Maternity in prison: influence on physical and emotional health / Maternidade no cárcere: influência na saúde física e emocional

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the repercussions of motherhood on patients deprived of their liberty. Methods: integrative review based on research in electronic databases: Medline (PubMed), LILACS, SciELO and Nursing Database (BDENF), using the following search strategy: ("Prisons" [Majr] AND "Pregnancy" [ Mesh]), as of 2016. Results: the research ended with 33 bibliographic references, being the highest level of evidence from cohort studies, which demonstrate the precariousness of health care offered to these pregnant women. Three main groups of results were identified: low quality prenatal care, negative maternal and neonatal health indicators in relation to the general population and the emotional issues involved in prison reality during the period of pregnancy and puerperium. Conclusions: prenatal care has flaws that influence, in some way, the maternal and neonatal health indicators. In addition, the precarious structure of prison system directly interferes with the emotional health of these women.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar as repercussões da maternidade em pacientes privadas da liberdade. Métodos: revisão integrativa a partir de pesquisa nas bases de dados eletrônicas: Medline (PubMed), LILACS, SciELO e Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF), sendo usada como estratégia de busca: ("Prisons"[Majr] AND "Pregnancy"[Mesh]), a partir de 2016. Resultados: a pesquisa finalizou com 33 referências bibliográficas, sendo o maior nível de evidência de estudos de coorte, que demonstram a precarização na assistência de saúde ofertada a essas gestantes. Foram identificados três grupos principais de resultados: pré-natal de baixa qualidade, indicadores de saúde maternos e neonatais negativos e as questões emocionais envolvidas na realidade carcerária durante o período de gestação e puerpério. Conclusões: a assistência pré-natal apresenta falhas que influenciam nos indicadores de saúde maternos e neonatais. Além disso, a estrutura precária do sistema prisional interfere diretamente na saúde emocional dessas mulheres

Firocoxib as a Potential Neoadjuvant Treatment in Canine Patients with Triple-Negative Mammary Gland Tumors.

This study aimed to investigate the pro-apoptotic effects of NSAID (Previcox®) in vitro and in vivo. Two CMT cell lines, one from the primary tumor and one from bone metastasis, were treated with firocoxib and MTT assay was performed to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value. The firocoxib IC50 for the cell lines UNESP-CM5 and UNESP-MM1 were 25.21 µM and 27.41 µM, respectively. The cell lines were then treated with the respective firocoxib IC50 concentrations and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay was performed, to detect the induction of apoptosis in both cells (Annexin+/PI+). We conducted an in vivo study involving female dogs affected by CMT and divided them into control and treatment groups. For both groups, a biopsy was performed on day 0 (D0) and a mastectomy was performed on day 14 (D14). In the treatment group, after biopsy on D0, the patients received Previcox® 5 mg/kg PO once a day until mastectomy was performed on D14. COX-2/caspase-3 double immunostaining was performed on samples from D0 and D14, revealing no difference in the control group. In contrast, in the treatment group Previcox® increased the number of COX-2 positive apoptotic cells. Therefore, firocoxib can induce apoptosis in CMT cells in vitro and in vivo, and Previcox® can be a potential neoadjuvant treatment for patients with mammary cancer.

Effect of Class II camouflage treatment on anterior arch length ratio and canine relationship.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the influence of compensatory tipping of maxillary and mandibular incisors on the anterior arch length ratio and canine relationship in skeletal Class II malocclusion. METHODS: The study was based on posttreatment lateral head films and dental casts of 88 patients. The sample was divided into a Class II malocclusion group (32 patients; ANB ≥5° and mean [± standard deviation] age, 20.82 ± 7.67 years) and a Class I malocclusion group (56 patients; 1° ≤ ANB ≤ 2.5° and mean [± standard deviation] age, 19.20 ± 5.04 years). Measurements obtained for anterior arch length and width, Bolton discrepancy, canine relationship, growth pattern, and incisor position were compared between the groups. The canine relationship was correlated with dental and skeletal variables (P <0.05). RESULTS: The mean ANB angles were 6.21° and 1.78° for the Class II and Class I malocclusion groups, respectively. The skeletal Class II group presented significantly larger mandibular anterior arch length, producing an unbalanced anterior arch length ratio. The canine relationship was more displaced toward Class II in this group. Anterior arch length ratio was the most influential variable in the canine relationship. The mandibular incisors had a higher compensation degree than the maxillary incisors. The groups were similar regarding overjet, overbite, and growth pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Class II malocclusion camouflage treatment with excessive proclination of the mandibular incisors was associated with an increase in mandibular arch length, negatively influencing the anterior arch length ratio and the final canine relationship. Mandibular anterior arch length reduction by interproximal stripping may be necessary in moderate to severe skeletal Class II malocclusion orthodontic treatment.

Da relevância do materialismo histórico dialético para uma análise feminista / The historical dialectical materialism relevance for a feminist analysis

Este artigo tem por objetivo dar uma contribuição ao debate teórico-metodológico do feminismo, tomado por uma perspectiva política e científica.Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica, cuja base teórica se encontra em livros e artigos científicos, clássicos e contemporâneos. A argumentação se desenvolve no sentido de uma crítica a apropriações do método de Karl Marx que desviam seus fundamentos e recaem, por um lado, no economicismo, e, por outro lado, no politicismo. Feitas as críticas, avançamos para a relevância do uso do materialismo histórico dialético para uma leitura da realidade concreta que,da ótica feminista, avance no sentido de uma luta unificada contra o capitalismo e pela derrocada do patriarcado e do racismo

This article aims to contribute to the theoretical and methodological debate of feminism, taken from a political and scientific perspective. It is a qualitative and bibliographic research, whose theoretical basis is found in scientific, classic and contemporary books and articles. The argument develops in the sense of a critique of Karl Marx's method appropriations that deviate from its foundations and fall, on the one hand, to economism, and, on the other, to politicism. Having made the critiques, we move on to the relevance of historical dialectical materialism for a reading of the concrete reality from a feminist perspective to advance towards a unified struggle against capitalism and the overthrow of patriarchy and racism

Origin and parental genome characterization of the allotetraploid Stylosanthes scabra Vogel (Papilionoideae, Leguminosae), an important legume pasture crop.

Backgrounds and Aims: The genus Stylosanthes includes nitrogen-fixing and drought-tolerant species of considerable economic importance for perennial pasture, green manure and land recovery. Stylosanthes scabra is adapted to variable soil conditions, being cultivated to improve pastures and soils worldwide. Previous studies have proposed S. scabra as an allotetraploid species (2n = 40) with a putative diploid A genome progenitor S. hamata or S. seabrana (2n = 20) and the B genome progenitor S. viscosa (2n = 20). We aimed to provide conclusive evidence for the origin of S. scabra. Methods: We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) experiments and Illumina paired-end sequencing of S. scabra, S. hamata and S. viscosa genomic DNA, to assemble and compare complete ribosomal DNA (rDNA) units and chloroplast genomes. Plastome- and genome-wide single nucleotide variation detection was also performed. Key Results: GISH and phylogenetic analyses of plastid DNA and rDNA sequences support that S. scabra is an allotetraploid formed from 0.63 to 0.52 million years ago (Mya), from progenitors with a similar genome structure to the maternal donor S. hamata and the paternal donor S. viscosa. FISH revealed a non-additive number of 35S rDNA sites in S. scabra compared with its progenitors, indicating the loss of one locus from A genome origin. In S. scabra, most 5S rDNA units were similar to S. viscosa, while one 5S rDNA site of reduced size most probably came from an A genome species as revealed by GISH and in silico analysis. Conclusions: Our approach combined whole-plastome and rDNA assembly with additional cytogenetic analysis to shed light successfully on the allotetraploid origin of S. scabra. We propose a Middle Pleistocene origin for S. scabra involving species with maternal A and paternal B genomes. Our data also suggest that variation found in rDNA units in S. scabra and its progenitors reveals differences that can be explained by homogenization, deletion and amplification processes that have occurred since its origin.

Increase in growth of eucalyptus seedlings with application of homeopathic preparations

The use of less impacting techniques in agricultural systems is the global trend, so the use of homeopathic preparations on these systems has been studied as ecologically sound technology. This study had the object to study the interaction between the homeopathic preparations and the development of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake seedlings and was conducted from May 2007 to July 2007, in the greenhouse of the Department of Plant Science at the Federal University of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. Applications were made in one-day intervals and preparations utilized were Phosphorus, Calcarea carbonica, Kali muriaticum, Magnesia carbonica, all in potencies 3CH and 12CH and the controls were water and alcohol 3CH. Parameters of seedlings quality were measured in different times during the experiment, up to the end. Kali muriaticum 12CH promoted increased root length of approximately 55% compared to the water control. Phosphorus 3CH differed from other treatments considering the total green mass. The homeopathic preparations Phosphorus 3CH and Kali muriaticum 12CH increased the root growth, in relation to controls. The responses obtained with the application of Phosphorus 3CH indicate the viability of its agronomic use to increase of the root capacity of absorbing elements, as much as necessary for the plant growth. (AU)

Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Alterations in Nigrostriatal Neurons Are Involved in Environmental Enrichment Motor Protection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, being characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration of substantia nigra pars compacta. PD pharmacotherapy has been based on dopamine replacement in the striatum with the dopaminergic precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and/or with dopaminergic agonists, alongside anticholinergic drugs in order to mitigate the motor abnormalities. However, these practices neither prevent nor stop the progression of the disease. Environmental enrichment (EE) has effectively prevented several neurodegenerative processes, mainly in preclinical trials. Several studies have demonstrated that EE induces biological changes, bearing on cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and on the attenuation of the effects of stress, anxiety, and depression. Herein, we investigated whether EE could prevent the motor, biochemical, and molecular abnormalities in a murine model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridine (MPTP). Our results show that EE does not prevent the dopaminergic striatal depletion induced by MPTP, despite having averted the MPTP-induced hyperlocomotion. However, it was able to slow down and avoid, respectively, the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) depletion. Analysis of dopaminergic mRNA alterations in the midbrain showed that D1R expression was increased by MPTP, while the normal expression level of this receptor was restored by EE. As for the cholinergic system, MPTP led to a decrease in the ChAT gene expression while increasing the expression of both AChE and M1R. EE attenuated and prevented-respectively-ChAT and M1R gene expression alterations triggered by MPTP in the midbrain. Overall, our data brings new evidence supporting the neuroprotective potential of EE in PD, focusing on the interaction between dopaminergic and cholinergic systems.

Avaliação das alterações hemostáticas e do risco tromboembólico em cães com AHIM / Evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities and thromboembolic risk in dogs with IMHA

A anemia hemolítica imuno-mediada (AHIM) é a causa mais comum dentre as anemias hemolíticas e a doença imuno-mediada de maior prevalência em cães, incluindo causas primárias e secundárias. As AHIM tem sido associadas a estados de hipercoagulabilidade, sendo o tromboembolismo a complicação mais comum. Este estudo teve como objetivo correlacionar as possíveis alterações hemostáticas e o risco tromboembólico nas AHIM e nas anemias por outras etiologias. Para tanto, foram selecionados 76 cães anêmicos (hematócrito ≤ 20%) somados ao menos um sinal clínico comumente associado à AHIM ou possuir pré-disposição racial. Foram realizados os seguintes testes para os animais selecionados: teste de citometria de fluxo e avaliação do perfil hemostático (contagem de plaquetas, TP, TTPA, TT, AT, PDF e Dímeros D); além de hemograma com contagem de reticulócitos, pesquisa de hematozoários em sangue periférico, PCR para Ehrlichia sp. e sorologia para leptospirose. 59 cães foram positivos para AHIM. O estado tromboembólico foi caracterizado pela presença de alteração em três ou mais testes do perfil hemostático. 74,6% casos de AHIM foram atribuídos às doenças infecciosas, sendo em sua maioria associados à Ehrlichia sp. (88,6%). 72,1% apresentaram trombocitopenia e 57,6% apresentaram anemia regenerativa com valores significativamente maiores de metarrubrícitos e contagem de reticulócitos. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos de cães anêmicos (positivos e negativos para AHIM). Os cães anêmicos apresentaram valores médios maiores de TTPA e menores de AT e contagem de plaquetas quando comparados aos cães saudáveis (p < 0,05). 25 cães positivos e sete negativos apresentaram estado tromboembólico. A especificidade de PDF foi menor (30,2%) quando comparada outros estudos. A escolha da classe de Ig não interfere no diagnóstico de AHIM...

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common cause of hemolytic anemia and the most prevalent immune-mediated disease in dogs, which is classified in primary or secondary. IMHA has been associated with hypercoagulability state and thromboembolism has been referred as the most common complication. The purpose of this study was to correlate the possibility of hemostatic abnormalities and the thromboembolic risk in IMHA and in anemias of other etiologies. 76 dogs were selected, all exhibiting hematocrit lower than 20% and at least one clinical sign commonly associated with IMHA or breed predisposition. These dogs were tested for IMHA by flow cytometry. Hemostatic tests (platelet count, PT, APTT, TT, AT, PDF and D-dimer) as well as CBC, reticulocyte count, blood parasite search in peripheral blood smear, Ehrlichia sp. and leptospirosis tests were performed in all dogs. 59 dogs were positive for IMHA. The thromboembolic risk was characterized by the presence of three or more changes in the tests of the hemostatic profile. 74.6% cases of IMHA were attributed to infectious diseases and was mostly associated with Ehrlichia sp. (88.6%). 72.1% of dogs had thrombocytopenia and 57.6% had regenerative anemia with significantly higher values of metarubricyte and reticulocyte count. There were no significant changes between two anemic groups (positive and negative for IMHA). Anemic dogs had higher APTT mean value and lower AT and platelet counts mean values than the control group (p<0.05). 25 dogs with IMHA and seven dogs without IHMA had thromboembolic state. The specificity of PDF was lower (30.2%) than previous studies. The choice of the Ig class does not affect the diagnosis of IMHA...

Medicinal plant Combretum leprosum mart ameliorates motor, biochemical and molecular alterations in a Parkinson's disease model induced by MPTP.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Combretum leprosum is a popular medicinal plant distributed in north and northeastern regions of Brazil. Many different parts of this plant are used in traditional medicine to treat several inflammatory diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder associated with inflammatory toxic factors and the treatments available provide merely a delay of the neurodegeneration. AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated the potential neuroprotective properties of the C. leprosum ethanolic extract (C.l.EE) in a murine model of PD using the toxin 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mice were split into four groups: V/S (vehicle/saline), E/S (extract/saline), V/M (vehicle/MPTP) and E/M (extract/ MPTP). Mice received MPTP (30mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (10ml/kg, i.p.) once a day for 5 consecutive days and vehicle (10ml/kg) or C.l.EE (100mg/kg) orally by intra-gastric gavage (i.g.) during a 14-d period, starting 3 days before the first MPTP injection. All groups were assessed for behavioural impairments (amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and muscle strength), dopamine content in striatum using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expressions using qPCR. RESULTS: Animals were injected with d-amphetamine (2mg/kg) and the activity was recorded. Amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion was observed in all groups; however animals treated with MPTP showed exacerbated hyperlocomotion (approximately 3 fold increase compared to control groups). By contrast, mice treated with MPTP that received C.l.EE exhibited attenuation of the hyperlocomotion and did not differ from control groups. Muscle strength test pointed that C.l.EE strongly avoided muscular deficits caused by MPTP (approximately 2 fold increase compared to V/M group). Dopamine and its metabolites were measured in the striatum. The V/M group presented a dopamine reduction of 80%. On the other hand, the E/M group exhibited an increase in dopamine and its metabolites levels (approximately 3 fold increase compared to V/M group). Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expressions were significantly reduced in the V/M group (60%). Conversely, C.l.EE treatment was able to increase the mRNA levels of those genes in the E/M group (approximately 2 fold for TH and DAT). CONCLUSIONS: These data show, for the first time, that C. leprosum ethanolic extract prevented motor and molecular changes induced by MPTP, and partially reverted dopamine deficit. Thus, our results demonstrate that C.l.EE has potential for the treatment and prevention of PD.

Behavioural, biochemical and molecular changes induced by chronic crack-cocaine inhalation in mice: The role of dopaminergic and endocannabinoid systems in the prefrontal cortex.

Crack-cocaine addiction has increasingly become a public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. However, no studies have focused on neurobiological mechanisms underlying the severe addiction produced by this drug, which seems to differ from powder cocaine in many aspects. This study investigated behavioural, biochemical and molecular changes in mice inhaling crack-cocaine, focusing on dopaminergic and endocannabinoid systems in the prefrontal cortex. Mice were submitted to two inhalation sessions of crack-cocaine a day (crack-cocaine group) during 11 days, meanwhile the control group had no access to the drug. We found that the crack-cocaine group exhibited hyperlocomotion and a peculiar jumping behaviour ("escape jumping"). Blood collected right after the last inhalation session revealed that the anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME), a specific metabolite of cocaine pyrolysis, was much more concentrated than cocaine itself in the crack-cocaine group. Most genes related to the endocannabinoid system, CB1 receptor and cannabinoid degradation enzymes were downregulated after 11-day crack-cocaine exposition. These changes may have decreased dopamine and its metabolites levels, which in turn may be related with the extreme upregulation of dopamine receptors and tyrosine hydroxylase observed in the prefrontal cortex of these animals. Our data suggest that after 11 days of crack-cocaine exposure, neuroadaptive changes towards downregulation of reinforcing mechanisms may have taken place as a result of neurochemical changes observed on dopaminergic and endocannabinoid systems. Successive changes like these have never been described in cocaine hydrochloride models before, probably because AEME is only produced by cocaine pyrolysis and this metabolite may underlie the more aggressive pattern of addiction induced by crack-cocaine.

Vertical bone measurements from cone beam computed tomography images using different software packages.

This article aimed at comparing the accuracy of linear measurement tools of different commercial software packages. Eight fully edentulous dry mandibles were selected for this study. Incisor, canine, premolar, first molar and second molar regions were selected. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained with i-CAT Next Generation. Linear bone measurements were performed by one observer on the cross-sectional images using three different software packages: XoranCat®, OnDemand3D® and KDIS3D®, all able to assess DICOM images. In addition, 25% of the sample was reevaluated for the purpose of reproducibility. The mandibles were sectioned to obtain the gold standard for each region. Intraclass coefficients (ICC) were calculated to examine the agreement between the two periods of evaluation; the one-way analysis of variance performed with the post-hoc Dunnett test was used to compare each of the software-derived measurements with the gold standard. The ICC values were excellent for all software packages. The least difference between the software-derived measurements and the gold standard was obtained with the OnDemand3D and KDIS3D (-0.11 and -0.14 mm, respectively), and the greatest, with the XoranCAT (+0.25 mm). However, there was no statistical significant difference between the measurements obtained with the different software packages and the gold standard (p> 0.05). In conclusion, linear bone measurements were not influenced by the software package used to reconstruct the image from CBCT DICOM data.

Vertical bone measurements from cone beam computed tomography images using different software packages

This article aimed at comparing the accuracy of linear measurement tools of different commercial software packages. Eight fully edentulous dry mandibles were selected for this study. Incisor, canine, premolar, first molar and second molar regions were selected. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained with i-CAT Next Generation. Linear bone measurements were performed by one observer on the cross-sectional images using three different software packages: XoranCat®, OnDemand3D® and KDIS3D®, all able to assess DICOM images. In addition, 25% of the sample was reevaluated for the purpose of reproducibility. The mandibles were sectioned to obtain the gold standard for each region. Intraclass coefficients (ICC) were calculated to examine the agreement between the two periods of evaluation; the one-way analysis of variance performed with the post-hoc Dunnett test was used to compare each of the software-derived measurements with the gold standard. The ICC values were excellent for all software packages. The least difference between the software-derived measurements and the gold standard was obtained with the OnDemand3D and KDIS3D (-0.11 and -0.14 mm, respectively), and the greatest, with the XoranCAT (+0.25 mm). However, there was no statistical significant difference between the measurements obtained with the different software packages and the gold standard (p> 0.05). In conclusion, linear bone measurements were not influenced by the software package used to reconstruct the image from CBCT DICOM data.

Efeitos colaterais do uso da ribavirina, prednisona e DMSO em cães naturalmente infectados pelo vírus da cinomose / The side effects of ribavirin, prednisone and DMSO in dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus

O estudo tem o objetivo de identificar efeitos indesejáveis da ribavirina, prednisona e DMSO em cães naturalmente infectados com o vírus da cinomose. Foram utilizados 60 cães apresentando quadro neurológico da cinomose com evolução de 10 dias. Os animais foram internados e receberam tratamento de suporte; foram avaliados diariamente e realizados hemograma, dosagem bioquímica e exame de urina tipo I. Os grupos 1 e 2 foram tratados com ribavirina e sua associação com DMSO; os grupos 3 e 4 com DMSO e prednisona e o grupos 5 com ribavirina e prednisona e o grupo 6 com ribavirina, prednisona e DMSO. Os animais foram anestesiados para a colheita de líquor, medula óssea e sangue, antes do tratamento para diagnóstico através da RT-PCR. As amostras negativas foram analisadas pela técnica de hn-PCR. Todos os animais apresentaram resultado positivo em pelo menos uma das duas reações. O efeito adverso da ribavirina e a sua associação com a prednisona foi a anemia hemolítica, que foi confirmada pela observação de bilirrubina na urina apenas dos cães tratados com ribavirina.

The present study aims at the identification of undesirable effects of ribavirin, predinisone and DMSO in dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus. The research analyzed 60 dogs with clinical neurological signs and 10 days of evolution. The animals were hospitalized for the appropriate support treatment; were daily observed, and complete blood cells count, biochemical analysis, and urine exam type I were conducted. Groups 1 and 2 were treated with ribavirin and its combination with DMSO; Groups 3 and 4 treated with prednisone and DMSO, Group 5 treated with ribavirin and prednisone, while Group 6 with ribavirin, prednisone and DMSO. Before the treatment, animals were anesthetized for the cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow and blood samples collection for the diagnosis based on RT-PCR. The negative samples were analyzed using the hn-PCR technique. All the animals presented positive results in at least one of the 2 tests. The adverse result of ribavirin and its association with prednisone was characterized by haemolytic anemia, confirmed by the evaluation of bilirrubin occurrence only in the urine of dogs treated with ribavirin.

Avaliação da eficácia de diferentes protocolos de preparo do Plasma Rico em Plaquetas para uso em Medicina Equina / Evaluating the effectiveness of different protocols for preparation of platelet rich plasma for use in equine medicine

O Plasma Rico em Plaquetas (PRP) é um preparado do sangue total que contém diversos fatores de crescimento responsáveis pela proliferação e diferenciação celular, angiogênese, como também pelo aumento da produção da matriz extracelular. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar 10 protocolos diferentes de centrifugação para obtenção de PRP a partir do sangue total de equinos hígidos. Para isso foram utilizadas 10 amostras de 27mL de sangue total de cinco animais, as quais foram centrifugadas conforme cada protocolo proposto. Os resultados revelaram que os protocolos com menor força de centrifugação relativa resultaram em maior (p<0,05) concentração de plaquetas e, que não houve (p>0,05) influência do tempo de centrifugação em relação a essa variável. A influência do tempo foi observada apenas no número de leucócitos em protocolos com menor força de centrifugação relativa (FCR). Os quatro melhores protocolos, que obtiveram as maiores concentrações de plaquetas, foram submetidos à análise pelo teste de ELISA para dosar a quantidade de TGF-β que não revelou diferença (p>0,05) entre os protocolos.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a prepared of the whole blood which contains several growth factors responsible for cellular proliferation and differentiation, angiogenesis, and for the increase of the extracellular matrix. Thus, the aim of this study was to test 10 different centrifugation protocols to obtain PRP from the whole blood of healthy equines. Ten samples of 27mL of the whole blood of 5 healthy equines were used, which were centrifuged in accordance to the proposed protocols. The results showed that the protocols with less relative centrifugation force resulted in greater (p<0,05) platelets concentration. Also, platelets concentration was not influenced by varying the time of centrifugation. However, time did affect the number of leukocytes in some protocols. The best four protocols were analyzed by ELISA test to quantitate the amount of TGF-β, which revealed no difference (p> 0.05) between the protocols.

Elastic liposomes containing benzophenone-3 for sun protection factor enhancement.

This work was focused on the loading of benzophenone-3 in elastic liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, prepared by the Bangham method. Samples were characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro photoprotection properties. The extrusion of liposomes loading benzophenone-3 produced reduced-size (100 nm) elastic liposomes with a PI of 0.2. The active was loaded with a concentration of 20.34% (m/m) revealing changes in the ultraviolet properties after loading. On the basis of these results, it can be anticipated that liposomes are able to improve sun protector factor in vitro compared the free active.

Avaliação dos níveis de frutosamina em gatos sob estresse agudo e crônico / Assessment of fructosamine concentrations in cats with acute and chronic-stress

Frutosaminas são proteínas séricas glicadas formadas continuamente resultantes da ligação entre a glicose e proteínas circulantes, e correspondem à avaliação glicêmica de aproximadamente uma a duas semanas em gatos. A concentração de frutosamina tem sido utilizada para a diferenciação entre a hiperglicemia persistente e transitória induzida pelo estresse, sendo considerado o teste padrão ouro para o controle da glicemia em gatos diabéticos. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar a influência dos estados de estresse agudo e crônico em gatos sobre os níveis séricos de frutosamina. Foram selecionados 62 felinos provenientes do atendimento no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ - UNESP Botucatu, distribuídos em três grupos: felinos com histórico de qualquer doença ou condições de estresse, excluindose o diabetes mellitus (DM), por um período máximo de 48 horas (Grupo A, n = 21) ou por um período superior a 120 horas (Grupo B, n = 27). O terceiro grupo (Grupo C = controle) foi formado por 14 felinos saudáveis. Os grupos foram avaliados quanto às dosagens séricas de frutosamina, glicose, proteína e albumina. Foi constatado um aumento significativo nos valores de frutosamina tanto nos animais submetidos ao estresse agudo quanto crônico, porém os níveis mantiveram-se dentro do intervalo de referência. Da mesma forma, os animais, em média, também se encontravam em normoglicemia, apesar da correlação positiva entre as concentrações de glicose e frutosamina. Conclui-se que a concentração de frutosamina sofre influência dos estados de estresse agudo e crônico em gatos, mantendo-se, porém, dentro dos limites de referência, sendo, portanto, útil no diagnóstico do DM.

circulating proteins, and corresponding to the blood glucose control assessment over the last one to two weeks in cats. The fructosamine concentration has been used for differentiation between persistent and transient hyperglycemia. Therefore, the determination of fructosamine is considered the gold standard for monitoring glycemia into control in diabetic cats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of acute and chronic stress of cats on serum fructosamine. 62 cats were selected from the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ - UNESP, Botucatu campus. They were distributed into three groups: cats with a history of any illness or stress condition, excluding Diabetes Mellitus (DM), for a maximum of 48 hours (Group A, n = 21) or for a period exceeding 120 hours (Group B n = 27). The third group (Group C = control) was formed by 14 health cats. The groups were evaluated for serum fructosamine, glucose, protein and albumin. In this study, there was a significant increase in the values of fructosamine in animals subjected to acute and chronic stress, but these values remained within the reference range. The animals were, on average, normoglycemic, despite the positive correlation between fructosamine and glucose concentrations. We conclude that the fructosamine concentration is influenced by acute and chronic stress in cats, remaining, however, within the reference range, and therefore, still useful in the diagnosis of DM.

Avaliações hematológicas e bioquímicas do uso de diclofenaco de sódio, meloxicam e firocoxibe em ratos / Evaluations hematological and biochemical by the use of sodium diclofenac, meloxicam and firocoxib in rats

O presente trabalho avaliou os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos do uso de diclofenaco de sódio, meloxicam e firocoxibe em ratos Wistar. Os ratos foram distribuídos em grupos: G1 (controle), G2 (diclofenaco de sódio: 15 mg/kg), G3 (meloxicam: 2,0 mg/ kg), G4 (meloxicam: 10,0 mg/ kg), G5 (firocoxibe: 5,0 mg/ kg) e G6 (firocoxibe: 25,0 mg/ kg). Os fármacos foram administrados por via intragástrica (gavage) a cada 24 horas, durante cinco dias e avaliados em três momentos: M1 (48 horas após o início do tratamento), M2 (96 horas após o início do tratamento) e M3 (72 horas após o término do tratamento). Em cada momento de cada grupo, foram avaliados de cinco a sete animais e realizados os exames laboratoriais. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos com o uso de meloxicam e firocoxibe. O diclofenaco de sódio produziu alterações no eritrograma (redução de hemácias, hematócrito e na taxa de hemoglobina) durante o tratamento e não alterou a contagem das plaquetas e leucometria, com exceção dos basófilos. Não produziu alterações nas atividades de AST, FA, GGT, ureia, creatinina, sódio e potássio. Entretanto, causou diminuições das proteínas plasmática e total sérica, albumina e globulina. Conclui-se que o diclofenaco de sódio não produz grandes alterações no hemograma e exames bioquímicos, enquanto que, o meloxicame o firocoxibe não produzem alterações e efeitos deletérios dose-dependentes nestes exames laboratoriais.

This work has evaluated the hematological and biochemical profile by the use of sodium diclofenac, meloxicam and firocoxib in Wistar rats. The rats were distributed in groups: G1 (control), G2 (diclofenac sodium: 15 mg/kg), G3 (meloxicam: 2.0 mg/ kg), G4 (meloxicam: 10.0 mg/ kg), G5 (firocoxib: 5.0 mg/ kg) e G6 (firocoxib: 25.0 mg/ kg). The drugs were administered intragastrically (gavage) once a day, during five days and evaluated in three moments: M1 (48 hours after the beginning of the treatment), M2 (96 hours after the beginning of the treatment) and M3 (72 hours after the ending of the treatment). In each moment of each group, five to seven animals were evaluated and laboratory exams were performed. There were no significant changes observed in the biochemical and hematological parameters by the use of meloxicam and firocoxib. One of the effects of the sodium diclofenac was eritrogram variation as hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemoglobin decrease during the treatment. In addition, the platelets and total white blood cells counts did not change except for basophil. There was no changes in AST, ALP, GGT, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium values. However, the values of protein, globulin and albumin decreased. It was concluded that diclofenac sodium does not provide large variations in the hemogram and biochemical profile than the meloxicam and firocoxib do not provide delletery effects in laboratories tests.

Are the heart failure guidelines being implemented in primary care?

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) is an important public health concern in Brazil due to its high prevalence. Our objective was to study the performance of primary care physicians of the public health system in the management of heart failure in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, comparing their practice to that recommended by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (BSC) guidelines. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 167 patients aged over 18, with a primary diagnosis of heart failure (HF), were studied at the university hospital by questionnaire, physical exam, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, and echocardiogram (echo) as the gold standard exam. RESULTS: HF was not confirmed by echo criteria in 56 cases (33.5%). Sixty-nine patients (40.6%) had not previously undergone any diagnostic exam. Mean age was 61 years (+/- 13.3) and 57% were women. The main divergences from the guidelines were underuse of echo (11.4%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (64.1%) and beta-blockers (BBs) (26.0%), and the most often prescribed of the latter were those without benefits in morbidity and mortality --propranolol (15.6%) and atenolol (6.6%). The association of ACEIs and BBs was used in 25% of patients. Diuretics were the most prescribed (64.7%) and spironolactone was used in 9.0% of cases. CONCLUSION: There is a significant divergence between primary practice and the BSC guidelines. In this setting, the limited availability of echo and of the recommended drugs, combined with a lack of information, restricts their use. A program to improve adherence to the guidelines and to an evidence-based approach, through continuous medical training, should be implemented to improve the quality of primary care.

Elaboração de perdas por mulheres maduras saudáveis / Elaboration on losses experienced by healthy mature women

Este estudo pretendeu mergulhar no campo psicológico de mulheres maduras saudáveis, levantando dados sobre a maneira como lidaram com as perdas que lhe foram imputadas pela vida, sejam elas reais ou imaginárias. A pesquisa investigou a forma como essas mulheres elaboraram seus lutos. Constituiu-se numa pesquisa exploratória, com método qualitativo e clínico com abordagem psicodinâmica. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas que foram gravadas, transcritas e interpretadas. Como resultado, obteve-se que, diante das perdas, houve o fortalecimento do Ego nas três mulheres investigadas; sendo assim, a experiência foi elaborada de forma positiva, bem sucedida, funcionando assim como uma alavanca para o crescimento. Isso se traduz em mais força e segurança pessoal, ou seja, em auto-estima. As mulheres demonstraram ter consciência de suas limitações, tanto quanto de sua força, ou seja, de sua capacidade de superar obstáculos. Concluí-se que a passagem normal pelo luto trouxe-lhes a possibilidade de re-significação das perdas, o apaziguamento de aspectos negativos inerentes à ambigüidade que elas imputam e possibilitou a formação de novos vínculos, provavelmente em função de uma maior integração da personalidade em seus aspectos negativos e positivos

Elaboração de perdas por mulheres maduras saudáveis / Elaboration on losses experienced by healthy mature women

Este estudo pretendeu mergulhar no campo psicológico de mulheres maduras saudáveis, levantando dados sobre a maneira como lidaram com as perdas que lhe foram imputadas pela vida, sejam elas reais ou imaginárias. A pesquisa investigou a forma como essas mulheres elaboraram seus lutos. Constituiu-se numa pesquisa exploratória, com método qualitativo e clínico com abordagem psicodinâmica. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas que foram gravadas, transcritas e interpretadas. Como resultado, obteve-se que, diante das perdas, houve o fortalecimento do Ego nas três mulheres investigadas; sendo assim, a experiência foi elaborada de forma positiva, bem sucedida, funcionando assim como uma alavanca para o crescimento. Isso se traduz em mais força e segurança pessoal, ou seja, em auto-estima. As mulheres demonstraram ter consciência de suas limitações, tanto quanto de sua força, ou seja, de sua capacidade de superar obstáculos. Concluí-se que a passagem normal pelo luto trouxe-lhes a possibilidade de re-significação das perdas, o apaziguamento de aspectos negativos inerentes à ambigüidade que elas imputam e possibilitou a formação de novos vínculos, provavelmente em função de uma maior integração da personalidade em seus aspectos negativos e positivos (AU)