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1.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 73(4): 115-120, Agos 15, 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-227992

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El síndrome de Joubert se produce por una alteración de las proteínas ciliares esenciales para la estructura y la función de neuronas y órganos como los riñones, el hígado, la retina y el oído. Se conocen unas 34 mutaciones en la actualidad. Objetivo: Calcular la incidencia/prevalencia y describir el fenotipo/genotipo y las alteraciones clinicorradiológicas de esta ciliopatía en nuestra área de salud. Pacientes y métodos: Revisamos las historias clínicas con diagnóstico de síndrome de Joubert en los últimos 10 años para recoger el fenotipo, las características radiológicas y las manifestaciones extraneurológicas en relación con la alteración genética detectada. Resultados: Se incluyeron siete casos, de los cuales cinco eran varones (6-17 años). Presentaban seis mutaciones diferentes. Fue constante la hipotonía, los dedos finos/largos y el retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor. Presentaban rasgos dismórficos, retraso mental, apraxia ocular y nistagmo indistintamente, 3/7; apnea/hiperpnea neonatal, 2/7; hipoplasia de vermis, 7/7; síndrome del molar, 6/7; elongación-adelgazamiento de los pedúnculos cerebelosos, 2/7; estrechez en la unión pontomesencefálica, 6/7, y fastigio del IV ventrículo alto, 4/7. Entre las complicaciones somáticas había: retinopatía, 2/7; coloboma retiniano, 1/7; fibrosis hepática, 1/7; nefronoptisis, 1/7, y quiste renal 1/7. Conclusiones: La incidencia del síndrome de Joubert fue de al menos 1/20.000 recién nacidos/año. Las alteraciones radiológicas pontomesencefálicas y pedunculares fueron constantes. La hipotonía, el retraso psicomotor y los dedos finos/largos afectaron a todos los casos.(AU)


Introduction: Joubert syndrome is produced by an alteration of the ciliary proteins essential for the structure and function of neurons and organs such as the kidneys, liver, sight, and hearing. Some 34 mutations are currently known. Objective: Calculate the incidence / prevalence, describe the phenotype / genotype and radiological alterations of this ciliopathy in our health area. Patients and methods: We reviewed the medical records with a diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome in the last 10 years to collect phenotype, radiological characteristics, and extra-neurological manifestations in relation to the genetic alteration detected. Results: 7 cases were included: 5 children (6 -17 years). They had 6 different mutations. Hypotonia, thin / long fingers and delayed psychomotor development were constant. They presented dysmorphic features, mental retardation, ocular apraxia, and nystagmus indistinctly in 3/7; Neonatal apnea/hyperpnea 2/7; hypoplasia of vermis 7/7; Molar syndrome was evident in 6/7 and in 2/7 there was elongation-thinning of cerebellar peduncles. Pontomesencephalic junction tightness 6/7; fastigium of the IV ventricle high in 4/7. Among the somatic complications, retinopathy 2/7, retinal coloboma 1/7, liver fibrosis 1/7, nephronoptysis 1/7 and renal cyst 1/7. Conclusions: The incidence of Joubert syndrome was at least 1 / 20,000 newborns / year. The pontomesencephalic and peduncular radiological alterations were constant. Hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and thin / long fingers affected all cases.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Antigens/genetics , Eye Abnormalities/genetics , Polycystic Kidney Diseases/genetics , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Neurology , Nervous System Diseases , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnostic imaging , Abnormalities, Multiple/epidemiology , Eye Abnormalities/diagnostic imaging , Eye Abnormalities/epidemiology , Polycystic Kidney Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Polycystic Kidney Diseases/epidemiology , Spain , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
2.
Rev Neurol ; 73(4): 115-120, 2021 Aug 15.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34308544

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Joubert syndrome is produced by an alteration of the ciliary proteins essential for the structure and function of neurons and organs such as the kidneys, liver, sight, and hearing. Some 34 mutations are currently known. OBJECTIVE: Calculate the incidence / prevalence, describe the phenotype / genotype and radiological alterations of this ciliopathy in our health area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records with a diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome in the last 10 years to collect phenotype, radiological characteristics, and extra-neurological manifestations in relation to the genetic alteration detected. RESULTS: 7 cases were included: 5 children (6 -17 years). They had 6 different mutations. Hypotonia, thin / long fingers and delayed psychomotor development were constant. They presented dysmorphic features, mental retardation, ocular apraxia, and nystagmus indistinctly in 3/7; Neonatal apnea/hyperpnea 2/7; hypoplasia of vermis 7/7; Molar syndrome was evident in 6/7 and in 2/7 there was elongation-thinning of cerebellar peduncles. Pontomesencephalic junction tightness 6/7; fastigium of the IV ventricle high in 4/7. Among the somatic complications, retinopathy 2/7, retinal coloboma 1/7, liver fibrosis 1/7, nephronoptysis 1/7 and renal cyst 1/7. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Joubert syndrome was at least 1 / 20,000 newborns / year. The pontomesencephalic and peduncular radiological alterations were constant. Hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and thin / long fingers affected all cases.


TITLE: Síndrome de Joubert: incidencia y descripción clinicorradiológica de una serie genotipada de siete casos.Introducción. El síndrome de Joubert se produce por una alteración de las proteínas ciliares esenciales para la estructura y la función de neuronas y órganos como los riñones, el hígado, la retina y el oído. Se conocen unas 34 mutaciones en la actualidad. Objetivo. Calcular la incidencia/prevalencia y describir el fenotipo/genotipo y las alteraciones clinicorradiológicas de esta ciliopatía en nuestra área de salud. Pacientes y métodos. Revisamos las historias clínicas con diagnóstico de síndrome de Joubert en los últimos 10 años para recoger el fenotipo, las características radiológicas y las manifestaciones extraneurológicas en relación con la alteración genética detectada. Resultados. Se incluyeron siete casos, de los cuales cinco eran varones (6-17 años). Presentaban seis mutaciones diferentes. Fue constante la hipotonía, los dedos finos/largos y el retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor. Presentaban rasgos dismórficos, retraso mental, apraxia ocular y nistagmo indistintamente, 3/7; apnea/hiperpnea neonatal, 2/7; hipoplasia de vermis, 7/7; síndrome del molar, 6/7; elongación-adelgazamiento de los pedúnculos cerebelosos, 2/7; estrechez en la unión pontomesencefálica, 6/7, y fastigio del IV ventrículo alto, 4/7. Entre las complicaciones somáticas había: retinopatía, 2/7; coloboma retiniano, 1/7; fibrosis hepática, 1/7; nefronoptisis, 1/7, y quiste renal 1/7. Conclusiones. La incidencia del síndrome de Joubert fue de al menos 1/20.000 recién nacidos/año. Las alteraciones radiológicas pontomesencefálicas y pedunculares fueron constantes. La hipotonía, el retraso psicomotor y los dedos finos/largos afectaron a todos los casos.


Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/epidemiology , Cerebellum/abnormalities , Eye Abnormalities/epidemiology , Kidney Diseases, Cystic/epidemiology , Neuroimaging , Retina/abnormalities , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnostic imaging , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics , Adolescent , Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Cerebellum/diagnostic imaging , Child , Child, Preschool , Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics , Eye Abnormalities/diagnostic imaging , Eye Abnormalities/genetics , Female , Fingers/abnormalities , Genetic Heterogeneity , Genotype , Humans , Incidence , Kidney Diseases, Cystic/diagnostic imaging , Kidney Diseases, Cystic/genetics , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Prevalence , Proteins/genetics , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Retrospective Studies , Spain/epidemiology , Symptom Assessment
3.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 71(10): 365-372, 16 nov., 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-198071

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: El estado epiléptico representa la emergencia neurológica más frecuente en pediatría. Las convulsiones febriles prolongadas representan la etiología más frecuente. Nuestro objetivo es actualizar su epidemiología y analizar sus consecuencias evolutivas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional analítico de cohortes retrospectivas de niños atendidos en urgencias con estado epiléptico entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. Se recogieron las variables demográficas, los antecedentes personales, las características clínicas, las pruebas complementarias y la etiología de los estados epilépticos seguidos en nuestro hospital. Se analizaron las consecuencias evolutivas en cuanto a neurodesarrollo y epilepsia ulterior. RESULTADOS: De un total de 525.000 urgencias atendidas durante el estudio, los casos de estado epiléptico fueron 79 en 68 pacientes (16 casos/100.000 niños/año). La etiología sintomática fue la más frecuente (35,4%). El 20,6% de los pacientes presentaba antecedente de prematuridad; el 30,8%, un déficit del neurodesarrollo previo, más frecuente en caso de etiología sintomática, y el 44% estaba diagnosticado de epilepsia. La duración mediana de las crisis fue de 50 minutos. En siete pacientes se identificó un desencadenante cerebral agudo. El déficit del neurodesarrollo ulterior achacable al estado epiléptico fue del 9,1%, y se relacionó con la etiología sintomática o antecedentes de prematuridad. El desarrollo de epilepsia ocurrió en el 10,7%. CONCLUSIONES: La alteración del neurodesarrollo achacable al estado epiléptico afecta a uno de cada 11 casos. La prematuridad fue un factor de riesgo por sí misma. La epilepsia posterior a un estado epiléptico se desarrolló en uno de cada 10 casos


INTRODUCTION: Epileptic status represents the most frequent neurological emergency in pediatrics. Prolonged febrile seizures represent the most common etiology. Our objective is to update its epidemiology and analyze its evolutionary consequences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational analytical study of retrospective cohorts of children seen in the emergency department with epileptic status between January-2014 and December-2018. Demographic variables, personal history, clinical characteristics, complementary tests and the etiology of the epileptic status followed in our hospital were collected. The evolutionary consequences in terms of neurodevelopment and subsequent epilepsy were analyzed. RESULTS: Of a total of 525,000 emergencies attended during the study, epileptic status cases were 79 in 68 patients (16 cases/100,000 children/year). The symptomatic etiology was the most frequent (35.4%). 20.6% of the patients had a history of prematurity, 30.8% had a deficit of previous neurodevelopment, this being more frequent in case of symptomatic etiology, and 44% were diagnosed with epilepsy. The median duration of seizures was 50 minutes. An acute brain trigger was identified in seven patients. The subsequent neurodevelopmental deficit attributable to epileptic status was 9.1% of patients related to symptomatic etiology and/or a history of prematurity. The development of epilepsy occurred in 10.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The neurodevelopmental disorder attributable to epileptic status affects one in 11 cases. Prematurity was a risk factor per se. Post-epileptic status epilepsy developed in one in 10 cases


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Status Epilepticus/epidemiology , Status Epilepticus/physiopathology , Seizures, Febrile/epidemiology , Seizures, Febrile/physiopathology , Status Epilepticus/etiology , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/physiopathology , Neurodevelopmental Disorders/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiology
4.
Rev Neurol ; 71(10): 365-372, 2020 Nov 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33145747

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Epileptic status represents the most frequent neurological emergency in pediatrics. Prolonged febrile seizures represent the most common etiology. Our objective is to update its epidemiology and analyze its evolutionary consequences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational analytical study of retrospective cohorts of children seen in the emergency department with epileptic status between January-2014 and December-2018. Demographic variables, personal history, clinical characteristics, complementary tests and the etiology of the epileptic status followed in our hospital were collected. The evolutionary consequences in terms of neurodevelopment and subsequent epilepsy were analyzed. RESULTS: Of a total of 525,000 emergencies attended during the study, epileptic status cases were 79 in 68 patients (16 cases/100,000 children/year). The symptomatic etiology was the most frequent (35.4%). 20.6% of the patients had a history of prematurity, 30.8% had a deficit of previous neurodevelopment, this being more frequent in case of symptomatic etiology, and 44% were diagnosed with epilepsy. The median duration of seizures was 50 minutes. An acute brain trigger was identified in seven patients. The subsequent neurodevelopmental deficit attributable to epileptic status was 9.1% of patients related to symptomatic etiology and/or a history of prematurity. The development of epilepsy occurred in 10.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The neurodevelopmental disorder attributable to epileptic status affects one in 11 cases. Prematurity was a risk factor per se. Post-epileptic status epilepsy developed in one in 10 cases.


TITLE: Estado epiléptico en pacientes pediátricos: consecuencias evolutivas y actualización epidemiológica.Introducción. El estado epiléptico representa la emergencia neurológica más frecuente en pediatría. Las convulsiones febriles prolongadas representan la etiología más frecuente. Nuestro objetivo es actualizar su epidemiología y analizar sus consecuencias evolutivas. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de cohortes retrospectivas de niños atendidos en urgencias con estado epiléptico entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. Se recogieron las variables demográficas, los antecedentes personales, las características clínicas, las pruebas complementarias y la etiología de los estados epilépticos seguidos en nuestro hospital. Se analizaron las consecuencias evolutivas en cuanto a neurodesarrollo y epilepsia ulterior. Resultados. De un total de 525.000 urgencias atendidas durante el estudio, los casos de estado epiléptico fueron 79 en 68 pacientes (16 casos/100.000 niños/año). La etiología sintomática fue la más frecuente (35,4%). El 20,6% de los pacientes presentaba antecedente de prematuridad; el 30,8%, un déficit del neurodesarrollo previo, más frecuente en caso de etiología sintomática, y el 44% estaba diagnosticado de epilepsia. La duración mediana de las crisis fue de 50 minutos. En siete pacientes se identificó un desencadenante cerebral agudo. El déficit del neurodesarrollo ulterior achacable al estado epiléptico fue del 9,1%, y se relacionó con la etiología sintomática o antecedentes de prematuridad. El desarrollo de epilepsia ocurrió en el 10,7%. Conclusiones. La alteración del neurodesarrollo achacable al estado epiléptico afecta a uno de cada 11 casos. La prematuridad fue un factor de riesgo por sí misma. La epilepsia posterior a un estado epiléptico se desarrolló en uno de cada 10 casos.


Subject(s)
Emergencies , Epilepsy , Seizures , Child , Emergency Service, Hospital , Epilepsy/epidemiology , Humans , Pediatrics , Retrospective Studies , Seizures/etiology
5.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 71(2): 69-73, 16 jul., 2020. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-195448

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La discinesia de la mutación ADCY5 es un raro trastorno del movimiento de inicio en la infancia. Se caracteriza por movimientos coreicos aislados o asociados a mioclonías y distonías que afectan a las extremidades, el cuello y la cara. El escaso número de pacientes y familias no permite aún una adecuada relación genotipo-fenotipo. OBJETIVOS: Presentar el caso de un niño con trastornos del movimiento de inicio precoz en el seno de una familia con tres generaciones de afectados, y realizar una revisión actualizada de la casuística y el tratamiento de esta rara enfermedad. CASO CLÍNICO: Varón de 6 años, remitido por retraso del lenguaje e hiperactividad. Tras seis meses de seguimiento, comenzó a presentar movimientos coreicos de predominio facial y de la raíz de los miembros, especialmente al despertar. Al año de seguimiento, se evidenció corea generalizado en reposo con afectación orofacial y torpeza en la marcha. Como antecedentes familiares destacaban su madre, abuelo, tío y prima maternos, que fueron diagnosticados de síndrome de Meige (distonía oromandibular y músculos periorbitarios) con trastornos del movimiento de tipo coreiforme sin filiar desde la infancia. El estudio cerebral por resonancia magnética no presentó alteraciones. Se realizó un exoma clínico dirigido a trastornos del movimiento que descubrió la mutación patógena en el gen ADCY5 causante de la discinesia familiar autosómica. CONCLUSIÓN: La mutación c.1126G > A p.A376T muestra una historia natural con un fenotipo clínico no progresivo en tres generaciones de afectados, con inicio en la infancia y respuesta al tratamiento con guanfacina


INTRODUCTION. Dyskinesia of the ADCY5 mutation is a rare movement-onset disorder in childhood. It is characterized by isolated chorea movements or associated with myoclonus and dystonia affecting the limbs, neck and face. The low number of patients and families still does not allow an adequate genotype-phenotype relationship. AIMS. The case of a child with movement disorders of early onset is presented in a family with three generations of affected members. An updated review of the casuistry and management of this rare disease is made. CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old boy referred for language delay and hyperactivity. After six months of follow-up he begins to show chorea movements of predominantly facial and limb roots, especially when waking up. At one year of follow-up, generalized chorea at rest with orofacial involvement and awkward gait begins to show. His family history includes his mother, grandfather, maternal uncle and cousin, who were diagnosed with Meige's syndrome (oromandibular dystonia and periorbital muscles) with choreiform-like movement disorders without affiliation since childhood. The brain study by MRI showed no alterations. A clinical exome targeting movement disorders was performed that discovered the pathogenic mutation in the ADCY5 gene causing autosomal familial dyskinesia. CONCLUSION: The c.1126G>A p.A376T mutation shows a natural history with a non-progressive clinical phenotype in three generations of affected members, with childhood debut and response to guanfacine treatment


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Dyskinesias/genetics , Movement Disorders/complications , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/complications , Levetiracetam/administration & dosage , Methylphenidate/administration & dosage , Guanfacine/administration & dosage , Movement Disorders/etiology , Myoclonus/complications , Tardive Dyskinesia/complications , Language Development Disorders/complications , Meige Syndrome/diagnosis , Phenotype , Genotype
6.
Rev Neurol ; 71(2): 69-73, 2020 Jul 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32627162

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Dyskinesia of the ADCY5 mutation is a rare movement-onset disorder in childhood. It is characterized by isolated chorea movements or associated with myoclonus and dystonia affecting the limbs, neck and face. The low number of patients and families still does not allow an adequate genotype-phenotype relationship. AIMS: The case of a child with movement disorders of early onset is presented in a family with three generations of affected members. An updated review of the casuistry and management of this rare disease is made. CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old boy referred for language delay and hyperactivity. After six months of follow-up he begins to show chorea movements of predominantly facial and limb roots, especially when waking up. At one year of follow-up, generalized chorea at rest with orofacial involvement and awkward gait begins to show. His family history includes his mother, grandfather, maternal uncle and cousin, who were diagnosed with Meige's syndrome (oromandibular dystonia and periorbital muscles) with choreiform-like movement disorders without affiliation since childhood. The brain study by MRI showed no alterations. A clinical exome targeting movement disorders was performed that discovered the pathogenic mutation in the ADCY5 gene causing autosomal familial dyskinesia. CONCLUSION: The c.1126G>A p.A376T mutation shows a natural history with a non-progressive clinical phenotype in three generations of affected members, with childhood debut and response to guanfacine treatment.


TITLE: Discinesia asociada a ADCY5 en la infancia: a propósito de una familia y revisión actualizada.Introducción. La discinesia de la mutación ADCY5 es un raro trastorno del movimiento de inicio en la infancia. Se caracteriza por movimientos coreicos aislados o asociados a mioclonías y distonías que afectan a las extremidades, el cuello y la cara. El escaso número de pacientes y familias no permite aún una adecuada relación genotipo-fenotipo. Objetivos. Presentar el caso de un niño con trastornos del movimiento de inicio precoz en el seno de una familia con tres generaciones de afectados, y realizar una revisión actualizada de la casuística y el tratamiento de esta rara enfermedad. Caso clínico. Varón de 6 años, remitido por retraso del lenguaje e hiperactividad. Tras seis meses de seguimiento, comenzó a presentar movimientos coreicos de predominio facial y de la raíz de los miembros, especialmente al despertar. Al año de seguimiento, se evidenció corea generalizado en reposo con afectación orofacial y torpeza en la marcha. Como antecedentes familiares destacaban su madre, abuelo, tío y prima maternos, que fueron diagnosticados de síndrome de Meige (distonía oromandibular y músculos periorbitarios) con trastornos del movimiento de tipo coreiforme sin filiar desde la infancia. El estudio cerebral por resonancia magnética no presentó alteraciones. Se realizó un exoma clínico dirigido a trastornos del movimiento que descubrió la mutación patógena en el gen ADCY5 causante de la discinesia familiar autosómica. Conclusión. La mutación c.1126G>A p.A376T muestra una historia natural con un fenotipo clínico no progresivo en tres generaciones de afectados, con inicio en la infancia y respuesta al tratamiento con guanfacina.


Subject(s)
Adenylyl Cyclases/deficiency , Movement Disorders/genetics , Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics , Adenylyl Cyclases/physiology , Amino Acid Substitution , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Child , Developmental Disabilities/genetics , Drug Resistance , Female , Guanfacine/therapeutic use , Humans , Language Development Disorders/genetics , Levetiracetam/adverse effects , Male , Meige Syndrome/genetics , Mutation, Missense , Pedigree , Point Mutation
8.
Rev Neurol ; 62(11): 502-6, 2016 Jun 01.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27222084

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: A deficiency of the enzyme guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH 1) causes a reduction in the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor that is essential in the synthesis of tyrosine, dopamine and serotonin. It is an infrequent disease that produces psychomotor delay or regression and movement disorders, although treatment can improve or even correct the clinical signs and symptoms. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a girl with autosomal recessive GTPCH deficiency, who was diagnosed at 14 months by means of an analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid with pterin, HVA and 5-HIAA deficiency, and positive phenylalanine overload test and genetic study. The clinical features began at the age of 5 months with intermittent upper limb and brain tremors, both at rest and intentional, that disappeared after a month. Psychomotor development was normal, mild axial hypotonia being found in the examination while the complementary tests that were performed were normal. The patient later presented psychomotor regression with loss of head control, diminished active movements, difficulty in bimanual manipulation, hypomimia and severe global hypotonia, which was the reason for the study of a progressive encephalopathy. Following the diagnosis of GTPCH deficiency, replacement therapy was established with levodopa/carbidopa, OH tryptophan and BH4, with excellent progress made in motor and cognitive functioning. Today, the patient is 5 years old, has an adequate psychomotor development for her age, is in the third year of preschool education and has caught up with the level of the rest of her classmates. CONCLUSION: In this case attention must be drawn to the extremely satisfactory motor and cognitive improvement of the patient after starting replacement therapy, as in many cases the cognitive level is usually affected on a permanent basis.


TITLE: Deficit de GTPCH 1 autosomico recesivo: importancia del analisis de los neurotransmisores en el liquido cefalorraquideo.Introduccion. El deficit de la enzima trifosfato de guanosina ciclohidrolasa 1 (GTPCH 1) origina una disminucion de la sintesis de la tetrahidrobiopterina (BH4), cofactor indispensable en la sintesis de la tirosina, la dopamina y la serotonina. Es una enfermedad poco frecuente que produce un retraso o regresion psicomotora y trastornos del movimiento, y en la que el tratamiento puede mejorar o incluso corregir la clinica. Caso clinico. Niña afecta de deficit de GTPCH con herencia autosomica recesiva, diagnosticada a los 14 meses con estudio del liquido cefalorraquideo con deficit de pterinas, HVA y 5-HIAA, test de sobrecarga de fenilalanina y estudio genetico positivos. La clinica comenzo a los 5 meses con temblor cefalico y de las extremidades superiores, en reposo e intencional, intermitente, que desaparecio en un mes. El desarrollo psicomotor era normal, destacaba una hipotonia axial leve en la exploracion y las pruebas complementarias realizadas fueron normales. Posteriormente presento regresion psicomotora con perdida del sosten cefalico, disminucion de los movimientos activos, dificultad para la manipulacion bimanual, hipomimia e hipotonia global grave, lo que motivo el estudio de una encefalopatia progresiva. Tras el diagnostico de deficit de GTPCH, inicio tratamiento sustitutivo con levodopa/carbidopa, OH triptofano y BH4, con muy buena evolucion tanto motora como cognitiva. Actualmente, la paciente tiene 5 años, presenta un desarrollo psicomotor adecuado a su edad, cursa tercer curso de educacion infantil y ha alcanzado el nivel de su clase. Conclusion. Hay que destacar en este caso la mejoria tan satisfactoria, tanto motora como cognitiva, tras iniciar el tratamiento sustitutivo, ya que el nivel cognitivo suele quedar afectado en muchos casos.


Subject(s)
Biopterins/biosynthesis , GTP Cyclohydrolase/deficiency , Neurotransmitter Agents/cerebrospinal fluid , Psychomotor Disorders/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Infant , Phenylalanine
9.
Lupus ; 25(1): 61-6, 2016 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26306740

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to assess whether pulmonary hypertension (PH) may be detected at one point in time or longitudinally predicted by serum uric acid (sUA) levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: We conducted a post-hoc analysis of a long-term followed cohort of Mexican SLE patients. Echocardiography-based definitions of PH by the ESC/ERS/ISHLT and its associations with clinical and laboratory data on enrollment were studied. Especially, the impact that sUA levels at baseline may have on the future development of PH in patients with normal pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was explored. RESULTS: Out of the 156 SLE patients originally enrolled in the cohort, 44 met the inclusion criteria for the present study and were grouped as having (n =10) or not having (n = 34) PH. At baseline, sUA levels of 5.83 ± 1.79 and 5.82 ± 1.97 mg/dl (p = ns) were found in patients with and without PH, respectively. No association between PASP and other markers was found. In patients with normal PASP, the presence of sUA ≥ 7 mg/dl at baseline predicted future development of PH (relative risk 8.5, 1.0009 to 72; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In SLE, sUA levels at one point in time are useless to detect PH. However, steady hyperuricemia may predict the future development of PH in patients with normal PASP at baseline.


Subject(s)
Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology , Hyperuricemia/complications , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications , Uric Acid/blood , Adult , Arterial Pressure , Biomarkers/blood , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology , Hyperuricemia/blood , Hyperuricemia/diagnosis , Longitudinal Studies , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis , Male , Mexico , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis , Pulmonary Artery/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Ultrasonography
10.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 60(9): 394-400, 1 mayo, 2015. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-138042

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El estado epiléptico (EE) es la emergencia neurológica más frecuente en pediatría. Dada la posibilidad de secuelas neurológicas y mortalidad asociadas, requiere un tratamiento agresivo precoz. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo a través de la revisión de historias clínicas de pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital entre 2010-2013 con diagnóstico de EE. El objetivo fue describir las características epidemiológicas y el manejo de estos pacientes, así como revisar la bibliografía disponible sobre este tema. Resultados. Hemos recogido 39 pacientes (25 varones) y 51 episodios de EE. Edad media: 4,8 años. Tenían enfermedad de base 22 pacientes. Dieciocho eran epilépticos conocidos y cinco tuvieron un EE previo. De los 51 episodios de EE, 33 fueron sintomáticos, 15 febriles y tres criptogénicos. Los tipos de EE fueron: 25 parciales (de ellos, 16 complejos) y 26 generalizados. El tratamiento de primera elección fue benzodiacepinas en 47 pacientes (40, diacepam), fenitoína en tres y ácido valproico en uno. Veintisiete pacientes precisaron fármacos de segunda línea: 16, ácido valproico; ocho, fenitoína; dos, fenobarbital; y uno, levetiracetam. Diez pacientes precisaron fármacos de tercera línea para la inducción del coma: el midazolam fue el más utilizado en nuestro centro, seguido del tiopental y el propofol. Dos EE superrefractarios requirieron inmunoglobulinas y corticoides sistémicos por presentarse en el curso de encefalitis autoinmunes. Conclusiones. Debe plantearse el esquema terapéutico del EE desde el inicio de cualquier crisis convulsiva. El tratamiento es escalonado, con benzodiacepinas en la primera etapa, antiepilépticos de amplio espectro y disponibilidad intravenosa en la segunda (ácido valproico, levetiracetam en el EE generalizado y fenitoína en el EE focal), mientras que el tercer nivel varía en función de la experiencia de cada equipo (AU)


Introduction. Status epilepticus (SE) is the most common neurological emergency on pediatric. Given the possibility of neurological sequelae and mortality associated, it requires an early aggressive treatment. Patients and methods. Retrospective descriptive study based on the review of medical histories of patients admitted to our hospital from 2010 to 2013 with a diagnosis of SE. The objective was to describe the epidemiology characteristics and the management of these patients, and to review the available literature on this topic. Results. We collected 39 patients (25 males) and 51 episodes of SE. Average age: 4.8 years. Twenty-two patients had an underlying disease, 18 were known epileptic and 5 had a previous SE. With a total of 51 SE, 33 were symptomatic, 15 were febrile and 3 were cryptogenic. Types of SE: 25 were partial (16 of them complex) and 26 were generalized. Treatment: 47 benzodiazepines as treatment of choice (40 diazepam), 3 phenytoin and 1 valproic acid. Twenty-seven patients required second-line drugs: 16 valproic acid, 8 phenytoin, 2 phenobarbital and 1 levetiracetam. Ten patients required third-line drugs for the induction of barbiturate-induced coma: midazolam was the most used in our center, followed by thiopental and propofol. Two super-refractory SE required immunoglobulins and systemic corticosteroids for appearing on the course of autoimmune encephalitis. Conclusions. The therapeutic scheme of SE should be considered since the start of any seizure. The treatment is staggered with benzodiazepines in the first stage, broad spectrum antiepileptic drugs, and intravenous availability in the second (valproic acid, levetiracetam in the generalized SE and phenytoin in the focal), while the third level varies depending on the experience of each team (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Status Epilepticus/epidemiology , Seizures/drug therapy , Retrospective Studies , Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance
11.
Rev Neurol ; 60(9): 394-400, 2015 May 01.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25912700

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Status epilepticus (SE) is the most common neurological emergency on pediatric. Given the possibility of neurological sequelae and mortality associated, it requires an early aggressive treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study based on the review of medical histories of patients admitted to our hospital from 2010 to 2013 with a diagnosis of SE. The objective was to describe the epidemiology characteristics and the management of these patients, and to review the available literature on this topic. RESULTS: We collected 39 patients (25 males) and 51 episodes of SE. Average age: 4.8 years. Twenty-two patients had an underlying disease, 18 were known epileptic and 5 had a previous SE. With a total of 51 SE, 33 were symptomatic, 15 were febrile and 3 were cryptogenic. Types of SE: 25 were partial (16 of them complex) and 26 were generalized. TREATMENT: 47 benzodiazepines as treatment of choice (40 diazepam), 3 phenytoin and 1 valproic acid. Twenty-seven patients required second-line drugs: 16 valproic acid, 8 phenytoin, 2 phenobarbital and 1 levetiracetam. Ten patients required third-line drugs for the induction of barbiturate-induced coma: midazolam was the most used in our center, followed by thiopental and propofol. Two super-refractory SE required immunoglobulins and systemic corticosteroids for appearing on the course of autoimmune encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic scheme of SE should be considered since the start of any seizure. The treatment is staggered with benzodiazepines in the first stage, broad spectrum antiepileptic drugs, and intravenous availability in the second (valproic acid, levetiracetam in the generalized SE and phenytoin in the focal), while the third level varies depending on the experience of each team.


TITLE: Estado epileptico en pediatria: estudio retrospectivo y revision de la bibliografia.Introduccion. El estado epileptico (EE) es la emergencia neurologica mas frecuente en pediatria. Dada la posibilidad de secuelas neurologicas y mortalidad asociadas, requiere un tratamiento agresivo precoz. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo a traves de la revision de historias clinicas de pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital entre 2010-2013 con diagnostico de EE. El objetivo fue describir las caracteristicas epidemiologicas y el manejo de estos pacientes, asi como revisar la bibliografia disponible sobre este tema. Resultados. Hemos recogido 39 pacientes (25 varones) y 51 episodios de EE. Edad media: 4,8 años. Tenian enfermedad de base 22 pacientes. Dieciocho eran epilepticos conocidos y cinco tuvieron un EE previo. De los 51 episodios de EE, 33 fueron sintomaticos, 15 febriles y tres criptogenicos. Los tipos de EE fueron: 25 parciales (de ellos, 16 complejos) y 26 generalizados. El tratamiento de primera eleccion fue benzodiacepinas en 47 pacientes (40, diacepam), fenitoina en tres y acido valproico en uno. Veintisiete pacientes precisaron farmacos de segunda linea: 16, acido valproico; ocho, fenitoina; dos, fenobarbital; y uno, levetiracetam. Diez pacientes precisaron farmacos de tercera linea para la induccion del coma: el midazolam fue el mas utilizado en nuestro centro, seguido del tiopental y el propofol. Dos EE superrefractarios requirieron inmunoglobulinas y corticoides sistemicos por presentarse en el curso de encefalitis autoinmunes. Conclusiones. Debe plantearse el esquema terapeutico del EE desde el inicio de cualquier crisis convulsiva. El tratamiento es escalonado, con benzodiacepinas en la primera etapa, antiepilepticos de amplio espectro y disponibilidad intravenosa en la segunda (acido valproico, levetiracetam en el EE generalizado y fenitoina en el EE focal), mientras que el tercer nivel varia en funcion de la experiencia de cada equipo.


Subject(s)
Status Epilepticus/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Anticonvulsants/classification , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Diet, Ketogenic , Disease Management , Drug Resistance , Drug Substitution , Encephalitis/complications , Encephalitis/drug therapy , Encephalitis/therapy , Hashimoto Disease/complications , Hashimoto Disease/drug therapy , Hashimoto Disease/therapy , Humans , Hypothermia, Induced , Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Neurosurgical Procedures , Retrospective Studies , Status Epilepticus/drug therapy , Status Epilepticus/etiology , Status Epilepticus/therapy
12.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 59(11): 503-507, 1 dic., 2014. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-130793

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La enfermedad de Pompe o glucogenosis tipo II es un error innato del metabolismo, de herencia autosómica recesiva, causado por un déficit de la enzima lisosomal α-glucosidasa ácida (GAA), que ocasiona un acúmulo multisistémico de glucógeno. Describimos dos casos de inicio temprano (infantil) con diferentes formas de presentación. Casos clínicos. El primer caso se trata de un neonato que presentó una bradicardia mantenida desde el nacimiento, lo que motivó el estudio cardiológico, en el que se evidenció una hipertrofia biventricular grave. El segundo caso se trata de un niño de 14 meses con retraso motor e hipotonía con arreflexia. En la analítica destacaban una creatincinasa, lactato deshidrogenasa, transaminasa glutámico oxalacética y transaminasa glutámico pirúvica elevadas. El electromiograma mostró signos de afectación miopática, y la biopsia muscular, una miopatía vacuolar con depósito de glucógeno. En ambos, la actividad de la GAA estaba disminuida y el análisis genético del gen GAA evidenció que eran portadores heterocigotos de mutaciones descritas en la enfermedad de Pompe. Iniciaron tratamiento con enzima recombinante humana al mes y a los 18 meses de vida, respectivamente, con mejoría evidente de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica, aunque más limitada a nivel motor. En la actualidad tienen, respectivamente, 9 meses y 5 años, y este último presenta un nivel III de la escala GMFM (Gross Motor Function Measure). Conclusión. La GAA recombinante humana es la única opción terapéutica autorizada para estos pacientes. Los efectos que hemos observado son similares a los descritos en otros casos, con una excelente evolución de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica y un efecto variable sobre la musculatura esquelética (AU)


Introduction. Pompe disease/glycogen storage disease type II is a congenital metabolic disorder. It is an autosomal recessive disease where there is a deficiency of acid α-glucosidase (GAA), an enzyme required for lysosomal glycogen degradation. We describe two infantile onset cases with heterogeneous presentations.Case reports. The first case is a newborn with maintained bradycardia, a cardiologic study revealed severe biventricular hypertrophy. The second case is a 14 months old patient with motor delay and arreflexic hypotonia. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase were high. The electromyogram showed myopathic alteration and the muscle biopsy vacuolar myopathy with glycogen accumulation. In both of them, GAA activity was decreased and the genetic exam of the GAA gene revealed heterozygous mutations already described in Pompe disease. They started enzyme replacement therapy at 1 month old and 18 months old respectively, improving the cardiomyopathy hypertrophy, motor wise however less advance was seen. At the present time, the patients are 9 months and 5 years old respectively, the last one has a Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) III level. Conclusion. GAA is the only authorized option for Pompe disease treatment; the effects observed are similar to the ones described in the literature, with excellent outcome in the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but less effective in the skeletal muscle (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Glycogen Storage Disease Type II/epidemiology , Enzyme Therapy/methods , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/drug therapy , Enzyme Replacement Therapy/methods , alpha-Glucosidases/therapeutic use , Muscle Hypotonia/physiopathology , Lysosomes
13.
Rev Neurol ; 59(11): 503-7, 2014 Dec 01.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25418145

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Pompe disease/glycogen storage disease type II is a congenital metabolic disorder. It is an autosomal recessive disease where there is a deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), an enzyme required for lysosomal glycogen degradation. We describe two infantile onset cases with heterogeneous presentations. CASE REPORTS: The first case is a newborn with maintained bradycardia, a cardiologic study revealed severe biventricular hypertrophy. The second case is a 14 months old patient with motor delay and arreflexic hypotonia. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic trans aminase were high. The electromyogram showed myopathic alteration and the muscle biopsy vacuolar myopathy with glycogen accumulation. In both of them, GAA activity was decreased and the genetic exam of the GAA gene revealed heterozygous mutations already described in Pompe disease. They started enzyme replacement therapy at 1 month old and 18 months old respectively, improving the cardiomyopathy hypertrophy, motor wise however less advance was seen. At the present time, the patients are 9 months and 5 years old respectively, the last one has a Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) III level. CONCLUSION: GAA is the only authorized option for Pompe disease treatment; the effects observed are similar to the ones described in the literature, with excellent outcome in the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but less effective in the skeletal muscle.


TITLE: Variabilidad en la presentacion clinica de la enfermedad de Pompe infantil: presentacion de dos casos y respuesta al tratamiento con enzima recombinante humana.Introduccion. La enfermedad de Pompe o glucogenosis tipo II es un error innato del metabolismo, de herencia autosomica recesiva, causado por un deficit de la enzima lisosomal alfa-glucosidasa acida (GAA), que ocasiona un acumulo multisistemico de glucogeno. Describimos dos casos de inicio temprano (infantil) con diferentes formas de presentacion. Casos clinicos. El primer caso se trata de un neonato que presento una bradicardia mantenida desde el nacimiento, lo que motivo el estudio cardiologico, en el que se evidencio una hipertrofia biventricular grave. El segundo caso se trata de un niño de 14 meses con retraso motor e hipotonia con arreflexia. En la analitica destacaban una creatincinasa, lactato deshidrogenasa, transaminasa glutamico oxalacetica y transaminasa glutamico piruvica elevadas. El electromiograma mostro signos de afectacion miopatica, y la biopsia muscular, una miopatia vacuolar con deposito de glucogeno. En ambos, la actividad de la GAA estaba disminuida y el analisis genetico del gen GAA evidencio que eran portadores heterocigotos de mutaciones descritas en la enfermedad de Pompe. Iniciaron tratamiento con enzima recombinante humana al mes y a los 18 meses de vida, respectivamente, con mejoria evidente de la miocardiopatia hipertrofica, aunque mas limitada a nivel motor. En la actualidad tienen, respectivamente, 9 meses y 5 años, y este ultimo presenta un nivel III de la escala GMFM (Gross Motor Function Measure). Conclusion. La GAA recombinante humana es la unica opcion terapeutica autorizada para estos pacientes. Los efectos que hemos observado son similares a los descritos en otros casos, con una excelente evolucion de la miocardiopatia hipertrofica y un efecto variable sobre la musculatura esqueletica.


Subject(s)
Enzyme Replacement Therapy , Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase/therapeutic use , Glycogen Storage Disease Type II/drug therapy , Bradycardia/etiology , Developmental Disabilities/etiology , Disease Progression , Gene Duplication , Genotype , Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase/genetics , Glycogen Storage Disease Type II/blood , Glycogen Storage Disease Type II/complications , Glycogen Storage Disease Type II/diagnosis , Glycogen Storage Disease Type II/genetics , Humans , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Muscle Hypotonia/etiology , Phenotype , Point Mutation , Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use , Respiration Disorders/etiology , Treatment Outcome
14.
J Mol Model ; 20(7): 2299, 2014 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24944092

ABSTRACT

We have carried out a systematic study for the determination of the structure and the fundamental state of neutral and ionic small rhodium clusters [Rhn, Rhn(+), Rhn(-); n = 10-13] using ab initio Hartree-Fock methods with a LANL2DZ basis set. A range of spin multiplicities is investigated for each cluster. We present the bond lengths, angles, and geometric configuration adopted by the clusters in its minimum energy conformation showing the differences when the clusters have different number of unpaired electrons. Also we report the vertical ionization potential and the adiabatic one calculated by the Koopmans' theorem.

18.
Rev Neurol ; 26(154): 956-9, 1998 Jun.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9658467

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The childhood opsoclonus-myoclonus or Kinsbourne syndrome, is a uncommon process, of acute or subacute beginning, which affects infant and children. It's course is characterized by opsoclonus, polimyoclonias and cerebellar ataxia. The disease is frequently associated to neuroblastoma (46%). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a retrospective study on 9 patients, emphasizing the clinical presentation and the evolution aspects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We found changes in the EEG in three cases. Most surprising is the scarce incidence of neuroblastoma, which has been found only in a one out of nine patients. We found three cases with relapse during the treatment or on withdrawal and one of them relapsed twice again. The evolution has been variable, since 5/9 patient have presented some type of mild or moderate neuro-psychological sequelae. Out of three patient with relapses, two presented permanent neurological sequelae. A patient which suffered three relapses, is also the one which presents more serious sequelae.


Subject(s)
Cerebellar Ataxia/epidemiology , Myoclonus/epidemiology , Ocular Motility Disorders/epidemiology , Abdominal Neoplasms/complications , Abdominal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/therapeutic use , Brain Damage, Chronic/etiology , Cerebellar Ataxia/drug therapy , Cerebellar Ataxia/etiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Electroencephalography , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Ganglioneuroblastoma/complications , Ganglioneuroblastoma/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Myoclonus/drug therapy , Myoclonus/etiology , Ocular Motility Disorders/drug therapy , Ocular Motility Disorders/etiology , Recurrence , Retrospective Studies , Syndrome , Virus Diseases/complications
19.
Rev Neurol ; 26(150): 197-204, 1998 Feb.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9563088

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND MATERIAL: Between 369 cases of benign partial epilepsy of the childhood with Rolandic spikes (BECRS) diagnosed in our hospital, we have been able to study three patients that have presented a neurophysiological and clinical presentation that was compatible with the form described by Aicardi and Chevrie in 1982. RESULTS: None of our patients had familial epilepsy precedents. There were no pathological birth or previous neurological disorders. The neurophysiological development was normal until the beginning of the clinical picture. The seizures began when the patients were 3 years and 4 months, and 5 years, with partial seizures of the same characteristic that present patients with BECRS. Two of them had generalized tonic-clonic seizures during sleep. All the patients presented throughout the evolution absences myoclonic and/or atonic seizures. The awake EEG patterns showed normal background activity and paroxysms of focal spike were complexes with diffusion to central areas. During the slow wave sleep, every cases showed paroxysms of diffuse and generalized slow spike and wave complexes practically continuous. The partial seizures were scarce, but the absences and the atonicas seizures presented several times every day, and in one case appeared in the form of a grand mal state. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of the patients was favourable, as they were free of seizures, with a normal neurophysiological development. At the beginning, the seizures were resistant to treatment with several antiepileptics drugs (AED). The treatment with valproic acid (VPA) and clonazepam (CZP), has been very effective.


Subject(s)
Electroencephalography , Epilepsies, Partial/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Rolandic/physiopathology , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Carbamazepine/therapeutic use , Child, Preschool , Clonazepam/therapeutic use , Epilepsies, Partial/classification , Epilepsies, Partial/drug therapy , Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy , Epilepsy, Absence/etiology , Epilepsy, Absence/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Rolandic/classification , Epilepsy, Rolandic/drug therapy , Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic/drug therapy , Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic/etiology , Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Remission, Spontaneous , Sleep Wake Disorders/drug therapy , Sleep Wake Disorders/etiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology , Valproic Acid/therapeutic use
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