ABSTRACT
The respiratory diaphragm is the most important muscle for breathing. It contributes to various processes such as expectoration, vomiting, swallowing, urination, and defecation. It facilitates the venous and lymphatic return and helps viscera located above and below the diaphragm to work properly. Its activity is fundamental in the maintenance of posture and body position changes. It can affect the pain perception and emotional state. Many authors reported on diaphragmatic training by using special instruments, whereas only a few studies focused on manual therapy approaches. To the knowledge of the authors, the existing scientific literature does not exhaustively examines the manual evaluation of the diaphragm in its different portions. A complete evaluation of the diaphragm is mandatory for several professional subjects, such as physiotherapists, osteopaths, and chiropractors not only to elaborate a treatment strategy but also to obtain information on the validity of the training performed on the patient. This article aims to describe a strategy of manual evaluation of the diaphragm, with particular attention to anatomical fundamentals, in order to stimulate further research on this less explored field.
Subject(s)
Diaphragm/physiopathology , Lung/physiopathology , Muscle Strength , Musculoskeletal Manipulations/methods , Physical Examination , Physical Therapy Modalities , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Respiration , Adaptation, Physiological , Diaphragm/pathology , Humans , Lung/pathology , Predictive Value of Tests , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapySubject(s)
Caregivers/psychology , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/complications , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/psychology , Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/psychology , Aged , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Impulsive Behavior , Male , Middle Aged , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Parkinson Disease/epidemiology , Prevalence , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The present study has been organized for appraising if the formation of the caregivers of insane patients can bring benefits to the conditions of stress that bear every day. The evaluation has considered 74 caregivers participants to 5 courses of formation organized in 12 evenings of around 2 each. The subjects have been valued before and 6 months after the course through the administration of two staircases of evaluation: the relative stress scales (RSS) and the caregiver burden inventory (CBI). Besides, they have been considered questionnaire for the harvest of social and registry data and questionnaire for the harvest of information around the emotional state of the caregiver and the relationship among. The data show that 6 months after the course the values obtained by the RSS and by the CBI, they are statistically improved in meaningful way in comparison to the initial evaluation. The emotional aspects that are meaningfully improved after the course in comparison to before were the following: anxious, nervous, dissatisfied, pessimist, depressed, I feel me in guilt. The relationships of the caregiver with the sick that are meaningfully improved to the time 1 in comparison to the time 0 are the following: affectionate, deep, serene, gratifying. To confirmation of preceding theories, it is the woman, the sick daughter, of inclusive age of 40-60 years, the principal caregiver. Our data show that to participate to a suitable course of formation induces a diminution of the level of stress of the caregiver and it improves its emotional state as well as the insane patient relationship.
