diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-1.97; p = 0.021) and high levels of D-dimer (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00-1.08; p = 0.001). Conclusion: In this retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 from a specialty hospital in the northeast region of Mexico, it was observed that clinical phenotypes and D-dimer elevation were compatible with an inflammatory state by degree of severity; it was found that the hospitalized patients with underlying chronic medical conditions such as diabetes and elevated D-dimer levels were significantly associated with increased mortality from COVID-19. Age and sex (males) were two factors highly associated with mortality.

Correlación de la leucocitosis y lesión intracraneal en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico / Correlation of leukocytosis and intracranial injury in patients with traumatic brain injury / Correlação de leucocitose e lesão intracraniana em pacientes com traumatismo crânioencefálico

Resumen: El daño microvascular difuso se asocia a pérdida de la autorregulación vascular cerebral y a pérdida de integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica. El TCE (traumatismo craneoencefálico) está asociado a un aumento en los niveles séricos de catecolaminas. Las catecolaminas son responsables de los depósitos de neutrófilos. Las catecolaminas aumentan la cuenta leucocitaria, introduciendo las células marginadas al pool circulante. La respuesta de fase aguda también se caracteriza por leucocitosis al ingreso, por lo que es probable que la cuenta de células blancas sirva como indicador adicional al diagnóstico y pronóstico del trauma de cráneo. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo longitudinal. Se incluyeron pacientes atendidos con TCE, se recopilaron estudios de imagen y de laboratorio. Resultados: De los pacientes atendidos con hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA), se encontró a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 17,718 10^3/µl y de 13,970 10^3/µl a las 24 horas del trauma, con una p = 0.000 y 0.001, respectivamente. En pacientes con hematoma subdural (HSD) se observó a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 18,212 10^3/μl y de 13,319 10^3/µl a las 24 horas, con una p = 0.000 y 0.003, respectivamente. En pacientes con contusión hemorrágica se detectó a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 13,225 10^3/µl y de 12,501 10^3/µl a las 24 horas, una p = 0.091 y 0.027, respectivamente. En pacientes con hematoma epidural (HE) se observó a su ingreso una media de leucocitos de 16,527 10^3/µl y de 13,240 10^3/µl a las 24 horas, con una p = 0.000 y 0.019, respectivamente.

Abstract: Diffuse microvascular damage is associated with loss of cerebral vascular self-regulation and loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Traumatic brain injury is associated with an increase in serum levels of catecholamines. Catecholamines are responsible for neutrophil deposits. Catecholamines increase the leukocyte count by introducing the marginal cells into the circulating pool. The acute phase response is also characterized by leukocytosis on admission. Therefore, the white cell count is likely to serve as an additional indicator to the diagnosis and prognosis of TBI. Material and methods: Longitudinal prospective cohort study. Patients treated in the emergency room with TBI were included, blood test and imaging studies were collected. Results: Of the patients treated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a mean of leukocytes on entry of 17,718 10^3/µl on admission and 13,970 10^3/µl on 24 hours of trauma, with p = 0.000 and 0.001. In patients with subdural hematoma, a mean number of leukocytes was found at 18,212 10^3/µl and 13,319 10^3/µl at 24 hours, with p = 0.000 and 0.003. For patients with hemorrhagic contusion, leukocytes were found on admission on average 13,225 10^3/µl and at 12,501 10^3/µl at 24 hours, a p = 0.091 and 0.027. In patients with epidural hematoma, a mean of 16,527 10^3/µl leukocytes was found on admission, at 24 hours 13,240 10^3/µl, with p = 0.000 and 0.019.

Resumo: O dano microvascular difuso está associado à perda da autorregulação vascular cerebral e à perda da integridade da barreira hematoencefálica. O TCE está associado a um aumento nos níveis séricos de catecolaminas. As catecolaminas são responsáveis pelos depósitos de neutrófilos. As catecolaminas aumentam a contagem de leucócitos introduzindo as células marginais no pool circulante. A resposta de fase aguda também é caracterizada por leucocitose na admissão. Assim, a contagem de células brancas provavelmente servirá como um indicador adicional do diagnóstico e prognóstico do trauma craniano. Material e metodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo longitudinal. Incluiram-se pacientes atendidos com TCE, foram coletados estudos de imagem e laboratório. Resultados: Dos pacientes atendidos com hemorragia subaracnoide (HSA), uma média de leucócitos de 17,718 10^3/µl na admissão e 13,970 10^3/µl em 24 horas após o trauma. Com P = 0.000 e 0.001, respectivamente. Em pacientes com hematoma subdural (HSD), encontramos uma média de leucócitos na admissão de 18,212 10^3/µl e 13,319 10^3/µl às 24 horas, com p = 0.000 e 0.003. Para os pacientes com contusão hemorrágica, encontramos na admissão uma média de leucócitos de13,225 10^3/µl e às 24 horas de 12,501 10^3/µl, com p = 0.091 e 0.027. Nos pacientes com hematoma epidural (HE) foi encontrada uma média de 16,527 10^3/µl leucócitos à admissão, às 24 horas 13,240 10^3/µl, com p = 0.000 e 0.019.