ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Little is known about the symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on patients with morbid obesity following bariatric surgery (BS) in Iran. Thus, we sought to investigate the symptoms and effect of COVID-19 in patients with morbid obesity following, or candidates for, BS in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective observational cohort study, we enrolled 236 morbid obese patients following (surgical group) or candidates (nonsurgical group) for bariatric surgery. Demographics, probable COVID-19 incidence, acute and persistent COVID-19 symptoms, and clinical outcome parameters of bariatric patients and candidates for BS were compared. The incidence of probable COVID-19 was assessed including the clinical definition of probable case, according to World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: The incidence of probable COVID-19 among surgical and nonsurgical groups was significantly different (20.6% vs 26.08%, respectively, p = 0.046). The probable case of surgical patients had a shorter length of symptoms and hospitalization duration, and a lower proportion of admission in ICUs and hospitals with respect to nonsurgical patients (p < 0.001). Surgical patients had a greater prevalence of persistent symptoms including anorexia, food intolerance, and anosmia-hyposmia than nonsurgical patients. Moreover, surgical patients with probable COVID-19 had a significantly higher proportion of diabetic patients than surgical patients without probable COVID-19 (20% vs 9.3%). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need to evaluate the persistent symptoms of COVID-19 and the importance of nutritional support for at least several weeks after COVID-19 symptom onset. Moreover, it seems that COVID-19 incidence in post-bariatric surgery patients could reduce the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in the resolution of diabetes.
Subject(s)
Bariatric Surgery , COVID-19 , Obesity, Morbid , Humans , Iran/epidemiology , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Pandemics , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
(1) Background: The favorable effects of high protein snacks on body composition and appetite status in lean and athletic populations have been illustrated previously. However, the effects of soy-enriched high protein snacks have not been investigated in women with normal-weight obesity (NWO). Consequently, we aimed at comparing the effects of six months of soy-enriched high protein snack replacement on appetite, body composition, and dietary intake in women with NWO. (2) Methods: One hundred seven (107) women with NWO [(age: 24 ± 3 yrs, BMI: 22.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2, body fat percentage (BFP): 38 ± 3.2%)] who were assigned to one of two groups; high protein snack (HP, n = 52) containing 50 g soybean or isocaloric low-protein snack (protein: 18.2 g, carbohydrate: 15 g, fat: 10 g, energy: 210 kcal) or isocaloric low protein snack (LP, n = 55) containing 3.5 servings of fruit (protein: <2 g, carbohydrate: ≈50 g, fat: <1 g, energy: ≈210 kcal) as part of their daily meals (as a snack at 10 a.m.), successfully completed the study interventions. Body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), BFP, skeletal muscle mass, dietary intake, and appetite levels were evaluated prior to and after the six-month intervention. (3) Results: Appetite (HP = -12 mm and LP = -0.6 mm), energy intake (HP = -166.2 kcal/day and LP = 91.3 kcal), carbohydrate intake (HP = -58.4 g/day and LP = 6.4 g/day), WC (HP = -4.3 cm and LP = -0.9 cm), and BFP (HP = -3.7% and LP = -0.9%) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, while skeletal muscle mass (HP = 1.2 kg and LP = 0.3 kg) significantly increased in the HP compared to the LP group, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Six months of a soy-enriched high protein snack replacement decreased appetite and improved body composition in women with NWO. Our findings suggest that soy-enriched high protein snacks are an efficacious strategy for body composition improvement.
