Correlation among the main parameters of eggshell quality analysis of hen and quail eggs / Correlação entre os principais parâmetros de análise de qualidade de casca para ovos de galinha e de codorna

Sixty fresh hen eggs and 60 quail eggs were used in an experiment conducted at UFRRJ in order to survey the correlation between the eggshell quality measurements by average of the following parameters: specific gravity, breaking strength, percentage and thickness of the shell. For hen eggs, specific gravity demonstrated a higher correlation (p <0.05) with shell thickness as compared to other methodologies; the breaking strength correlated with the shell percentage and shell thickness. In quail eggs, there was no correlation (p> 0.05) between specific gravity with the other shell quality analyses. There was a correspondence between breaking strength with the percentage and the thickness of the shell, this ratio was higher for the percentage of shell. For hen eggs, the measurement of the specific gravity method used in commercial poultry farms was adequate to indicate good shell quality in accordance with great correlation with shell thickness. However, the evaluation of shell quality through the specific gravity for quail eggs needs adaptation in the methodology for egg morphology for this species. The parameters of shell quality surveyed: specific gravity, breaking resistance, percentage of shell and thickness of shell in hen eggs showed a positive correlation to a moderate degree (0.54). For quail eggs, the shell percentage shows moderate match (0.60) only with breaking strength and shell thickness.(AU)

Utilizou-se 60 ovos de galinhas e 60 ovos de codornas frescos, em um experimento conduzido na UFRRJ a fim de analisar a correlação entre as medidas de qualidade da casca ovos por meio dos seguintes parâmetros: gravidade específica, resistência à quebra, porcentagem e espessura da casca. Para os ovos de galinha, a gravidade específica demonstrou maior correlação (p <0,05) com a espessura da casca em comparação com as outras metodologias; a resistência à quebra se correlacionou com a porcentagem de casca e este parâmetro com a espessura da casca. Em ovos de codorna, não houve correlação (p >0,05) entre a gravidade específica com as outras análises de qualidade de casca. Houve correspondência entre a resistência à quebra com a porcentagem e a espessura da casca, sendo essa relação maior para a porcentagem de casca. Para ovos de galinha, a mensuração do método da gravidade especifica utilizado em granjas comerciais, é adequado para indicar boa qualidade de casca em função da maior correlação com a espessura da casca. Contudo, a avaliação da qualidade da casca através da gravidade específica para ovos de codorna necessita de adaptação na metodologia para a morfologia dos ovos dessa espécie. Os parâmetros de qualidade de casca analisados: gravidade específica, resistência a quebra dos ovos, porcentagem de casca e espessura da casca em ovos de galinha apresentam correlação positiva com grau moderado (0,54). Para ovos de codorna, a porcentagem de casca apresenta correspondência moderada (0,60) somente com resistência à quebra e espessura da casca.(AU)

Indicadores da qualidade fisico-química de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas criadas em diferentes sistemas de produção / Physical-chemical quality of laying eggs of conventional system, cage-free and free-range

Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de estocagem e do tempo de armazenamento sobre a qualidade físico-química de 1350 ovos provenientes de galinhas poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Isa Brown com 46 semanas de idade, criadas em diferentes sistemas (baterias de gaiolas, livre de gaiola ou cage-free e com acesso à área de piquetes para pastejo ou free-range). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3x2x5, com três sistemas de produção (gaiola, cage-free, free-range), duas temperaturas (ambiente e refrigerada) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (zero, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), com 15 repetições, de 3 ovos cada. Foi avaliada a percentagem de perda de peso, gravidade específica (g/cm³), unidade Haugh, índice gema (g) e, percentagem de gema e albúmen, oxidação lipídica, pH do albúmen e da gema e a composição centesimal dos ovos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Todos os parâmetros de qualidade física diferiram significativamente (p<0,05), com melhores resultados de percentagens de gema e albúmen para os sistemas cage-free e free-range, melhor unidade Haugh para o sistema cage-free no tempo zero de armazenamento e melhor pH da gema para ovos do sistema em gaiola. Menores valores de TBARS foram observados no sistema free-range, mas de maneira geral os demais resultados encontravam-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis para o consumo de alimentos. Os ovos mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados. Conclui-se que a qualidade físico-quimica dos ovos nos diferentes sistemas pode ser influenciada pela temperatura e período de armazenamento, pois quando mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados para todos os parâmetros avaliados.(AU)

Was evaluated the effect of temperature and storage time on the physical-chemical quality of laying eggs created on different systems. We used 1350 eggs of laying hens Isa Brown with 46 weeks old. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in 3x2x5 factorial design, with three production systems (conventional, cage-free and free-range), two temperatures (ambient and chilled) and five storage time (zero, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days), with 15 repetitions. We evaluated the percentage of weight loss, specific gravity (g/cm³), Haugh units, yolk index (g) and percentage of yolk and albumen, the lipid oxidation, pH of the albumen and yolk. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. All the parameters were significantly different (p<0.05), with worse results (P<0.05) in conventional system for the percentagens of yolk and albumen in the cage-free system, however this system was the best for the yolk pH and UH. The eggs in the refrigeration had the best results. Concludes that the physical-chemical egg quality in different systems can be influenced by temperature and storage time kept the eggs under refrigeration obtained better results for all parameter.(AU)

Substituição de vit D3 pelo metabólito de origem vegetal 1, 25(OH)2D3 influenciando o desempenho e qualidade óssea em frangos de corte aos 21 dias / Replacement of vitamin D3 with 1.25(OH)2D3 metabolite of plant origin influences performance and bone quality in broilers at 21 days of age

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão do metabólito 1,25(OH)2D3 como fonte de substituição da vitamina D3 (colecalciferol) no suplemento vitamínico das rações de frangos de corte, assim como a influência desse metabólito sobre o desempenho e qualidade óssea até os 21 dias de idade. Foram alojados 1400 pintos de corte machos, aos 7 dias de alojamento, esses foram pesados e divididos em seis tratamentos experimentais, com 6 repetições e 38 aves por repetição. Os tratamentos constituíam da manutenção da quantidade de vitamina D3para frangos de corte em: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% e 0%, e adição do metabolito vitamínico bioativo [1,25(OH)2D3] em quantidade fixa, mais o tratamento controle, que recebeu somente a vitamina D3 na dose recomendada como única fonte de vitamina D. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância usando o procedimento General Linear Models do software SAS® e, em caso de diferenças estatisticamente significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Dunnett a 5% de probabilidade. O peso médio, o ganho de peso e o ganho de peso diário diferiram significativamente (p<0,05) do controle, pelo teste de Dunnett, somente nos tratamentos em que houve inclusão de 75% Vit D3 +1,25(OH)2D3, sendo observado melhores médias para essas variáveis. O consumo de ração foi maior (p<0,05) nos frangos que receberam 25% Vit D3+1,25(OH)2D3, quando comparado com as aves que receberam a dieta controle. Quando se incluiu o 1,25(OH)2D3 como fonte única da vitamina D3, foram observados os piores valores (p<0,05) para peso médio, ganho de peso, ganho de peso diário e consumo, não havendo diferença significativa (p>0,05) para a conversão alimentar. A morfometria óssea não foi influenciado (p>0,05) pela redução da vitamina D3 no suplemento vitamínico e nem pela utilização do 1,25(OH)2D3. O percentual de cálcio nas cinzas das tíbias nos tratamentos em que houve inclusão de 75% Vit D3+1,25(OH)2D3 foi superior (p<0,05)...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of 1.25(OH)2D3 as a substitute of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the vitamin supplement of broiler diets, as well as the influence of this metabolite on performance and bone quality up to 21 days of age. A total of 1,400 male chicks were used. At 7 days of age, the animals were weighed and divided into six experimental treatments, with 6 replicates and 38 birds per replicate. The treatments consisted of maintaining the amount of vitamin D3 for broilers at 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% plus the addition of a fixed quantity of bioactive vitamin metabolite [1.25(OH)2D3]. As the control treatment, the animals received only vitamin D3 at the recommended dose as the sole source of vitamin D. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using the General Linear Models procedure of the SAS® software. In the case of statistically significant differences, means were compared by the Dunnett test at 5% probability. The mean weight, weight gain and daily weight gain differed significantly (p<0.05) from the control by the Dunnett test only for the treatment with inclusion of 75% vitamin D3+1.25 (OH)2D3, with better averages for these variables. Feed intake was higher (p<0.05) in chickens receiving 25% vitamin D3+1.25(OH)2D3 when compared to birds fed the control diet. The worst (p<0.05) mean weight, weight gain, daily weight gain and feed intake were observed when 1.25(OH)2D3 was included as a single source of vitamin D3, with no significant difference (p>0.05) in feed conversion. Bone morphometry was not influenced (p>0.05) by the reduction of vitamin D3 in the vitamin supplement nor by the use of 1.25(OH)2D3. The calcium percentage in tibia ashes was higher (p<0.05) for the treatment with 75% vitamin D3+1.25(OH)2D3 inclusion compared to control by the Dunnett test. The reduction of vitamin D3 up to...(AU)

Substituição de vit D3 pelo metabólito de origem vegetal 1, 25(OH)2D3 influenciando o desempenho e qualidade óssea em frangos de corte aos 21 dias / Replacement of vitamin D3 with 1.25(OH)2D3 metabolite of plant origin influences performance and bone quality in broilers at 21 days of age

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão do metabólito 1,25(OH)2D3 como fonte de substituição da vitamina D3 (colecalciferol) no suplemento vitamínico das rações de frangos de corte, assim como a influência desse metabólito sobre o desempenho e qualidade óssea até os 21 dias de idade. Foram alojados 1400 pintos de corte machos, aos 7 dias de alojamento, esses foram pesados e divididos em seis tratamentos experimentais, com 6 repetições e 38 aves por repetição. Os tratamentos constituíam da manutenção da quantidade de vitamina D3para frangos de corte em: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% e 0%, e adição do metabolito vitamínico bioativo [1,25(OH)2D3] em quantidade fixa, mais o tratamento controle, que recebeu somente a vitamina D3 na dose recomendada como única fonte de vitamina D. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância usando o procedimento General Linear Models do software SAS® e, em caso de diferenças estatisticamente significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Dunnett a 5% de probabilidade. O peso médio, o ganho de peso e o ganho de peso diário diferiram significativamente (p0,05) para a conversão alimentar. A morfometria óssea não foi influenciado (p>0,05) pela redução da vitamina D3 no suplemento vitamínico e nem pela utilização do 1,25(OH)2D3. O percentual de cálcio nas cinzas das tíbias nos tratamentos em que houve inclusão de 75% Vit D3+1,25(OH)2D3 foi superior (p<0,05)...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of 1.25(OH)2D3 as a substitute of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the vitamin supplement of broiler diets, as well as the influence of this metabolite on performance and bone quality up to 21 days of age. A total of 1,400 male chicks were used. At 7 days of age, the animals were weighed and divided into six experimental treatments, with 6 replicates and 38 birds per replicate. The treatments consisted of maintaining the amount of vitamin D3 for broilers at 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% plus the addition of a fixed quantity of bioactive vitamin metabolite [1.25(OH)2D3]. As the control treatment, the animals received only vitamin D3 at the recommended dose as the sole source of vitamin D. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using the General Linear Models procedure of the SAS® software. In the case of statistically significant differences, means were compared by the Dunnett test at 5% probability. The mean weight, weight gain and daily weight gain differed significantly (p0.05) in feed conversion. Bone morphometry was not influenced (p>0.05) by the reduction of vitamin D3 in the vitamin supplement nor by the use of 1.25(OH)2D3. The calcium percentage in tibia ashes was higher (p<0.05) for the treatment with 75% vitamin D3+1.25(OH)2D3 inclusion compared to control by the Dunnett test. The reduction of vitamin D3 up to...

Indicadores da qualidade fisico-química de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas criadas em diferentes sistemas de produção / Physical-chemical quality of laying eggs of conventional system, cage-free and free-range

Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura de estocagem e do tempo de armazenamento sobre a qualidade físico-química de 1350 ovos provenientes de galinhas poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Isa Brown com 46 semanas de idade, criadas em diferentes sistemas (baterias de gaiolas, livre de gaiola ou cage-free e com acesso à área de piquetes para pastejo ou free-range). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3x2x5, com três sistemas de produção (gaiola, cage-free, free-range), duas temperaturas (ambiente e refrigerada) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (zero, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), com 15 repetições, de 3 ovos cada. Foi avaliada a percentagem de perda de peso, gravidade específica (g/cm³), unidade Haugh, índice gema (g) e, percentagem de gema e albúmen, oxidação lipídica, pH do albúmen e da gema e a composição centesimal dos ovos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Todos os parâmetros de qualidade física diferiram significativamente (p<0,05), com melhores resultados de percentagens de gema e albúmen para os sistemas cage-free e free-range, melhor unidade Haugh para o sistema cage-free no tempo zero de armazenamento e melhor pH da gema para ovos do sistema em gaiola. Menores valores de TBARS foram observados no sistema free-range, mas de maneira geral os demais resultados encontravam-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis para o consumo de alimentos. Os ovos mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados. Conclui-se que a qualidade físico-quimica dos ovos nos diferentes sistemas pode ser influenciada pela temperatura e período de armazenamento, pois quando mantidos sob refrigeração obtiveram melhores resultados para todos os parâmetros avaliados.

Was evaluated the effect of temperature and storage time on the physical-chemical quality of laying eggs created on different systems. We used 1350 eggs of laying hens Isa Brown with 46 weeks old. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in 3x2x5 factorial design, with three production systems (conventional, cage-free and free-range), two temperatures (ambient and chilled) and five storage time (zero, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days), with 15 repetitions. We evaluated the percentage of weight loss, specific gravity (g/cm³), Haugh units, yolk index (g) and percentage of yolk and albumen, the lipid oxidation, pH of the albumen and yolk. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. All the parameters were significantly different (p<0.05), with worse results (P<0.05) in conventional system for the percentagens of yolk and albumen in the cage-free system, however this system was the best for the yolk pH and UH. The eggs in the refrigeration had the best results. Concludes that the physical-chemical egg quality in different systems can be influenced by temperature and storage time kept the eggs under refrigeration obtained better results for all parameter.

Correlation among the main parameters of eggshell quality analysis of hen and quail eggs / Correlação entre os principais parâmetros de análise de qualidade de casca para ovos de galinha e de codorna

Sixty fresh hen eggs and 60 quail eggs were used in an experiment conducted at UFRRJ in order to survey the correlation between the eggshell quality measurements by average of the following parameters: specific gravity, breaking strength, percentage and thickness of the shell. For hen eggs, specific gravity demonstrated a higher correlation (p 0.05) between specific gravity with the other shell quality analyses. There was a correspondence between breaking strength with the percentage and the thickness of the shell, this ratio was higher for the percentage of shell. For hen eggs, the measurement of the specific gravity method used in commercial poultry farms was adequate to indicate good shell quality in accordance with great correlation with shell thickness. However, the evaluation of shell quality through the specific gravity for quail eggs needs adaptation in the methodology for egg morphology for this species. The parameters of shell quality surveyed: specific gravity, breaking resistance, percentage of shell and thickness of shell in hen eggs showed a positive correlation to a moderate degree (0.54). For quail eggs, the shell percentage shows moderate match (0.60) only with breaking strength and shell thickness.

Utilizou-se 60 ovos de galinhas e 60 ovos de codornas frescos, em um experimento conduzido na UFRRJ a fim de analisar a correlação entre as medidas de qualidade da casca ovos por meio dos seguintes parâmetros: gravidade específica, resistência à quebra, porcentagem e espessura da casca. Para os ovos de galinha, a gravidade específica demonstrou maior correlação (p 0,05) entre a gravidade específica com as outras análises de qualidade de casca. Houve correspondência entre a resistência à quebra com a porcentagem e a espessura da casca, sendo essa relação maior para a porcentagem de casca. Para ovos de galinha, a mensuração do método da gravidade especifica utilizado em granjas comerciais, é adequado para indicar boa qualidade de casca em função da maior correlação com a espessura da casca. Contudo, a avaliação da qualidade da casca através da gravidade específica para ovos de codorna necessita de adaptação na metodologia para a morfologia dos ovos dessa espécie. Os parâmetros de qualidade de casca analisados: gravidade específica, resistência a quebra dos ovos, porcentagem de casca e espessura da casca em ovos de galinha apresentam correlação positiva com grau moderado (0,54). Para ovos de codorna, a porcentagem de casca apresenta correspondência moderada (0,60) somente com resistência à quebra e espessura da casca.

Organic acids in diets of weaned piglets: performance, digestibility and economical viability / Ácidos orgânicos em dietas para leitões desmamados: desempenho, digestibilidade e viabilidade econômica

Organic acids are used as feed additives to promote growth of weaned piglets since they prevent the occurrence of diarrhea. Thus, performance and digestibility assays were conducted and economic viability of diets was evaluated. In the performance assays, 64 hybrid piglets weaned with a mean weight of 5.87±0.31kg were divided in a randomized block design consisting of 4 treatments, 8 repetitions and 2 piglets per experimental unit (1 castrated male and 1 female). In the digestibility assay, 24 castrated male hybrid piglets with a mean weight of 8.21±0.79kg were individually assigned to 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments in the two assays were as follows: control, basal diet without addition of an acidifier; blend: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids; butyrate: inclusion of 0.1% of sodium butyrate; blend+butyrate: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids and 0.1% sodium butyrate. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the acidifiers on animal performance during the period studied. Organic acids exerted no effect (P>0.05) on the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Diets supplemented with sodium butyrate had an economic advantage for the period of 10-24 days. No episode of diarrhea was observed. This study demonstrated no effect of acidifier feed additives as growth promoters in complex diets for weaned piglets.(AU)

Ácidos orgânicos são utilizados como aditivos promotores de desempenho em leitões, pois podem prevenir a ocorrência de diarreias. Para tanto, foram conduzidos ensaios de desempenho, digestibilidade, e foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica das dietas. No desempenho, foram utilizados 64 leitões híbridos desmamados, com peso médio de 5,87±0,31kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, oito repetições e dois leitões por unidade experimental (sendo um macho castrado e uma fêmea). Na digestibilidade, 24 leitões machos, castrados, híbridos, com peso médio de 8,21±0.79kg, foram alojados individualmente em quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Em ambos os ensaios, os tratamentos foram: controle: dieta basal sem uso de acidificante; Blend: inclusão de 0,5% da mistura de ácidos orgânicos; butirato: inclusão de 0,1% de butirato de sódio; Blend+Butirato: inclusão de 0,5% da mistura de ácidos orgânicos e 0,1% butirato de sódio. Não houve efeito dos acidificantes (P>0,05) sobre o desempenho no período estudado. Não houve efeito dos ácidos orgânicos (P>0,05) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. Dietas com suplementação de butirato de sódio apresentaram melhor vantagem econômica para o período de 10-24 dias. Não houve incidência de diarreia em nenhum período. Não ficou evidenciado o efeito dos aditivos acidificantes como promotores de crescimento em dietas complexas para leitões desmamados.(AU)

Organic acids in diets of weaned piglets: performance, digestibility and economical viability / Ácidos orgânicos em dietas para leitões desmamados: desempenho, digestibilidade e viabilidade econômica

Organic acids are used as feed additives to promote growth of weaned piglets since they prevent the occurrence of diarrhea. Thus, performance and digestibility assays were conducted and economic viability of diets was evaluated. In the performance assays, 64 hybrid piglets weaned with a mean weight of 5.87±0.31kg were divided in a randomized block design consisting of 4 treatments, 8 repetitions and 2 piglets per experimental unit (1 castrated male and 1 female). In the digestibility assay, 24 castrated male hybrid piglets with a mean weight of 8.21±0.79kg were individually assigned to 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments in the two assays were as follows: control, basal diet without addition of an acidifier; blend: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids; butyrate: inclusion of 0.1% of sodium butyrate; blend+butyrate: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids and 0.1% sodium butyrate. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the acidifiers on animal performance during the period studied. Organic acids exerted no effect (P>0.05) on the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Diets supplemented with sodium butyrate had an economic advantage for the period of 10-24 days. No episode of diarrhea was observed. This study demonstrated no effect of acidifier feed additives as growth promoters in complex diets for weaned piglets.(AU)

Ácidos orgânicos são utilizados como aditivos promotores de desempenho em leitões, pois podem prevenir a ocorrência de diarreias. Para tanto, foram conduzidos ensaios de desempenho, digestibilidade, e foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica das dietas. No desempenho, foram utilizados 64 leitões híbridos desmamados, com peso médio de 5,87±0,31kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, oito repetições e dois leitões por unidade experimental (sendo um macho castrado e uma fêmea). Na digestibilidade, 24 leitões machos, castrados, híbridos, com peso médio de 8,21±0.79kg, foram alojados individualmente em quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Em ambos os ensaios, os tratamentos foram: controle: dieta basal sem uso de acidificante; Blend: inclusão de 0,5% da mistura de ácidos orgânicos; butirato: inclusão de 0,1% de butirato de sódio; Blend+Butirato: inclusão de 0,5% da mistura de ácidos orgânicos e 0,1% butirato de sódio. Não houve efeito dos acidificantes (P>0,05) sobre o desempenho no período estudado. Não houve efeito dos ácidos orgânicos (P>0,05) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. Dietas com suplementação de butirato de sódio apresentaram melhor vantagem econômica para o período de 10-24 dias. Não houve incidência de diarreia em nenhum período. Não ficou evidenciado o efeito dos aditivos acidificantes como promotores de crescimento em dietas complexas para leitões desmamados.(AU)

Bovine meat and bone meal as an economically viable alternative in quail feeding in the final phase

Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) has been used as a low-cost protein source in corn- and soybean meal-based poultry diets. However, to date, no studies investigating the effect of the dietary inclusion of MBM on the performance of Japanese quails and on egg production costs were found in literature. In this study, 600 Japanese quails in lay were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (replacement levels of soybean meal by MBM:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) with five replicates of 20 birds each to investigate if MBM is a viable alternative to maintain or to improve the live and economic performances of these birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, with no inclusion of MBM, and diets formulated with increasing levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of MBM inclusion at the expense of soybean meal. The studied parameters were evaluated in four periods of 28 days each. Live performance parameters (egg weight, g; average egg production, %; egg weight, g; feed intake, g; feed conversion ratio per egg mass, kg/kg and per dozen eggs, dz/kg; and livability, %); egg quality parameters (proportion of egg components, yolk, albumen, eggshell %; egg specific weight, g/cm3); and economic parameter (bio-economic nutritional index) were determined. Only egg weight, egg specific weight, and eggshell percentage were affected (p < 0.05) by the treatments. Our results show that inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quails in lay, causing no performance losses and promoting feed cost savings up to 5.24%.(AU)

Bovine meat and bone meal as an economically viable alternative in quail feeding in the final phase

Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) has been used as a low-cost protein source in corn- and soybean meal-based poultry diets. However, to date, no studies investigating the effect of the dietary inclusion of MBM on the performance of Japanese quails and on egg production costs were found in literature. In this study, 600 Japanese quails in lay were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (replacement levels of soybean meal by MBM:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) with five replicates of 20 birds each to investigate if MBM is a viable alternative to maintain or to improve the live and economic performances of these birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, with no inclusion of MBM, and diets formulated with increasing levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of MBM inclusion at the expense of soybean meal. The studied parameters were evaluated in four periods of 28 days each. Live performance parameters (egg weight, g; average egg production, %; egg weight, g; feed intake, g; feed conversion ratio per egg mass, kg/kg and per dozen eggs, dz/kg; and livability, %); egg quality parameters (proportion of egg components, yolk, albumen, eggshell %; egg specific weight, g/cm3); and economic parameter (bio-economic nutritional index) were determined. Only egg weight, egg specific weight, and eggshell percentage were affected (p < 0.05) by the treatments. Our results show that inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quails in lay, causing no performance losses and promoting feed cost savings up to 5.24%.

Desempenho de leitões desmamados alimentados com dietas contendo plasma spray dried / Performance of weaned piglets fed diets containing spray dried plasma

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do plasma spray dried (PSD) sobre o desempenho e incidência de diarreia em leitões desmamados precocemente. Foram utilizados 56 leitões, homogêneos quanto à linhagem, com aproximadamente 3,87±0,65kg de peso vivo e idade aproximada de 14 dias. Foram testados quatro níveis de inclusão de PSD em dietas de leitões em dois períodos consecutivos, 14 a 28 dias de idade (período 1), e 29 a 42 dias de idade (período 2). Os níveis de PSD utilizados foram de 0%, 2%, 4% e 6% para o período 1 e de 0%, 1%, 2% e 3% para o período 2. No período 3 (42 aos 56 dias de idade) todos os leitões foram alimentados com dieta isenta de PSD. O desempenho dos leitões foi avaliado através de pesagens quinzenais e no último dia do ensaio, quando a idade do lote foi igual a 56 dias. As variáveis analisadas foram o consumo diário de ração, ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar. Não houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos para as variáveis estudadas de consumo alimentar, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. A utilização do PSD na dieta não influenciou o desempenho de leitões desmamados precocemente...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spray dried plasma (SDP) on the performance and incidence of diarrhea in early weaned piglets. Fifty-six piglets from the same lineage, with an approximate live weight of 3.87 ± 0.65 kg and approximate age of 14 days, were used. Four levels of inclusion of SDP in the piglet diets were tested during two consecutive periods, 14 to 28 days of age (period 1) and 29 to 42 days of age (period 2). The levels of SDP used were 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% for period 1 and 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% for period 2. During period 3 (42 to 56 days of age), all piglets received a diet without SDP. For performance evaluation, the piglets were weighed fortnightly and on the last day of the trial when the age of the batch was 56 days. Daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion were analyzed. No significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake, weight gain or feed conversion was observed between treatments. The inclusion of SDP in the diet did not influence the performance of early weaned piglets...(AU)

Desempenho de leitões desmamados alimentados com dietas contendo plasma spray dried / Performance of weaned piglets fed diets containing spray dried plasma

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do plasma spray dried (PSD) sobre o desempenho e incidência de diarreia em leitões desmamados precocemente. Foram utilizados 56 leitões, homogêneos quanto à linhagem, com aproximadamente 3,87±0,65kg de peso vivo e idade aproximada de 14 dias. Foram testados quatro níveis de inclusão de PSD em dietas de leitões em dois períodos consecutivos, 14 a 28 dias de idade (período 1), e 29 a 42 dias de idade (período 2). Os níveis de PSD utilizados foram de 0%, 2%, 4% e 6% para o período 1 e de 0%, 1%, 2% e 3% para o período 2. No período 3 (42 aos 56 dias de idade) todos os leitões foram alimentados com dieta isenta de PSD. O desempenho dos leitões foi avaliado através de pesagens quinzenais e no último dia do ensaio, quando a idade do lote foi igual a 56 dias. As variáveis analisadas foram o consumo diário de ração, ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar. Não houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos para as variáveis estudadas de consumo alimentar, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. A utilização do PSD na dieta não influenciou o desempenho de leitões desmamados precocemente...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spray dried plasma (SDP) on the performance and incidence of diarrhea in early weaned piglets. Fifty-six piglets from the same lineage, with an approximate live weight of 3.87 ± 0.65 kg and approximate age of 14 days, were used. Four levels of inclusion of SDP in the piglet diets were tested during two consecutive periods, 14 to 28 days of age (period 1) and 29 to 42 days of age (period 2). The levels of SDP used were 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% for period 1 and 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% for period 2. During period 3 (42 to 56 days of age), all piglets received a diet without SDP. For performance evaluation, the piglets were weighed fortnightly and on the last day of the trial when the age of the batch was 56 days. Daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion were analyzed. No significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake, weight gain or feed conversion was observed between treatments. The inclusion of SDP in the diet did not influence the performance of early weaned piglets...

Qualidade interna de diferentes tipos de ovos comercializados durante o inverno e o verão / Internal quality of different types of eggs sold during the winter and summer

Objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar a qualidade interna de ovos brancos e vermelhos, comercializados durante o inverno e o verão, no estado de São Paulo. Para tal análise, utilizaram-se ovos classificados como tamanho grande, e a avaliação da qualidade interna realizada por meio das seguintes variáveis: massa média do ovo, gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, índice de gema, coloração da gema e incidência de partículas estranhas nos ovos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em fatorial 2 x 2 (cor da casca x épocas do ano), sendo as cores da casca: branca e vermelha, e as épocas do ano: inverno e verão. Verificou-se que, no verão, foram obtidos os menores valores de massa média do ovo, de unidade Haugh e de índice de gema, o que evidencia maior perda da qualidade do produto, provavelmente devido às elevadas temperaturas, comparativamente ao inverno. Entretanto, durante o inverno, foram observados ovos contendo discos germinativos fecundados. Conclui-se que os ovos comercializados no Vale do Ribeira, SP, apresentaram baixa qualidade e, portanto, estavam impróprios ao consumo e à industrialização.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal quality of white and red eggs marketed during the winter and summer in the state of São Paulo. For this analysis, eggs classified as big were used, with the evaluation of the internal quality carried out according the following variables: Average egg mass, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color and strange particles in eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial (shell color x seasons), with shell color: white and red; and seasons: winter and summer. Through the results we found that summer had the lowest values of average egg weight, Haugh unit and yolk index, showing a greater loss of product quality, probably due to the high temperatures compared to the winter. However, during the winter we observed fertilized eggs containing germ discs. We conclude that eggs sold in the Ribeira Valley - SP are of low quality and therefore unfit for consumption and industrialization.(AU)

Qualidade interna de diferentes tipos de ovos comercializados durante o inverno e o verão / Internal quality of different types of eggs sold during the winter and summer

Objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar a qualidade interna de ovos brancos e vermelhos, comercializados durante o inverno e o verão, no estado de São Paulo. Para tal análise, utilizaram-se ovos classificados como tamanho grande, e a avaliação da qualidade interna realizada por meio das seguintes variáveis: massa média do ovo, gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, índice de gema, coloração da gema e incidência de partículas estranhas nos ovos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em fatorial 2 x 2 (cor da casca x épocas do ano), sendo as cores da casca: branca e vermelha, e as épocas do ano: inverno e verão. Verificou-se que, no verão, foram obtidos os menores valores de massa média do ovo, de unidade Haugh e de índice de gema, o que evidencia maior perda da qualidade do produto, provavelmente devido às elevadas temperaturas, comparativamente ao inverno. Entretanto, durante o inverno, foram observados ovos contendo discos germinativos fecundados. Conclui-se que os ovos comercializados no Vale do Ribeira, SP, apresentaram baixa qualidade e, portanto, estavam impróprios ao consumo e à industrialização.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal quality of white and red eggs marketed during the winter and summer in the state of São Paulo. For this analysis, eggs classified as big were used, with the evaluation of the internal quality carried out according the following variables: Average egg mass, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color and strange particles in eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial (shell color x seasons), with shell color: white and red; and seasons: winter and summer. Through the results we found that summer had the lowest values of average egg weight, Haugh unit and yolk index, showing a greater loss of product quality, probably due to the high temperatures compared to the winter. However, during the winter we observed fertilized eggs containing germ discs. We conclude that eggs sold in the Ribeira Valley - SP are of low quality and therefore unfit for consumption and industrialization.

Turmeric root and annato seed in second-cycle layer diets: performance and egg quality

he objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of annato (Bixa orellana L.) and turmeric (Turmeric longa L.) in layer feeds on live performance, egg quality, and yolk pigmentation and depigmentation time. A number of 144 layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments with six replicates of six birds each. In the basal diet, sorghum replaced 50% of corn, and was supplemented or not with natural pigments to composse the following treatments: Control (0% pigments), AS (2.0% annato), TR (2% turmeric) and ASTR (1% annato and 1% turmeric). Egg weight (g), egg production (%), egg mass (%), feed intake (g), feed conversion ratio (kg/dz and kg/kg) and mortality were evaluated. The following egg quality parameters were evaluated: specific gravity (SG); yolk, albumen, and eggshell percentages, and yolk color. The treatments did not influence layer performance or egg quality parameters, except for egg production and yolk color. The dietary inclusion of 1% turmeric root and 1% annato seed promoted higher egg production. Diets containing annato resulted in more saturated, more intense, and redder yolk color, with increasing pigment deposition after day 10, with maximum values obtained on day 28. Dried turmeric root did not promote good yolk pigmentation, resulting in higher presence of white in the yolk, which was stabilized on day 4. Three days after pigments were withdrawn from the feeds, yolk color faded in the treatments with annato inclusion.(AU)

Limestone and oyster shell for brown layers in their second egg production cycle

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of dietary calcium levels and the replacement of calcium sources with different particle size compositions on the performance and egg quality of brown layers in their second egg production cycle. A randomized block experimental design was applied with 12 treatments in a 3x4 factorial arrangement: three calcium levels (2.6, 3.2, 3.8 %) and four combinations of calcium sources (1- 100% fine limestone (FL), 2- 50% FL + 50% coarse limestone (CL), 3- 50% FL and 50% oyster shell (OS), 4- 50% FL and 25% CL+ 25 %OS), with six replicates of eight birds each. Calcium sources were analyzed for geometric mean diameter (GMD) and in-vitro solubility. The following performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated: egg weight (EW, g), egg production (% Eggs), egg mass (EM %), feed intake (FI g), feed conversion ratio (FCR kg/dz and FCR kg/kg), mortality (% Mort.), specific egg gravity (SG), percentages of yolk (Y%), albumen (Alb%) and eggshell (ES%), eggshell thickness (EST), eggshell breaking strength (BS), eggshell weight per surface area (EWSA), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI) and yolk color. Performance and internal egg quality were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Blocks had a significant effect on (p<0.05) FI and FCR (kg/dz and kg/kg). Treatments significantly influenced external egg quality, which improved as dietary calcium levels increases and when up to 50% fine limestone was replaced by combinations of coarse limestone with oyster shell.(AU)

Limestone and oyster shell for brown layers in their second egg production cycle

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of dietary calcium levels and the replacement of calcium sources with different particle size compositions on the performance and egg quality of brown layers in their second egg production cycle. A randomized block experimental design was applied with 12 treatments in a 3x4 factorial arrangement: three calcium levels (2.6, 3.2, 3.8 %) and four combinations of calcium sources (1- 100% fine limestone (FL), 2- 50% FL + 50% coarse limestone (CL), 3- 50% FL and 50% oyster shell (OS), 4- 50% FL and 25% CL+ 25 %OS), with six replicates of eight birds each. Calcium sources were analyzed for geometric mean diameter (GMD) and in-vitro solubility. The following performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated: egg weight (EW, g), egg production (% Eggs), egg mass (EM %), feed intake (FI g), feed conversion ratio (FCR kg/dz and FCR kg/kg), mortality (% Mort.), specific egg gravity (SG), percentages of yolk (Y%), albumen (Alb%) and eggshell (ES%), eggshell thickness (EST), eggshell breaking strength (BS), eggshell weight per surface area (EWSA), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI) and yolk color. Performance and internal egg quality were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Blocks had a significant effect on (p<0.05) FI and FCR (kg/dz and kg/kg). Treatments significantly influenced external egg quality, which improved as dietary calcium levels increases and when up to 50% fine limestone was replaced by combinations of coarse limestone with oyster shell.

Turmeric root and annato seed in second-cycle layer diets: performance and egg quality

he objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of annato (Bixa orellana L.) and turmeric (Turmeric longa L.) in layer feeds on live performance, egg quality, and yolk pigmentation and depigmentation time. A number of 144 layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments with six replicates of six birds each. In the basal diet, sorghum replaced 50% of corn, and was supplemented or not with natural pigments to composse the following treatments: Control (0% pigments), AS (2.0% annato), TR (2% turmeric) and ASTR (1% annato and 1% turmeric). Egg weight (g), egg production (%), egg mass (%), feed intake (g), feed conversion ratio (kg/dz and kg/kg) and mortality were evaluated. The following egg quality parameters were evaluated: specific gravity (SG); yolk, albumen, and eggshell percentages, and yolk color. The treatments did not influence layer performance or egg quality parameters, except for egg production and yolk color. The dietary inclusion of 1% turmeric root and 1% annato seed promoted higher egg production. Diets containing annato resulted in more saturated, more intense, and redder yolk color, with increasing pigment deposition after day 10, with maximum values obtained on day 28. Dried turmeric root did not promote good yolk pigmentation, resulting in higher presence of white in the yolk, which was stabilized on day 4. Three days after pigments were withdrawn from the feeds, yolk color faded in the treatments with annato inclusion.

Effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and stocking density on macrophage recruitment and giant cell formation in the teleost fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus.

The effect of dietary supplementation with 0, 100 and 450 mg of vitamin E (DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate)/kg of a dry diet on the kinetics of macrophage recruitment and giant cell formation in the pacu, maintained at different stocking densities (5 kg/m(3) and 20 kg/m(3)), was investigated by insertion of round glass coverslips into the subcutaneous connective tissue. After a feeding period of 18 weeks, the coverslips were implanted and later removed for examination at 2, 7 and 15 days post-implantation. Fish fed diets supplemented with 450 mg of vitamin E showed an increase (P<0.05) in the accumulation of macrophages, foreign body giant cells and Langhans type cells. The kinetics of macrophage recruitment and giant cell formation on the glass coverslips appeared to be strongly influenced by vitamin E supplementation, since fish fed a basal diet and held at high stocking densities showed low numbers of adhering cells on the coverslips, and high concentrations of plasma corticosteroids. On the other hand, fish given a diet supplemented with 450 mg of vitamin E did not show a similar difference in plasma cortisol concentrations related to stocking density. The effect of cortisol concentrations on carbohydrate metabolism, analysed by assessment of plasma glycaemia, was not clear. Blood glucose concentrations did not vary substantially with the different treatments examined. These results suggest that vitamin E may contribute to the efficiency of the fish's inflammatory response by increasing macrophage recruitment and giant cell formation in the foreign body granulomatous reaction. Vitamin E appeared to act on the stress response of pacus by preventing a stress-related immunosuppression.