Relationships between experiences of humiliation on social networks, problematic phone use, and aggressive and altruistic behaviors in young adults.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between cybervictimization in social networks, problematic smartphone use, aggressive behaviors, and prosocial altruistic tendencies in young adults. The sample consisted of 601 young adults (mean age = 19.96 years; SD = 2.27; 69.1% female) who were administered online assessments of experiences of humiliation on networks, problematic smartphone use, prosocial altruistic tendencies, and aggressiveness. Results indicated significant indirect effects of cyber victimization on aggressiveness and prosocial altruistic tendencies through problematic smartphone use. Problematic cell phone use explained the relationships between online humiliation and aggressive and prosocial altruistic behaviors. The results confirmed the positive relationship between cybervictimization and problematic cell phone use, consistent with previous research. However, the negative relationship between cybervictimization and altruistic prosocial tendencies was not corroborated. The findings emphasize the need to promote actions that foster social connectedness and interdependence among young individuals to develop their identity within the community.

Bioethical knowledge in students and health professionals: a systematic review.

Introduction: Bioethics training is essential for healthcare professionals as it enables them to address ethical dilemmas in their clinical practice. However, there is still a lack of rigorous teaching programs, and assessing bioethical knowledge poses challenges. Methodology: Systematic review using the PRISMA method. Results: Analysis of 27 studies reveals a lack of ethical knowledge and skills among healthcare professionals and students. Specific training in bioethics is effective in developing bioethical competencies. Different approaches have been employed, including integrated training in academic curricula and intensive or ongoing programs. The results demonstrate improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and ethical values, although regularly updating these courses is recommended. Conclusion: Specific training, institutional support, and considering regional and disciplinary differences are necessary to enhance ethics in the practice of healthcare professionals. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023437146, identifier CRD42023437146.

Sporting Mind: The Interplay of Physical Activity and Psychological Health.

The symbiotic relationship between sports practice and psychological well-being has, in recent times, surged to the forefront of academic and public attention. The aim of this narrative review is to comprehensively explore the intricate pathways linking physical engagement in sports to its subsequent impacts on mental health and synthesize the multifarious effects of sports on psychological health, offering insights for integrating physical and psychological strategies to enhance well-being. From neurobiological underpinnings to therapeutic applications, this comprehensive manuscript provides an in-depth dive into the multifaceted world of sports and psychology. Highlighting evidence-based interventions, this review aspires to offer actionable insights for practitioners, athletes, and individuals alike, advocating for a holistic approach to mental well-being. This manuscript highlights the profound impact of sports on mental health, emphasizing its role in emotional regulation, resilience, cognitive function, and treating psychological conditions. It details how sports induce neurochemical changes, enhance brain functions like memory and learning, and aid against cognitive decline. This review also notes the benefits of regular exercise in mood improvement, stress management, and social skill enhancement, particularly when combined with mindfulness practices. It underscores the importance of considering cultural and gender perspectives in sports psychology, advocating for an integrated physical-psychological approach to promote overall well-being.

New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Metabolic Diseases.

Endocrine homeostasis and metabolic diseases have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. The development of new techniques and insights has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these conditions and opened up new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the rise of metabolic diseases, especially in Western countries, the genetical, psychological, and behavioral basis of metabolic diseases, the role of nutrition and physical activity in the development of metabolic diseases, the role of single-cell transcriptomics, gut microbiota, epigenetics, advanced imaging techniques, and cell-based therapies in metabolic diseases. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.

Perceived Attachment and Problematic Smartphone Use in Young People: Mediating Effects of Self-Regulation and Prosociality.

BACKGROUND: Problematic use of smartphones is a challenge facing societies around the world. This phenomenon has been associated with negative socialization experiences through the impact they have on how the youth relates to their environment. This study was designed to examine parental and peer attachment, self-efficacy and prosocial reasoning as predictors of different attitudes towards online communication and problematic smartphone use. METHOD: 561 youth aged 14-20 years (Mage = 17.82; SD = 1.64; 67.7% Female) participated in an online survey. RESULTS: Results indicated that an increase in self-efficacy or prosocial reasoning is correlated with a decrease in problematic smartphone use and attitudes towards online communication aimed at avoiding reality or constructing a more comfortable parallel social reality. Attachment to parents and peers had direct and indirect effects on problematic smartphone use and attitudes toward online communication through youth personal and social adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Attachment plays a relevant role in the symptoms reduction of smartphone addiction and attitudes to online communication in youth, through its impact on self-efficacy perceptions and prosocial reasoning.

La enfermedad de Huntington: una difícil relación entre los enfermos y el derecho a la salud en Colombia / Huntington's Disease: A Difficult Relationship between Patients and the Right to Health in Colombia / A doença de Huntington: uma difícil relação entre os doentes e o direito à saúde na Colômbia

Resumen Introducción: el derecho a la salud está consagrado en la Constitución Política y en la Ley Estatutaria de Salud 1751 de 2015. Las personas con enfermedad de Huntington requieren atención especializada e interdisciplinaria, por ser un complejo trastorno genético neurodegenerativo, que comienza en mitad de la vida adulta y no es curable. Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo, en diferentes regiones, mediante entrevistas en visita familiar, observación participante y revisión documental. Los resultados son fruto del análisis, realizado según postulados de la teoría fundamentada con origen en la sociología. Resultados: se encontró una difícil relación de las personas con el sistema de salud: los que buscan atención, encuentran múltiples barreras que tratan de superar a través de la tutela, viven en ciudades principales o intermedias con alguna atención que los favorezca. Otros, en regiones distantes como Chocó y Juan de Acosta (Atlántico) emprenden pocas acciones en una suerte de "desesperanza aprendida", como propone Seligman: "no hacer nada porque nada va a funcionar". Conclusión: ellos presentan la enfermedad en estado genuino, no reciben atención y sus condiciones son precarias hasta estados de desnutrición y abandono. La mayoría no tuvo acceso al trabajo formal; por lo tanto, no tendrán posibilidad de la pensión de invalidez o vejez, otros se debaten en el proceso de lograrla, y se encuentran en condiciones de pobreza y precariedad.

Abstract Introduction: The right to health is enshrined in the Political Constitution of Colombia as well as in the Statutory Health Legislation 1751 of 2015. Patients with Huntington's disease require specialized and interdisciplinary care because of the complex genetic neurodegenerative nature of the disorder, which usually affects the middle-aged individuals and is incurable. Materials and methods: This qualitative study was conducted in different regions, followed by data collection through interviews during family visits, participant observation, and documentary review. The results are a part of the analysis, which was conducted according to the grounded theory postulates with an origin in sociology. Results: A difficult relationship was noticed between the individuals and health system, indicating that those seeking care encounter multiple barriers and then attempt to overcome them through tutelage and live in principal or intermediate cities with favorable care availabilities. Others living in remote regions, such as Chocó and Juan de Acosta on the Atlantic, undertake only a few actions as a sort of "learned helplessness," better summarized by Seligman as "doing nothing because nothing will work." Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that Huntington's disease in the genuine state receives no care and that the conditions of these patients are precarious to the states of malnutrition and abandonment. The majority of these patients have no access to formal employment; thus, they see no possibility for disability pension or retirement, while others debate about the process of achieving it and suffering from poverty and precariousness.

Resumo Introdução: o direito à saúde está consagrado na Constituição Política e na Lei Sanitária Estatutária 1751 de 2015. Pessoas com doença de Huntington requerem atendimento especializado e interdisciplinar por se tratar de uma doença genética neurodegenerativa complexa, que se inicia na metade da vida adulta e não é curável. Materiais e métodos: estudo qualitativo, realizado em diferentes regiões. A coleta foi realizada por meio de entrevistas em visitas familiares, observação participante e revisão documental. Os resultados são fruto de análises, realizadas de acordo com os postulados da teoria fundamentada com origem na sociologia. Resultados: constatou-se a difícil relação entre as pessoas e o sistema de saúde: quem busca atendimento encontra múltiplas barreiras que tentam superar por meio de processo judicial, moram em cidades principais ou intermediárias com algum atendimento que os favorece. Outros, vivem em regiões distantes como Chocó e Juan de Acosta no Atlântico, empreendem poucas tentativas de processo judicial como uma espécie de "desesperança aprendida" como propõe Seligman: "não faça nada porque nada vai funcionar". Conclusão: os pacientes apresentam a doença de forma genuína, não recebem atenção médica e vivem em condições precárias com certo grau de desnutrição e em estado de abandono. A maioria não teve acesso ao trabalho formal, portanto, não terá a possibilidade de receber aposentadoria por invalidez ou idade, outros estão lutando para obtê-lo, e se encontram em condições de pobreza e precariedade.

"Oh, My God! My Season Is Over!" COVID-19 and Regulation of the Psychological Response in Spanish High-Performance Athletes.

Background: In an unprecedented situation of interruption of the sporting dynamics, the world of sport is going through a series of adaptations necessary to continue functioning despite coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). More than ever, athletes are facing a different challenge, a source of discomfort and uncertainty, and one that absolutely alters not only sports calendars, but also trajectories, progressions, and approaches to sports life. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the levels of psychological vulnerability that may have been generated in the athletes, because of the coexistence with dysfunctional responses during the COVID-19 experience, and which directly influence the decrease of their mental health. Methods: With a descriptive and transversal design, the study aims to identify the state of the dysfunctional psychological response of a sample of Spanish athletes (N = 284). The DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale), Toronto-20 (alexithymia), and Distress Tolerance Scale questionnaires were administered to a sample of high-level Spanish athletes in Olympic programs. Results: The results suggest that the analyzed athletes indicate high levels of dysfunctional response (e.g., anxiety, stress, depression, and alexithymia) when their tolerance is low. In addition, the variables show less relational strength, when the capacity of tolerance to distress is worse and age is lower. At the same time, the greater the anxiety and uncertainty are, leading to more catastrophic and negative thoughts, the younger the athletes are. Conclusions: It is clear that both age and tolerance to distress are considered adequate protective factors for psychological vulnerability in general and for associated dysfunctional responses in particular. Moreover, the psychological resources offered by more experienced athletes are also a guarantee of protection against negativity and catastrophism.

Enseñando valores y potenciando la prosocialidad. Lo que promueven los entrenadores y lo que interiorizan los deportistas / Ensinar valores e promover a prosocialidade. O que os treinadores promovem e o que os atletas internalizam / Teaching values and promoting prosociality. What coaches promote and what athletes internalize

Cada vez hay más pruebas de la relación entre la práctica deportiva y la transmisión de valores a una edad temprana, pero se desconoce el efecto especifico de los entrenadores y sus propios valores sobre el desarrollo de estos en los deportistas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la influencia de los valores que los entrenadores consideran importantes, sobre el razonamiento prosocial de jóvenes deportistas. Se empleó un diseño transversal explicativo multigrupo sobre una muestra de 318 jóvenes deportistas con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 17 años (Medad = 11.89; DT = 2.18), de los cuales 221 fueron chicos (68.8%) y sus entrenadores (n= 38), con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 35 años (Medad = 28.4; DT = 6.62). Los resultados revelan que los entrenadores ejercen un efecto significativo en los niveles de razonamiento prosocial de los jóvenes deportistas. Además se demostró el efecto positivo que tienen sobre el razonamiento prosocial los valores del entrenador relacionados con respeto a lo acordado, cuidar la imagen pública y la tolerancia en contraposición del efecto negativo que tienen los valores del entrenador relacionados con concordia, disfrute, juego, logro y victoria. La discusión se centra en la utilidad de los hallazgos para la mejora de las interacciones entre entrenadores y jóvenes deportistas dónde se puedan aunar el desarrollo conjunto de competitividad y formación en valores. (UCada vez hay más pruebas de la relación entre la práctica deportiva y la transmisión de valores a una edad temprana, pero se desconoce el efecto especifico de los entrenadores y sus propios valores sobre el desarrollo de estos en los deportistas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la influencia de los valores que los entrenadores consideran importantes, sobre el razonamiento prosocial de jóvenes deportistas. (AU)

There isincreasing evidence of the relationship between sports practice and the transmission of values at an early age, but the specific effect of coaches and their own values on the development of these values in athletes is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the influence of values coaches consider important on the prosocial reasoning of young athletes. A cross-sectional, multi-group explanatory design was used on a sample of 318 young athletes between the ages of 8 and 17 (MAge = 11.89; SD = 2.18), of whom 221 were male (68.8%) and their coaches (n= 38), aged between 19 and 35 (MAge = 28.4; SD = 6.62). Results reveal that coaches exercise a significant effect on the levels of prosocial reasoning of young athletes. Positive effect on prosocial reasoning of coaches' values related to respect for agreements, public image, and tolerance was demonstrated in contrast to the negative effect of coaches' values related to agreement, enjoyment, play, achievement, and victory. Discussion focuses on the usefulness of the findings for improving interactions between coaches and young athletes where joint development of competitiveness and value formation can be brought together. (AU)

Há cada vez mais provas da relação entre a prática desportiva e a transmissão de valores numa idade precoce, mas o efeito específico dos treinadores e dos seus próprios valores no desenvolvimento destes valores nos atletas é desconhecido. O objectivo deste estudo foi identificar a influência dos valores que os treinadores consideram importantes no raciocínio prosocial dos jovens atletas. Numa amostra de 318 jovens atletas entre os 8 e os 17 anos de idade (Idade M = 11,89; SD = 2,18), dos quais 221 eram rapazes (68,8%) e os seus treinadores (n= 38), com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e os 35 anos (Idade M = 28,4; SD = 6,62), foi utilizado um desenho explicativo transversal e multigrupos. Os resultados revelam que os treinadores têm um efeito significativo sobre os níveis de raciocínio prosocial dos jovens atletas. O efeito positivo no raciocínio prosocial dos valores dos treinadores relacionados com o respeito por acordos, imagem pública e tolerância foi demonstrado em contraste com o efeito negativo dos valores dos treinadores relacionados com acordo, gozo, jogo, realização e vitória. A discussão centra-se na utilidade dos resultados para melhorar as interacções entre treinadores e jovens atletas, onde o desenvolvimento conjunto da competitividade e a formação de valores podem ser reunidos. (AU)

"My life is not going to have any meaning". Personality and Vulnerability to depression in Spanish youth / "Mi vida no va a tener ningún sentido". Personalidad y vulnerabilidad a la depresión en jóvenes españoles

Adolescents are a group at risk of developing depressive disorders, faced with a multitude of psychosocial circumstances and the re-sources available to meet vital needs. The risk of depression is associated with high avoidance of harm, low self-direction, and low persistence. The aim of the work was to explore the differences between various personality profiles on elements of depressive process (presence of distress and absence of eustress) in adolescents. The presence of depression was evaluated through the Multicultural Inventory of Depression and personality through the Temperament and Character Questionnaire in a total of 229 participants, (n = 121 males) (M age = 14.79; SD = 1.61). The exploratory cluster analyses showed the existence of 3 adolescent profiles based on temperament and character, being those adolescents with low persistence and self-transcendence, with high self-directedness, harm avoidance and rewards dependency who showed the highest indicators of depression. Specifically, significant differences were found in distress scores with adolescents in profile 3 having the highest indicators of state distress (F (224, 4) = 21.73; p < .01) and trait (F (224, 4) = 23.00; p < .01) with respect to adoles-cents in cluster 1 and cluster 2. In addition, they also had significantly low-er scores on the indicators of eustrés state (F (224, 4) = 11.59; p < .01) and trait (F (224, 4) = 12.31; p < .01). The discussion focuses on the usefulness of Moscoso and Coninger's theories as frameworks for understanding the processes of acquisition, and risk of depression in adolescents

Los adolescentes son un grupo de riesgo para desarrollar trastornos depresivos y que se enfrentan a una multitud de circunstancias psicosociales y a los recursos disponibles para satisfacer sus necesidades vitales. El riesgo de depresión está asociado con una alta evitación de daños, una baja autodirección y una baja persistencia. El objetivo de la labor fue explorar las diferencias entre los diferentes perfiles de personalidad entre los elementos del proceso depresivo (presencia de angustia y ausencia de eustrés) en los adolescentes. La presencia de depresión se evaluó a través del Inventario Multicultural de Depresión y la personalidad a través del Cuestionario de Temperamento y Carácter en un total de 229 participantes, (n=121 varones) (edad M = 14,79; SD = 1,61). Los análisis exploratorios por conglomerados mostraron la existencia de 3 perfiles de adolescentes basados en el temperamento y el carácter, siendo aquellos adolescentes con baja persistencia y auto-trascendencia, con alta auto-dirección, evitación de daños y dependencia de las recompensas quienes mostraron los más altos indicadores de depresión. Específicamente, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de angustia con los adolescentes del perfil 3 que tenían los indicadores más altos de angustia de estado (F(224.4) = 21.73; p < .01) y rasgo (F(224.4) = 23.00; p < .01) con respecto a los adolescentes del grupo 1 y del grupo 2. Además, también tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en los indicadores de estado eustrés (F(224.4) = 11,59; p < .01) y rasgo (F(224.4) = 12,31; p < .01). La discusión se centra en la utilidad de las teorías de Moscoso y Coninger como marcos para comprender los procesos de adquisición y el riesgo de depresión en los adolescentes

SD-OCT peripapillary nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell complex parameters in glaucoma: principal component analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To identify objective glaucoma-related structural features based on peripapillary (p) and macular (m) spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) parameters and assess their discriminative ability between healthy and glaucoma patients. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty eyes (91 controls and 169 glaucoma) were included in this prospective study. After a complete examination, all participants underwent the posterior pole and the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) protocols of the Spectralis SD-OCT. Principal component analysis (PCA), a data reduction method, was applied to identify and characterise the main information provided by the ganglion cell complex (GCC). The discriminative ability between healthy and glaucomatous eyes of the first principal components (PCs) was compared with that of conventional SD-OCT parameters (pRNFL, macular RNFL (mRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL)and macular inner plexiform layer (mIPL)) using 10-fold cross-validated areas under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: The first PC explained 58% of the total information contained in the GCC and the pRNFL parameters and was the result of a general combination of almost all variables studied (diffuse distribution). Other PCs were driven mainly by pRNFL and mRNFL measurements. PCs and pRNFL had similar AUC (0.95 vs 0.96, p=0.88), and outperformed the other structural measurements: mRNFL (0.91, p=0.002), mGCL (0.92, p=0.02) and mIPL (0.92, p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: PCA identified a diffuse representation of the papillary and macular SD-OCT parameters as the most important PC to summarise structural data in healthy and glaucomatous eyes. PCs and pRNFL parameters showed the greatest discriminative ability between healthy and glaucoma cases.

Perceived Attachment and Problematic Smartphone Use in Young People: Mediating Effects of Self-Regulation and Prosociality / Apego Percibido y Uso Problemático de los Teléfonos Inteligentes en los Jóvenes: Efectos Mediadores de la Autorregulación y la Prosocialidad

Background: Problematic use of smartphones is a challenge facing societies around the world. This phenomenon has been associated with negative socialization experiences through the impact they have on how the youth relates to their environment. This study was designed to examine parental and peer attachment, self-efficacy and prosocial reasoning as predictors of different attitudes towards online communication and problematic smartphone use. Method: 561 youth aged 14-20 years (Mage = 17.82; SD = 1.64; 67.7% Female) participated in an online survey. Results: Results indicated that an increase in self-efficacy or prosocial reasoning is correlated with a decrease in problematic smartphone use and attitudes towards online communication aimed at avoiding reality or constructing a more comfortable parallel social reality. Attachment to parents and peers had direct and indirect effects on problematic smartphone use and attitudes toward online communication through youth personal and social adjustment. Conclusions: Attachment plays a relevant role in the symptoms reduction of smartphone addiction and attitudes to online communication in youth, through its impact on self-efficacy perceptions and prosocial reasoning. (AU)

Antecedentes: el uso problemático de los smartphones es un reto al que se enfrentan las sociedades de todo el mundo. Este fenómeno se ha asociado con experiencias negativas de socialización a través del impacto que estas tienen en cómo los jóvenes se relacionan con su entorno. Este trabajo examina el apego (parental y pares), la autoeficacia y el razonamiento prosocial como predictores de diferentes actitudes hacia la comunicación online y uso problemático del móvil. Método: 561 jóvenes entre 14 y 20 años (Medad = 17,82; SD = 1,64; 67,7% Mujeres) participaron en una encuesta online. Resultados: tanto la autoeficacia como el razonamiento prosocial se correlaciona con una disminución del uso problemático del móvil y de las actitudes hacia la comunicación online orientada a evadir la realidad o a construir una realidad social paralela más cómoda. El apego (parental y pares) tuvo efectos directos e indirectos sobre el uso problemático del móvil y las actitudes hacia la comunicación. Conclusiones: el apego juega un papel relevante en la reducción de síntomas de adicción al móvil y en las actitudes hacia la comunicación online en los jóvenes, a través de su impacto en las percepciones de autoeficacia y razonamiento prosocial. (AU)

Considering BMI, Body Image and Desired Weight Change for Suitable Obesity Management Options.

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts.

Body Satisfaction, Weight Stigma, Positivity, and Happiness among Spanish Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Although previous evidence suggests that happiness is lower among individuals with obesity, research on the correlates of subjective well-being (SWB) is warranted to increase our knowledge. We aim to explore excess weight (i.e., measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI)), body image and satisfaction, self-stigma, positivity, and happiness among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aim to investigate the predictors of SWB in this sample. A convenience sample of 100 individuals with excess weight completed self-reports on the study variables and were weighed and their height measured. On average, the participants reported body perceptions revealing minor excessive weight, moderate body satisfaction, low-to-moderate weight-related stigma, and elevated positivity and happiness. BMI and gender/sex independently affected these variables, but there were no significant interaction effects. Furthermore, individuals with overweight or obesity with higher body satisfaction and elevated positivity were more likely to report being happy, independent of their age, gender/sex, weight, and weight-related stigma. Mediation effects were found for body satisfaction and positivity in the relationship between weight and happiness. Moreover, positive orientation suppressed the pervasive influence of stigma on SWB. Our findings confirm the key role of body image dimensions and weight-related stigma for happiness and add support to the relevance of positivity for overall well-being of individuals with excess weight. These results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive aesthetic models, combating social stigmatization and enhancing positivity for a flourishing and fulfilling life.

Considering BMI, body image and desired weight change for suitable obesity management options

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts

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Relación de los estilos de liderazgo, cohesión grupal, potencia de equipo y rendimiento en jugadores de fútbol no profesionales / Relationship of Leadership Styles, Group Cohesion, Power Equipment and Performance in Non-Professional Soccer Players

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre tipos de liderazgo (tarea y social), cohesión, potencia de equipo y rendimiento en 334 futbolistas federados de las categorías Alevín, Cadete, Juvenil y Absoluta, con una edad media de 15.97 (DE = 3.31). Los cuestionarios utilizados fueron de Liderazgo auténtico (ALQ), tarea (LSS), Cohesión grupal (CG), Potencia de equipo (CPEA) y rendimiento, que mostraron índices de ajuste óptimos (χ2/DF = 1.313 p = 0; CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMS = 0.0343). Los resultados indican que el estilo de liderazgo, especialmente liderazgo tarea (p = 0.37) influye indirectamente en el rendimiento a través de la CG (p = 0.17) y CPE (p = 0.21). Como conclusión, se propone la mejora del rendimiento grupal a partir de la optimización de modelos de conducta individuales.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the relationships between types of leadership (task and social), cohesion, team potency and performance in 334 federated players of the categories Alevín, Cadet, Juvenile and Absolute, with a mean age of 15.97 (SD = 3.31). The questionnaires used were Authentic Leadership (ALQ), Task (LSS), Group Cohesion (CG), Team Power (CPEA), and Performance that showed optimal adjustment indexes (χ2 / DF = 1.313 p = 0; CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMS = 0.0343). The results indicate that leadership style, especially leadership task (p = 0.37) indirectly influences performance through CG (p = 0.17) and CPE (p = 0.21). In conclusion, it is proposed to improve group performance by optimizing individual behavior models.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Spectralis SD OCT Automated Macular Layers Segmentation to Discriminate Normal from Early Glaucomatous Eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of the macular retinal layer segmentation software of the Spectralis spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) device (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) to discriminate between healthy and early glaucoma (EG) eyes. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty EG eyes and 40 healthy controls were included. METHODS: All participants were examined using the standard posterior pole and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) protocols of the Spectralis OCT device. Using an Early Treatment Diagnostic Retinopathy Study circle at the macular level, the automated retinal segmentation software was applied to determine thicknesses of the following parameters: total retinal thickness, inner retinal layer (IRL), macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL), macular inner plexiform layer (mIPL), macular inner nuclear layer (mINL), macular outer plexiform layer (mOPL), macular outer nuclear layer (mONL), photoreceptors (PR), and retinal pigmentary epithelium (RPE). The ganglion cell complex (GCC) was determined by adding the mRNFL, mGCL, and mIPL parameters and the ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (mGCL-IPL) was determined by combining the mGCL and mIPL parameters. Thickness of each layer was compared between the groups, and the layer and sector with the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were identified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of pRNFL, IRL, mRNFL, mGCL, mIPL, mGCC, mGCL-IPL, mINL, mOPL, mONL, PR, and RPE parameters and total retinal thicknesses between groups for the different areas and their corresponding AUCs. RESULTS: Peripapillary RNFL was significantly thinner in the EG group globally and in all 6 sectors assessed (P < 0.0005). For the macular variables, retinal thickness was significantly reduced in the EG group for total retinal thickness, mIRL, mRNFL, mGCL, and mIPL. The 2 best isolated parameters to discriminate between the 2 groups were pRNFL (AUC, 0.956) and mRNFL (AUC, 0.906). When mRNFL, mGCL, and mIPL measurements were combined (mGCC and mGCL plus mIPL), then its diagnostic performance improved (AUC, 0.940 and 0.952, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Macular RNFL, mGCL-IPL, and mGCC measurements showed a high diagnostic capability to discriminate between healthy and EG participants. However, macular intraretinal measurements still have not overcome standard pRNFL parameters.

La experiencia vivida de una mujer revascularizada por enfermedad coronaria: estudio de caso / The lived experience of a woman with revascularization by coronary disease: case study

Objetivo: Comprender los significados de la experiencia vivida de una mujer revascularizada por enfermedad coronaria. Metodología: Estudio de caso fenomenológico con perspectiva de género, realizado en Cartagena, Colombia, entre febrero y junio de 2015. El análisis temático estuvo guiado por el método de Van Manen. Resultados: La experiencia del cuerpo vivido significó percibir el anuncio de la enfermedad, prever los estragos sobre la corporeidad y feminidad, y anticiparse al sufrimiento. Las relaciones vividas significaron mantener un diálogo con un ser superior, una conexión de ayuda y dependencia con los cuidadores, Sentirse "al revés": de cuidadora a cuidada. La experiencia del espacio vivido significó la entrada al quirófano: Atravesar la raya roja; la estancia en la unidad de cuidado intensivo, recibir un cuidado en soledad; salir de ella, la alegría de ganar una lucha. El tiempo vivido significó un punto de quiebre entre el antes y el ahora, un tránsito temporal de la experiencia, y recuperarse para mantener el rol. Las cosas vividas significaron una preocupación anticipada y una pérdida del dominio del rol. Conclusión: Los significados otorgados a la experiencia permiten comprender su particularidad existencial. Durante la espera para la cirugía, la mujer se anticipa a los efectos sobre el rol social, sus dinámicas e interacciones; al enfrentarse al procedimiento, vive una situación límite. Intervenciones sensibles al género son requeridas para reconocer las necesidades de la mujer en los diferentes contextos de cuidado.

Objetivo: Compreender os significados da experiência vivida de uma mulher revascularizada pela doença das coronárias. Metodologia: Estudo de caso fenomenológico com uma perspectiva de gênero, realizado em Cartagena, Colômbia, de fevereiro a junho de 2015. A análise temática foi guiada pelo método de Van Manen. Resultados: A experiência do corpo vivido significou poder perceber o anúncio da doença, prever o caos na fisicalidade/feminilidade e antecipar-se ao sofrimento. As relações vividas significaram manter um diálogo com um ser superior, uma conexão de ajuda e dependência dos cuidadores, Sentir-se "ao contrário": de cuidadora a cuidada. A experiência do espaço vivido significou a entrada à sala de cirurgia: Atravessar a linha vermelha; ficar na unidade de terapia intensiva significou receber cuidados sozinha; sair dela, a alegria de vencer uma luta. O tempo vivido significou um ponto de ruptura entre o antes e o agora, um trânsito temporário da experiência, e recuperar-se para retomar o papel. As coisas vividas significaram uma preocupação antecipada e uma perda de controle do papel. Conclusão: Os significados atribuídos à experiência permitem compreender sua peculiaridade existencial. Durante o tempo de espera para a cirurgia, a mulher se antecipa aos efeitos sobre o papel social, suas dinâmicas e interações; quando confrontada com o procedimento, vive uma situação extrema. É preciso gerar intervenções sensíveis ao género a fim de reconhecer as necessidades das mulheres em diferentes contextos de cuidado.

Objective: To understand the meanings of the lived experience of a woman with revascularization by coronary disease. Methodology: Phenomeno-logical case study with a gender perspective. It was carried out in Cartagena, Colombia, from February to June 2015. The thematic analysis was guided by the Van Manen's method. Results: The lived body experience meant perceiving the warning of disease; fore see the ravages of corporality/femininity, and anticipating the suffering. The lived relations meant maintaining a dialogue with a superior being, a connection of aid and dependence with caregivers and Feeling "the other way around": from caregiver woman to woman cared. The lived space experience meant the entrance to the operating room: To cross the red line; the intensive care unit stay, receiving a care in solitude; to leave it, the joy of winning a battle. The time lived meant a break point between her previous and her present stay, a temporary transit of experience, and thus to recover in order to keep up her role. The lived things meant an anticipated concern and a loss of control of her role. Conclusion: The meanings provided to the experience allow understanding its existential distinctiveness. During the waiting time for surgery, the woman anticipates the impact on the social role, on its dynamics and interactions; when facing the procedure, she experiences a limit situation. Gender-sensitive interventions are required in order to recognizing the needs of women in varying care contexts.

El rigor científico en la investigación cualitativa / Scientific rigor in qualitative research

Para los estudiosos de la metodología de investigación los asuntos de rigor relacionados con la calidad de investigación son un asunto central. El objetivo de este artículo es ilustrar el estado de la cuestión del rigor en la investigación cualitativa, sus criterios principales, las diferencias en su interpretación y aplicación, la ética y el compromiso social del investigador. Para tal efecto, se analizan asuntos relacionados con el instrumento, el trabajo de campo, el análisis, el muestreo teórico, la saturación teórica y la integridad del investigador. Se tratan los conceptos de validez, confiabilidad, objetividad versus subjetividad, credibilidad, confirmabilidad y transferabilidad, así como la guía de evaluación, elementos necesarios para todos aquellos que se relacionan con la investigación desde diferentes perspectivas e intereses.

Para os estudiosos da metodologia de investigação os assuntos de rigor relacionados com a qualidade de investigação são um assunto central. O objetivo deste artigo é ilustrar o estado da questão do rigor na investigação qualitativa, seus critérios principais, as diferenças em sua interpretação e aplicação, a ética e o compromisso social do pesquisador. Para tal efeito, analisam-se assuntos relacionados com o instrumento, o trabalho de campo, a análise, a amostragem teórica, a saturação teórica e a integridade do pesquisador. Tratam-se os conceitos de validez, confiança objetividade contra subjetividade, credibilidade, confirmabilidade e transferabilidade, bem como a guia de avaliação, elementos necessários para todos aqueles que se relacionam com a investigação desde diferentes perspectivas e interesses.

For research methodology scholars, rigor issues related to the quality of the research is a core issue. The objective of this article is to show the status of rigor in qualitative research, its main criteria, the differences in its interpretation and application, ethics and the researchers’ social commitment. For such purpose, issues related to the instrument, field work, analysis and theoretical sampling, theoretical saturation and researcher’s integrity, are analyzed. Validity, reliability, objectivity versus subjectibity, credibility, confirmability and transferability concepts, as well as evaluation guidelines, are reviewed. Those are necessary elements to all the ones who are involved in research from different perspectives and interests.

"Autobarreras" de las mujeres al diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno del cáncer de mama / Women's Self-imposed Barriers to Timely Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer / "Auto barreiras" das mulheres para o diagnóstico e o tratamento do câncer de mama

Objetivo: describir las barreras que impiden a las mujeres con cáncer de mama (CaMa) acceder a los servicios de salud y adoptar hábitos favorables para la detección precoz y el tratamiento oportuno. Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo basado en la teoría fundamentada; la recolección de los datos se hizo a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 13 mujeres entre los 24 y 77 años de edad, con diagnóstico de CaMa, realizado entre el 2006 y 2008 en Medellín, Colombia. Resultados: se describen "autobarreras" como: el temor a los ámbitos y tratamientos médicos, el retraso para consultar por considerar prioritarios los compromisos laborales y familiares, y las experiencias terapéuticas negativas. Conclusiones: el estudio muestra que las "autobarreras" impiden el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de CaMa, estas no pueden ser explicadas desde una visión simplista y aislada; el ser humano es el resultado de su contexto, sus vivencias personales y su relación con los otros. Uno de los principales hallazgos fue la descripción de un proceso en el que las mujeres finalmente desarrollan una nueva lógica frente al riesgo del CaMa que les permite pensar en el autocuidado y el cuidado de los otros como sujetos de riesgo.

Objective: To describe the barriers that prevent women with breast cancer (BC) from seeking health care and adopting habits conducive to early detection and timely treatment. Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study based on grounded theory. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 13 women between 24 and 77 years of age who had been diagnosed with breast cancer. The interviews were conducted between 2006 and 2008 in Medellin, Colombia. Results: "Self-imposed barriers" are described, such as a fear of medical environments and treatment, delays in consulting a physician because work and family are considered a priority, and negative therapeutic experiences. Conclusions: The study shows "self-imposed barriers" prevent timely BC diagnosis and treatment. However, these barriers cannot be explained from a simplistic and isolated standpoint. Human beings are the result of their background, context, personal experiences and relationships with others. One of the main findings was the description of a process whereby women eventually develop a new logic concerning the risk of BC, specifically one that allows them to think about self-care and the care of others as subjects at risk.

Objetivo: descrever as barreiras que impedem as mulheres com câncer de mama (CaMa) para acessar os serviços de saúde e adotar hábitos conducentes à detecção precoce e o tratamento oportuno. Materiais e métodos: estudo qualitativo com base na teoria fundamentada. Na coleta de dados utilizaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 13 mulheres entre 24 e 77 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de CaMa, levado a cabo entre 2006 e 2008 em Medellín, Colômbia. Resultados: descrevem-se "auto barreiras" como temor aos espaços e tratamentos médicos, a demora para consultar por dar prioridade ao trabalho e aos compromissos familiares, e as experiências terapêuticas negativas. Conclusões: O estudo mostra que as "auto barreras" evitam o diagnóstico e o tratamento oportuno do CaMa. Estas auto barreiras não são simples nem estão isoladas, já que o ser humano é fruto do seu contexto, suas vivências pessoais e sua relaçào com os demais. Uma das principais conclusões foi a descrição de um processo em que as mulheres, eventualmente, desenvolvem uma nova lógica contra o risco de CaMa, que lhes permite pensar no auto cuidado e o cuidado dos demais como sujeitos de risco.

Representaciones sociales frente al autocuidado en la prevención del cáncer de mama / Social representations towards self-care for breast cancer prevention

Objetivo: comprender las representaciones sociales del cáncer de mama y su influencia en la prevención y el autocuidado en un grupo de mujeres de Medellín, Colombia, 2007-2008. Metodología: estudio cualitativo con 19 mujeres adultas que no han padecido cáncer mamario. Se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas utilizando el criterio de máxima variación. El análisis se hace con base en la teoría fundamentada. Resultados y discusión: las representaciones son predominantemente estéticas. El conocimiento sobre las prácticas de autocuidado es vago y escaso; el autoexamen, la mamografía y el examen clínico no se hacen o se realizan sin la debida frecuencia, en lo que éste coincide con otros estudios. Ante la posibilidad de padecer cáncer de mama, algunas manifiestan su desorientación y escasa preparación para afrontarlo. Las mujeres requieren mayor autonomía para el autocuidado y el derecho a definir su salud y a imponerle límites. Las personas son responsables de sus estilos de vida, no obstante los factores no controlables. El autocuidado permite que la vida continúe y se desarrolle, es la contribución a nuestra propia existencia. Conclusiones: además de la representación social de las mamas como objeto de atracción, las entrevistadas adoptan una representación negativa del cáncer de mama que no favorece la prevención y el autocuidado. El estudio devela la poca educación acerca del autocuidado y la prevención. Nos intriga que las mujeres del estudio, aunque no han padecido de cáncer, describan vívidamente sus preocupaciones frente a sus efectos, lo que podría relacionarse con una construcción de la feminidad que merece revisarse.

Objective: to understand the social representations of breast cancer in a group of women of Medellin, Colombia, 2007 -2008, and their influence in prevention and self-care practices. Methodology: qualitative study carried out with 19 semi structured interviews to adult women who have not had breast cancer using the sampling criterion of maximum variation. The analysis is based on grounded theory. Results and discussion: the representations are predominantly aesthetic. The knowledge about self-care practices is vague; scarce information and education are perceived on those issues. Self-examination, mammography and clinical examination are not done, or are done without due frequency. This coincides with other studies. In relation to the possibility of suffering breast cancer, some of them consider their confusion and scarce preparation to deal with it. Women need higher autonomy for self-care and the right to define their health and to impose limits on it. People are responsible for their life styles, regardless non controllable factors. The self-care allows that life goes on and is our contribution to our own existence. Conclusions: in addition to the social representation of breasts as object of attraction, the interviewees have a negative representation of breast cancer. These representations neither foster breast cancer prevention nor contribute to self-care practices. We are puzzled by the fact that had never suffered cancer would describe vividly their concerns about its effects. We think that this is related to a construction of femininity that deserves to be revised.