Sobrepeso, obesidad y consumo de azúcares en población escolar y adolescente de México. Ensanut 2020-2022.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación de la contribución de los azúcares con sobrepeso y obesidad (Sp+Ob) en población escolar y adolescente. Material y métodos. En una muestra de 2 844 escolares y adolescentes de 5 a 19 años se determinó el estado de Sp+Ob según los patrones de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como el consumo de azúcares totales, añadidos e intrínsecos (%kcal/día) con información de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se estimó la probabilidad ajustada de presentar Sp+Ob mediante modelos de regresión logística con interacción entre el consumo de azúcares y la condición de bienestar. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de Sp+Ob fue del 41% en la población de 5 a 19 años y más de 60% excedió el límite recomendado de consumo de azúcares añadidos del 10% de energía; las bebidas endulzadas fueron el grupo que más contribuyó a este consumo elevado. La probabilidad de presentar Sp+Ob a mayores consumos de azúcar añadido fue significativamente mayor en el tercil alto de condición de bienestar (0.59) vs. el bajo (0.30). CONCLUSIONES: El Sp+Ob y el consumo de azúcares añadidos son elevados en la población de 5 a 19 años en México. Se requiere fortalecer, focalizar y diversificar las estrategias de atención a estos problemas considerando las diferencias sociodemográficas de la población.

Prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en población escolar y adolescente de México. Ensanut Continua 2020-2022.

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia actualizada de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares y adolescentes mexicanos con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua (Ensanut Continua) en el periodo de 2020-2022. Material y métodos. Este análisis incluyó una muestra de 6 950 escolares y 5 421 adolescentes participantes de la Ensanut Continua 2020-2022. A partir de sus mediciones de peso y talla se obtuvo el puntaje Z de IMC (índice de masa corporal) y se estimaron las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad a nivel nacional, por sexo, localidad de residencia, región y condición de bienestar. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de sobrepeso en escolares fue de 19.2% (IC95%: 18.0,20.4) y la de obesidad de 18.1% (IC95%: 16.8,19.4). En el caso de los hombres escolares se observa un incremento de 5.8 puntos porcentuales (pp) en la prevalencia de obesidad de 2006 al 2020-2022. En adolescentes, la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de 23.9% (IC95%: 22.4,25.5) y de obesidad fue de 17.2% (IC95%: 15.8,18.6); en ambos sexos se ha incrementado la prevalencia de obesidad en poco más de 5 pp del 2006 al 2020-2022. Conclusión. El sobrepeso y obesidad en estos grupos de edad continúa siendo un problema de salud poblacional en México, es necesario profundizar en el estudio de estrategias efectivas para su atención.

[Prevalence and susceptibility to obesity in a national sample of school-age children and adolescents in Mexico]. / Prevalencia y predisposición a la obesidad en una muestra nacional de niños y adolescentes en México.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the obesity prevalence among school-age children in Mexico and define possible risk-associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut 2018-19) was used. Information from 6 268 school-age children and 5 670 teenagers was obtained. Logistic regression models were esti-mated in order to study the relationship between overweight and obesity (OW+O) and sociodemographic variables, OW+O condition in their parents, health, dietary and healthy behaviors variables. RESULTS: . OW+O in school-age children and teenagers is associated with the presence of OW+O in their mothers (p<0.001), more time spent in front of a screen and belonging to a middle wealth conditions index; a negative association was found for dietary fiber consumption. In teenagers with obesity, the odds for depression showed an increase. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to identify the predisposing and risk factors and the causes behind obesity in children in order to design integral prevention strategies.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de obesidad escolar y adolescente en México y definir posibles factores de riesgo asociados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-2019 (Ensanut 2018-19). Se obtuvo información de 6 268 niños escolares y 5 670 adolescentes. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística para estudiar la relación del sobrepeso y la obesidad (SP+O) con variables sociodemográficas, presencia de SP+O en padres, variables de salud y dietéticas y hábitos saludables. RESULTADOS: La presencia de SP+O en escolares y adolescentes está asociada con la presencia de SP+O en la madre (p<0.001), con mayor tiempo frente a pantalla y con el índice de condiciones de bienestar medio, y se reduce a mayor consumo de fibra. En adolescentes con obesidad la probabilidad de depresión se incrementa. CONCLUSIONES: Es importante reconocer los factores predisponentes y de riesgo y las causas detrás de la obesidad infantil para diseñar estrategias de prevención integrales.

Prevalencia y predisposición a la obesidad en una muestra nacional de niños y adolescentes en México / Prevalence and susceptibility to obesity in a national sample of school-age children and adolescents in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de obesidad escolar y adolescente en México y definir posibles factores de riesgo asociados. Material y métodos: La información proviene de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-2019 (Ensanut 2018-19). Se obtuvo información de 6 268 niños escolares y 5 670 adolescentes. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística para estudiar la relación del sobrepeso y la obesidad (SP+O) con variables sociodemográficas, presencia de SP+O en padres, variables de salud y dietéticas y hábitos saludables. Resultados: La presencia de SP+O en escolares y adolescentes está asociada con la presencia de SP+O en la madre (p<0.001), con mayor tiempo frente a pantalla y con el índice de condiciones de bienestar medio, y se reduce a mayor consumo de fibra. En adolescentes con obesidad la probabilidad de depresión se incrementa. Conclusión: Es importante reconocer los factores predisponentes y de riesgo y las causas detrás de la obesidad infantil para diseñar estrategias de prevención integrales.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the obesity prevalence among school-age children in Mexico and define possible risk-associated factors. Materials and methods: Data from National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut 2018-19) was used. Information from 6 268 school-age children and 5 670 teenagers was obtained. Logistic regression models were estimated in order to study the relationship between overweight and obesity (OW+O) and sociodemographic variables, OW+O condition in their parents, health, dietary and healthy behaviors variables. Results: OW+O in school-age children and teenagers is associated with the presence of OW+O in their mothers (p<0.001), more time spent in front of a screen and belonging to a middle wealth conditions index; a negative association was found for dietary fiber consumption. In teenagers with obesity, the odds for depression showed an increase. Conclusion: It is important to identify the predisposing and risk factors and the causes behind obesity in children in order to design integral prevention strategies.

Compliance with nutrition standards in Mexican schools and their effectiveness: a repeated cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Mexico approved mandatory nutrient-based standards for foods sold in schools in 2011. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between compliance with nutrition standards for foods sold in schools and children's school snacks. METHODS: Data came from three surveys representative of Mexican elementary schools in 13 states and their students (2012, 2013 and 2015); n = 645 children from N = 99 different schools. Information on foods sold in schools and snacks consumed by children was collected through direct observation. Compliance with the standards was defined as the proportion of foods sold in school which met nutrition criteria established by the standards. Snacks were classified as healthy if they contained at least one fruit or vegetable and had no sugar-sweetened beverages. Robust logistic regression models for cross-sectional and repeated surveys aggregated at the school-level were fitted to quantify the association between school compliance with standards and healthy snacks. RESULTS: On average across waves 27% of foods sold complied with nutrition standards; 18% of children consumed a healthy snack. For snacks purchased in school, a 10% increase in school compliance with the standards was associated with a 32% increase in the odds of a healthy snack (OR = 1.32; 95%CI 1.09,1.61); no association was observed for snacks brought from home. The odds of a healthy snack increased over time in schools where compliance with the standards improved (OR = 3.89; 95%CI 1.47,10.31) but not in those where compliance remained constant or decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Only a small proportion of children are eating healthy snacks in school. School compliance with standards increases the likelihood of a healthy snack if it is bought at school. Our findings support better implementation of the standards and additional strategies to enhance the policy to achieve its aim of reducing childhood obesity.

Food insecurity and maternal-child nutritional status in Mexico: cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between household food insecurity (HFI) and risk of childhood stunting and to determine whether this association is modified by maternal-child overweight/obesity. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING: Data come from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012 by its initials in Spanish), representative of rural and urban areas. PARTICIPANTS: Our study sample included 5087 mother-preschool child pairs and 7181 mother-schoolchild pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in the prevalence (95% CI) of each HFI category by socioeconomic characteristics and maternal-child nutritional status were estimated. A logistic regression model was conducted for stunting and overweight among preschool children and for stunting and overweight/obesity among schoolchildren, adjusting for pertinent covariates. HFI was measured according to the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA by its initials in Spanish). Weight and recumbent lenght or height measures were obtained from children. Overweight and obesity in women were determined according to the WHO Growth Reference Charts. The following covariates were included: sex of the child. urbanicity (urban/rural), region of residence and maternal education. Benefiting from food assistance programmes and socioeconomic status index were also included. Results were expressed as adjusted ORs. RESULTS: Stunting proved more prevalent in preschool children with moderate or severe HFI (16.2% and 16.8%, respectively) (p=0.036 and p=0.007, respectively) than in their counterparts with mild or no HFI (13.2% and 10.7%, respectively). Furthermore, the interaction between HFI and maternal obesity had a significant impact on stunting in preschool children (p<0.05). Severe HFI increased risk of stunting in children with non-obese mothers but not in those with obese mothers. CONCLUSION: We have discovered a new relationship between HFI and maternal obesity on the one hand and risk of childhood stunting on the other hand. This may reflect a shared mechanism involving dual forms of malnutrition.

Effectiveness of a diet and physical activity promotion strategy on the prevention of obesity in Mexican school children.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity in children in Mexico was among the countries with the highest prevalence's in the world. Mexico currently has few innovative and comprehensive experiences to help curb the growth of this serious public health problem. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a nutrition and physical activity strategy, called "Nutrition on the Go" ("nutrición en movimiento") in maintaining the BMI values of school children in the State of Mexico. METHODS: A two-stage cluster trial was carried out. Sixty schools were selected in the State of Mexico, of which 30 were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) and 30 to the control group (CG). A total of 1020 fifth grade school children participated. The intervention strategy aimed to decrease the energy content of school breakfasts and include fruits and vegetables, as well as increase physical activity and the consumption of water during the time spent at school. The strategy was implemented over a 6-month period. RESULTS: The estimated probability (EP) of obesity between baseline and the final stage for the IG decreased 1% (Initial EP = 11.8%, 95%CI 9.0, 15.2, final EP = 10.8, 95%CI 8.4, 13.) For the CG, the probability increased 0.9% (baseline EP = 10.6%; 95%CI 8.1, 13.7; final EP = 11.5, 95%CI 9.0, 14.6). The interaction between the intervention and the stage is the average odd time corrected treatment effect, which is statistically significant (p = 0.01) (OR = 0.68, 95%CI 0.52, 091).This represents the interaction between intervention and stage, which is highly significant (p = 0.01) (OR = 0.68; 95%CI 0.52, 091). In addition, girls had a protective effect on obesity (OR = 0.56; 95%CI 0.39, 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention strategy is effective in maintaining the BMI of school children.

[Health and nutrition status of older adults in Mexico: results of a national probabilistic survey]. / Estado de salud y nutrición de los adultos mayores en México: resultados de una encuesta probabilística nacional.

OBJECTIVE: To describe health and nutrition status in the elderly population in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information from 5,480 adults (>60 years) obtained by the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2006) was analyzed. Frequencies, means, and confidence intervals at 95% were obtained and adjusted for design effect. RESULTS: Forty percent of the adults reported a lack of social security, 2% suffered from malnutrition, women were affected two times more than men by anemia (34.8 vs. 17%), more than 60% of the population were overweight and had obesity, approximately 25% suffered from hypertension according to the survey, and between 15 and 20% were diabetic. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that health and nutrition status among the Mexican elderly population is inadequate. This is a situation that urgently needs to be addressed in order to improve the quality of life of older adults in Mexico.

Estado de salud y nutrición de los adultos mayores en México: resultados de una encuesta probabilística nacional / Health and nutrition status of older adults in Mexico: results of a national probabilistic survey

OBJETIVO: Describir el estado de salud y nutrición de los adultos mayores en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó la información de 5 480 adultos >60 años de edad de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT 2006). Se obtuvieron prevalencias, medias e intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento tras ajustar por el efecto del diseño. RESULTADOS: Hasta 40 por ciento de los adultos mayores carece de seguridad social y 2 por ciento padece desnutrición; la anemia afecta dos veces más a las mujeres que a los hombres (34.8 contra 17 por ciento). Más de 60 por ciento sufre sobrepeso y obesidad; cerca de 25 por ciento corresponde a hipertensos diagnosticados por la encuesta y 15 a 20 por ciento a diabéticos. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de este estudio muestran que los adultos mayores en México poseen un estado de salud y nutrición inadecuado, lo cual es urgente atender a fin de optimizar su calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To describe health and nutrition status in the elderly population in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information from 5 480 adults (>60 years) obtained by the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2006) was analyzed. Frequencies, means, and confidence intervals at 95 percent were obtained and adjusted for design effect. RESULTS: Forty percent of the adults reported a lack of social security, 2 percent suffered from malnutrition, women were affected two times more than men by anemia (34.8 vs. 17 percent), more than 60 percent of the population were overweight and had obesity, approximately 25 percent suffered from hypertension according to the survey, and between 15 and 20 percent were diabetic. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that health and nutrition status among the Mexican elderly population is inadequate. This is a situation that urgently needs to be addressed in order to improve the quality of life of older adults in Mexico.