Candesartan exhibits low intrinsic permeation capacity and affects buccal tissue viability and integrity: An ex vivo study in porcine buccal mucosa.

Candesartan is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor blocker that selectively binds to angiotensin II receptor subtype 1. It is administered orally in its ester form (candesartan cilexetil). However, its poor aqueous solubility results in its low bioavailability; therefore, other routes of administration must be explored. The buccal mucosa has been extensively studied as an alternative route for drug delivery as it improves the bioavailability of drugs administered via the peroral route. Porcine buccal mucosa has been widely used as an ex vivo model to study the permeability of various diffusants; however, studies on candesartan are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the ex vivo permeation profile of candesartan and its effects on the viability and integrity of porcine buccal mucosa. Initially, we evaluated the viability, integrity, and barrier function of the buccal tissue before performing permeability tests using freshly excised tissues or tissues after 12 h of resection. Here, three indicators were used: caffeine, ß-estradiol, and FD-20 penetration; mucosal metabolic activity, as determined using MTT reduction assay; and haematoxylin and eosin staining. Our results indicated that the porcine buccal mucosa preserved its viability, integrity, and barrier function before the permeation assay, allowing the passage of molecules with a molecular mass of less than 20 kDa, such as caffeine, but not ß-estradiol and FD-20. Furthermore, we analyzed the intrinsic capacity of candesartan to diffuse through the fresh porcine buccal mucosa under two pH conditions. The concentration of candesartan in the receptor chamber of Franz diffusion cell was quantified using ultra-high liquid chromatography. In the permeation assay, candesartan exhibited a low intrinsic permeation capacity that impacted the buccal tissue viability and integrity, suggesting that using the buccal mucosa as an alternative route of administration requires developing a pharmaceutical formulation that reduces the adverse effects on mucosa and increasing the buccal permeability of candesartan.

Human Salivary α-Amylase and Starch Digestion: A Simple and Inexpensive At-Home Laboratory Experience in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 in Colombia was detected on March 6, 2020. Subsequently, schools, colleges, and universities were closed on March 26, which forced a massive migration to virtual education and impacted laboratory-based teaching courses. The teaching of biochemistry requires an experimental component that virtual laboratories cannot emulate. To address this concern, the article describes an at-home biochemistry laboratory experience that explores the hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase as a function of enzyme concentration, reaction time, and pH. The general success of the experience was assessed through the quality of information submitted through laboratory reports and feedback from students. A total of 19 laboratory reports were reviewed, and 50 students were surveyed. The analysis indicated that approximately 90% of students expressed favorable opinions about the experience. They understood the objective of the practice, identified the function of each material, and explained the relationship between the obtained results and concepts of enzyme activity presented in theoretical classes. Finally, the study concluded that the at-home laboratory experience is inexpensive and easy to perform outside the traditional laboratory. Furthermore, it enables a genuine practical experience with observations, data collection, analysis, and discussion of results, which meets the expectations for pharmaceutical chemistry students at the Universidad El Bosque in Bogotá, Colombia.

Foodomics evaluation of the anti-proliferative potential of Passiflora mollissima seeds.

The anti-proliferative potential of Passiflora mollissima seeds, an underexplored agri-food waste, was investigated in this work by evaluating the molecular changes induced at transcript and metabolite expression levels on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. For this purpose, a pressurized-liquid extract from P. mollissima seeds obtained under optimized conditions was used for the treatment of HT-29 cells and a multi-omics strategy applied, integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, along with viability and cell cycle assays to study the molecular mechanisms that explain the anti-proliferative activity of this fruit by-product. After treatment for 48 and 72 h, the viability of HT-29 colon cancer cells was markedly affected, whereas minor effects were observed on normal human colon fibroblast cells. The bioactive extract was shown to arrest HT-29 cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, which might be mediated by the inactivation of the FAT10 cancer signalling pathway among other genes identified as altered in the transcriptomic analysis. In addition, cellular redox homeostasis, as well as the polyamines pathway and methionine metabolism were found to be affected as suggested from the metabolomics data. Finally, the Foodomics integration enabled the identification of genes, such as MAD2L1, involved in the polyamine and glutathione metabolism, or the inactivation of the NUPR1 transcription factor, that might be related with the alteration of the intracellular ceramide levels in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Repeated Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 exposure leads to release pro-inflammatory cytokynes and angiotensin II in coronary artery endothelial cells.

The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or its virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) not only has been related with periodontitis but also with endothelial dysfunction, a key mechanism involved in the genesis of atherosclerosis and hypertension that involving systemic inflammatory markers as angiotensin II (Ang II) and cytokines. This study compares the effect of repeated and unique exposures of P. gingivalis W83 LPS and live bacteria on the production and expression of inflammatory mediators and vasoconstrictor molecules with Ang II. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were stimulated with purified LPS of P. gingivalis (1.0, 3.5 or 7.0 µg/mL) or serial dilutions of live bacteria (MOI 1: 100 - 1:0,1) at a single or repeated exposure for a time of 24 h. mRNA expression levels of AGTR1, AGTR2, IL-8, IL-1ß and MCP-1 were determined by RT-qPCR, and IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-1ß and GM-CSF levels were measured by flow cytometry, ELISA determined Ang II levels. Live bacteria in a single dose increased mRNA levels of AGTR1, and repeated doses increased mRNA levels of IL-8 and IL-1ß (p < 0.05). Repeated exposure of live-P. gingivalis induced significant production IL-6, MCP-1 and GM-CSF (p < 0.05). Moreover, these MCP-1, IL-6 and GM-CSF levels were greater than in cells treated with single exposure (p < 0.05), The expression of AGTR1 and production of Ang II induced by live-P. gingivalis W83 showed a vasomotor effect of whole bacteria in HCAEC more than LPS. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that repeated exposure of P. gingivalis in HCAEC induces the activation of proinflammatory and vasoconstrictor molecules that lead to endothelial dysfunction being a key mechanism of the onset and progression of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis.

An integrated approach for the valorization of mango seed kernel: Efficient extraction solvent selection, phytochemical profiling and antiproliferative activity assessment.

A novel valorization strategy is proposed in this work for the sustainable utilization of a major mango processing waste (i.e. mango seed kernel, MSK), integrating green pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE), bioactive assays and comprehensive HRMS-based phytochemical characterization to obtain bioactive-rich fractions with high antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity against human colon cancer cells. Thus, a two steps PLE procedure was proposed to recover first the non-polar fraction (fatty acids and lipids) and second the polar fraction (polyphenols). Efficient selection of the most suitable solvent for the second PLE step (ethanol/ethyl acetate mixture) was based on the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) approach. A comprehensive GC- and LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS profiling analysis allowed the complete characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions obtained under optimal condition (100% EtOH at 150 °C), demonstrating the abundance of oleic and stearic acids, as well as bioactive xanthones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, gallate derivatives and gallotannins. The obtained MSK-extract exhibited higher antiproliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 compared to traditional extraction procedures described in literature for MSK utilization (e.g. Soxhlet), demonstrating the great potential of the proposed valorization strategy as a valuable opportunity for mango processing industry to deliver a value-added product to the market with health promoting properties.

Caracterización del perfil quimiosensibilidad y del estado de ampliación génica de un panel de líneas celulares de origen tumoral pulmonar / Characterization of chemosensitivity profile gene amplification status of a panel of lung cancer cell lines

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un análisis de amplificación génica y de sensibilidad a fármacos antineoplásicos, realizado para un panel de líneas celulares de origen tumoral pulmonar. Para los ensayos de quimiosensibilidad las células fueron tratadas durante 48 h con concentraciones variables de taxol, cisplatino, doxorrubicina y 5-fluoracilo. La citotoxicidad de los fármacos se cuantificó usando el ensayo de reducción de resazurina y se reportó en valores de concentración inhibitoria 50 (CI50). Para los análisis de amplificación génica se emplearon sondas TaqMan® dirigidas contra los genes AKT2, PIK3CA, ERBB2, EGFR, c-REL y genes de la familia MYC. El número de copias para cada gen fue calculado usando el método de doble delta Ct, empleando ACTB como gen de referencia y la línea MRC-5 como muestra control. Los resultados mostraron que la viabilidad de todas las líneas celulares se afectó por el tratamiento con taxol, cisplatino y doxorrubicina, pero no con el tratamiento con 5-fluoracilo. Las CI50 calculadas se ubicaron entre 0,38 ± 0,03 µM y 111,3 ± 3,58 µM, siendo el taxol y la doxorrubicina los fármacos más potentes. Del panel evaluado las células NCI-H292 resultaron ser las más sensibles y las células LSPG8G las más resistentes a los fármacos. Interesantemente en las células NCI-H292 ningún gen se encontró amplificado; por el contrario en las células LSPG8G los genes cMYC, MYCN, MYCL y AKT2 mostraron un aumento en el número de copias con respecto al de las células control. Estos resultados sugieren que eventos de amplificación génica podrían contribuir con el fenómeno de quimioresistencia en líneas celulares de cáncer de pulmón, sin embargo otros estudios deben realizarse para confirmar esta hipótesis.

In this paper, we show results of anticancer drug sensitivity assays and studies of gen amplification performed for a panel of lung cancer cell lines. For the chemosensitivity assays the cells were treated for 48 h with different concentrations of taxol, cisplatin, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil. The cytotoxic effect of each drug was determined using the resazurin reduction assay and reported in terms of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50). For the analysis of gene amplification we used TaqMan® probes designed against AKT2, PIK3CA, ERBB2, EGFR, REL and MYC family members. Copy number for each gene was calculated using the delta-delta-CT method, employing ACTB as reference gen and MRC-5 cell line as control sample. In the chemosensitivity assays, we observed a clear decrease in cell viability in the cells treated with taxol, cisplatin and doxorubicin but not in the cells treated with 5-fluorouracil. IC50 values ranging between 0,38± 0,03 µM and 111,3 ±3,58 µM, being the taxol and doxorubicin the most potent drugs. NCI-H292 cell line was the most sensitivity and LSPG8G cell line was the most resistant. Interestingly, NCI-H292 cells did not show increase in the copy numbers for the gene evaluated, in contrast, we observed changes in the gene dosage for cMYC, MYCN, MYCL and AKT2 in LSPG8G cells. These results suggest that gene amplification could contribute to drug resistance in lung cancer cell lines; however, more studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Development and validation of a TaqMan multiplex PCR assay for the Gene Dosage Quantification in cancer / Desarrollo y validación de PCR múltiplex con sondas TaqMan para la cuantificación de la dosis génica en cáncer

Gene dosage tests are very important for the molecular diagnosis of diseases caused by either deletion or amplification of a specific DNA region containing certain genes. Changes in gene copy number may lead to under- or over expression of genes responsible for the disease phenotype. Discovering these defects and understanding their biological meaning can lead to improved therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) still remains the gold standard method for gene dosage analysis. However have several limitations since locus specific probes are expensive, the procedure is significantly time-consuming and tandem microduplications may be undetected as a result of the limited resolution on metaphase spreads. Quantitative Real-time PCR is a rapid assay with results available in 24h, has advantages in terms of sensitivity and specificity. In the present study, we have developed an assay using TaqManTM multiplex Real-time PCR for gene dosage analysis of oncogenes EGFR, ERBB2, AKT2, CMYC, MYCN, MYCL1, PI3KCA and REL in human cell lines. This method calculates the copy number of each oncogen and is a promising alternative technique to FISH and Southern blot. Therefore, this technique could be considered as a powerful method gene dosage quantitation in clinical and research genetic surveys.

La evaluación de la dosis génica constituye una herramienta importante para el diagnóstico molecular de enfermedades causadas tanto por la pérdida o amplificación de una región específica de ADN. El cambio en el número de copias génicas, puede conllevar a la pérdida o sobreexpresión de los genes responsables de fenotipo de la enfermedad. El descubrimiento de estas alteraciones y la comprensión de su significado biológico pueden conducir al incremento de las oportunidades terapéuticas en cáncer. La hibridación fluorescente in situ (FISH) es el método de referencia para el análisis de la dosis génica “amplificación”. Sin embargo, presenta algunas limitaciones relacionadas con el costo de las sondas locus específicas; el procedimiento es demorado y las microduplicaciones en tándem podrían no ser detectadas como resultado de la limitada resolución de las metafases. En este sentido, la PCR cuantitativa es una metodología rápida y tiene ventajas en términos de sensibilidad y especificidad. En el presente estudio, se estandarizó la PCR multiplex en tiempo real para el análisis de la dosis génica de los oncogenes EGFR, ErbB2, AKT2, cMYC, MYCN, MYCL1, PI3KCA y REL en líneas celulares tumorales humanas, como una técnica alternativa al FISH para evaluar la dosis génica en muestras clínicas de cáncer.

[Sensitivity profile of a panel of cell lines designed for the evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity]. / Caracterización del perfil de sensibilidad de un panel de líneas celulares para valoración de citotoxicidad in vitro.

INTRODUCTION: Preliminary in vitro cytoxicity evaluations are determined in human tumor cell lines as a bioassay for the screening of potentially anticancer natural products. OBJECTIVE: To strengthen the available in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation models, the panel of cell lines was expanded, and the sensitivity profile of each cell line was evaluated for its response to selected antineoplasic drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HeLa, MKN-45 and U-937 cell lines were added to the panel, and the sensitivity was determined for each of seven cell lines: HEp-2, HT-29, MCF-7, SiHa, MKN-45, HeLa and U-937. The effects of the antineoplasic drugs Doxorubicin HCl, Taxol, Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide and Carmustin were examined, using the methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay. RESULTS: A differential sensitivity to the drugs Doxorubicin HCl, Taxol and Cisplatin was established among the cell lines by comparing the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values. HEp-2 was the most sensitive cell line, whereas HeLa and U-937 were the most resistant. HEp-2 exhibited a biphasic response to Taxol treatment; this was related to the reported mechanism of action of this compound. CONCLUSION: Cyclophosphamide and Carmustin did not show activity under test conditions.

Caracterización del perfil de sensibilidad de un panel de líneas celulares para valoración de citotoxicidad in vitro / Sensitivity profile of a panel of cell lines designed for the evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity

Introducción. La valoración de la citotoxicidad in vitro de líneas celulares derivadas de tumores humanos se emplea como bioensayo preliminar para el tamizaje de productos de origen natural con potencial actividad anticancerígena. Objetivo. Fortalecer el modelo de valoración de citotoxicidad in vitro disponible en el laboratorio, ampliando el panel de líneas celulares y caracterizando su perfil de sensibilidad a los fármacos antineoplásicos. Materiales y métodos. Se adicionaron al panel las líneas celulares HeLa, MKN-45 y U-937, y se evaluó la sensibilidad de las siete líneas celulares (HEp-2, HT-29, MCF-7, SiHa, MKN-45, HeLa y U-937) a los fármacos antineoplásicos doxorrubicina HCl, taxol, cisplatino, ciclofosfamida y carmustina, usados en la terapia antineoplásica. Para la valoración de la citotoxicidad se empleó el método de reducción del metil-tiazol-tetrazolio. Resultados. Al comparar las concentraciones letales 50 (CL50) calculadas, se evidenció una sensibilidad diferencial de las líneas celulares frente a doxorrubicina HCl, taxol y cisplatino, siendo HEp-2 la línea más sensible a todos los fármacos, en tanto que las HeLa y U-937 fueron las más resistentes. La respuesta de HEp-2 frente al taxol presentó un comportamiento bifásico, relacionado con su mecanismo de acción. Conclusión. En las condiciones empleadas no se observaron efectos frente a la ciclofosfamida y la carmustina.