Prior exposure to chemotherapy does not reduce the in vitro maturation potential of oocytes obtained from ovarian cortex in cancer patients.

STUDY QUESTION: Does chemotherapy exposure affect IVM potential of immature oocytes retrieved from the ovarian cortex following ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) for fertility preservation? SUMMARY ANSWER: The IVM potential of oocyte retrieved from ovarian cortex following OTC is not affected by prior exposure to chemotherapy but primarily dependent on patient's age, while successful retrieval of immature oocytes from the ovarian tissue is negatively affected by chemotherapy and its timing. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The potential and feasibility of IVM in premenarche patients was previously demonstrated, in smaller studies. The scarce data that exist on the IVM potential of oocytes retrieved during OTC following chemotherapy support the feasibility of this process, however, this was not previously shown in the premenarche cancer patients population or in larger cohorts. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A retrospective cohort study evaluating 229 cancer patients aged 1-39 years with attempted retrieval of oocytes from the ovarian tissue and the medium following OTC in a university affiliated fertility preservation unit between 2002 and 2021. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A total of 172 chemotherapy naïve and 57 chemotherapy exposed patients aged 1-39 years underwent OTC in university affiliated tertiary infertility and IVF center. OTC and IVM outcomes were compared between the chemotherapy naïve and exposed groups. The main outcome measure was mean IVM rate per patient in the chemotherapy naïve and exposed groups, with subgroup analysis of a 1:1 chemotherapy exposed group matched for age at OTC and type of malignancy. We additionally analyzed premenarche and postmenarche patients' outcomes separately and investigated the effect of time from chemotherapy to IVM, malignancy type and chemotherapy regimen on oocyte number and IVM outcomes in the chemotherapy exposed group. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: While the number of retrieved oocytes and percentage of patients with at least one oocyte retrieved was higher in the chemotherapy naïve group (8.7 ± 7.9 versus 4.9 ± 5.6 oocytes and 87.2% versus 73.7%, P < 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively), IVM rate and number of mature oocytes were comparable between the groups (29.0 ± 25.0% versus 28. 9 ± 29.2% and 2.8 ± 3.1 versus 2.2 ± 2.8, P = 0.979 and P = 0.203, respectively). Similar findings were shown in subgroup analyses for premenarche and postmenarche groups. The only parameter found to be independently associated with IVM rate in a multivariable model was menarche status (F = 8.91, P = 0.004). Logistic regression models similarly showed that past chemotherapy exposure is negatively associated with successful retrieval of oocytes while older age and menarche are predictive of successful IVM. An age and the type of malignancy matched (1:1) chemotherapy naïve and exposed groups were created (25 patients in each group). This comparison demonstrated similar IVM rate (35.4 ± 30.1% versus 31.0 ± 25.2%, P = 0.533) and number of matured oocytes (2.7 ± 3.0. versus 3.0 ± 3.9 oocytes, P = 0.772). Type of malignancy and chemotherapy regimen including alkylating agents were not associated with IVM rate. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This study's inherited retrospective design and the long study period carries the possible technological advancement and differences. The chemotherapy exposed group was relatively small and included different age groups. We could only evaluate the potential of the oocytes to reach metaphase II in vitro but not their fertilization potential or clinical outcomes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: IVM is feasible even after chemotherapy broadening the fertility preservation options of cancer patients. The use of IVM for fertility preservation, even after exposure to chemotherapy, should be further studied for optimal postchemotherapy timing safety and for the in vitro matured oocytes potential for fertilization. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): No funding was received for this study by any of the authors. The authors report that no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Dydrogesterone supplementation in addition to routine micronized progesterone administration for luteal support in cycles triggered with lone GnRH agonist results in an acceptable pregnancy rate and avoids the need to freeze embryos.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is reduced when using antagonist cycle with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist trigger before ovum pick up. This trigger induces short luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) peaks, resulting in an inadequate luteal phase and a reduced implantation rate. We assessed whether the luteal phase can be rescued by supplementing with oral dydrogesterone (duphaston) in antagonist cycles after a lone GnRH agonist trigger. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study. The study group (N.=123) included women who underwent IVF. Patients received a GnRH-antagonist with a lone GnRH-agonist trigger due to imminent OHSS. The control group (N.=374) included patients who underwent a standard antagonist protocol with a dual trigger of a GnRH-agonist and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). All the patients were treated with micronized progesterone (utrogestan) for luteal phase support. Study patients were given duphaston in addition. RESULTS: The fertilization rate was comparable between the two groups. The mean number of embryos transferred, the clinical pregnancy rate and the take-home baby rate were comparable between groups (1.5±0.6 vs. 1.5±0.5 and 46.3% vs. 41.2%, and 66.7% vs. 87.7%, respectively). No OHSS event was reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first to evaluate outcomes of duphaston supplementation for luteal support in an antagonist cycle with lone GnRH agonist trigger. The functionality of the luteal phase of those cycles could be restored by adding duphaston. This approach was found to be safe and prevented the need to postpone embryo transfer in case of pending OHSS.

Establishment of a controlled slow freezing-based approach for experimental clinical cryopreservation of human prepubertal testicular tissues.

Objective: To develop an efficient, clinical-grade, freezing protocol toward experimental clinical cryopreservation of testicular tissues in prepubertal boys suffering from cancer. Design: Experimental cryopreservation of testicular tissue. Setting: University Medical Center. Patients: Adult patients undergoing orchiectomy for various tumors and prepubertal boys scheduled for gonadotoxic treatment. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Histopathological analysis of tissue architecture, structural integrity, and cellular morphology was performed for control and frozen-thawed cryopreserved tissues.The number of seminiferous tubules per testicular section was calculated. The survival of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and Sertoli cells of the control and frozen-thawed cryopreserved tissues was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Results: Uncontrolled Slow Freezing, Controlled slow freezing, and vitrification similarly preserved the integrity of the adult testicular tissues and the survival of SSCs and Sertoli cells. Controlled slow freezing of prepubertal testicular tissues effectively preserved their architecture, the number of tubules, SSCs, and Sertoli cells. In addition, we observed SSC loss after chemotherapy in prepubertal boys, reemphasizing the importance of fertility preservation before gonadotoxic treatment. Conclusions: Future fertility restoration for male survivors of pediatric cancers depends on the development of an optimal prepubertal testicular tissue cryopreservation method. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of controlled slow freezing for cryopreservation of human prepubertal testicular tissues and may contribute to more effective banking of these tissues and potential fertility restoration. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NIH research clinical trials number: NCT02529826.

Pre-pubertal oocytes harbor altered histone modifications and chromatin configuration.

Pre-pubertal oocytes are still dormant. They are arrested in a GV state and do not undergo meiotic divisions naturally. A multitude of molecular pathways are changed and triggered upon initiation of puberty. It is not yet clear which epigenetic events occur in oocytes upon pubertal transition, and how significant these epigenetic events may be. We evaluated epigenetic marker levels in mouse pre-pubertal and post-pubertal female oocytes. In addition, we evaluated H3K9me2 levels in human oocytes collected from fertility preservation patients, comparing the levels between pre-pubertal patients and post-pubertal patients. The chromatin structure shows a lower number of chromocenters in mouse post-pubertal oocytes in comparison to pre-pubertal oocytes. All heterochromatin marker levels checked (H3K9me2, H3K27me3, H4K20me1) significantly rise across the pubertal transition. Euchromatin markers vary in their behavior. While H3K4me3 levels rise with the pubertal transition, H3K27Ac levels decrease with the pubertal transition. Treatment with SRT1720 [histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator] or overexpression of heterochromatin factors does not lead to increased heterochromatin in pre-pubertal oocytes. However, treatment of pre-pubertal oocytes with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for 24 h - changes their chromatin structure to a post-pubertal configuration, lowers the number of chromocenters and elevates their histone methylation levels, showing that hormones play a key role in chromatin regulation of pubertal transition. Our work shows that pubertal transition leads to reorganization of oocyte chromatin and elevation of histone methylation levels, thus advancing oocyte developmental phenotype. These results provide the basis for finding conditions for in-vitro maturation of pre-pubertal oocytes, mainly needed to artificially mature oocytes of young cancer survivors for fertility preservation purposes.

Age-Dependent in vitro Maturation Efficacy of Human Oocytes - Is There an Optimal Age?

In vitro maturation of oocytes from antral follicles seen during tissue harvesting is a fertility preservation technique with potential advantages over ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC), as mature frozen and later thawed oocyte used for fertilization poses decreased risk of malignant cells re-seeding, as compared to ovarian tissue implantation. We previously demonstrated that in vitro maturation (IVM) performed following OTC in fertility preservation patients, even in pre-menarche girls, yields a fair amount of oocytes available for IVM and freezing for future use. We conducted a retrospective cohort study, evaluating IVM outcomes in chemotherapy naïve patients referred for fertility preservation by OTC that had oocyte collected from the medium with attempted IVM. A total of 133 chemotherapy naïve patients aged 1-35 years were included in the study. The primary outcome was IVM rate in the different age groups - pre-menarche (1-5 and ≥6 years), post-menarche (menarche-17 years), young adults (18-24 years) and adults (25-29 and 30-35 years). We demonstrate a gradual increase in mean IVM rate in the age groups from 1 to 25 years [4.6% (1-5 years), 23.8% (6 years to menarche), and 28.4% (menarche to 17 years)], with a peak of 38.3% in the 18-24 years group, followed by a decrease in the 25-29 years group (19.3%), down to a very low IVM rate (8.9%) in the 30-35 years group. A significant difference in IVM rates was noted between the age extremes - the very young (1-5 years) and the oldest (30-35 years) groups, as compared with the 18-24-year group (p < 0.001). Importantly, number of oocytes matured, percent of patients with matured oocytes, and overall maturation rate differed significantly (p < 0.001). Our finding of extremely low success rates in those very young (under 6 years) and older (≥30 years) patients suggests that oocytes retrieved during OTC prior to chemotherapy have an optimal window of age that shows higher success rates, suggesting that oocytes may have an inherent tendency toward better maturation in those age groups.

In vitro maturation rates in young premenarche patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vitro maturation (IVM) efficacy and oocyte retrieval rates after ovarian tissue cryopreservation in young premenarche girls facing chemo- and radiotherapy. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University-affiliated tertiary medical center. PATIENT(S): A total of 84 chemotherapy-naïve patients ages 0-18 years referred for fertility preservation between 2004 and 2017: 33 premenarche and 51 postmenarche patients. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): IVM in the pre- and postmenarche groups and in the subgroups of very young (up to age 5 years) and older (5-10 years) premenarche girls. RESULTS: The number of oocytes retrieved did not significantly differ between the postmenarche and premenarche groups (10.8 ± 8.5 and 8.1 ± 6.8, respectively). However, the overall IVM rate was significantly higher in the postmenarche group (28.2% vs. 15.5%, respectively; odds ratio = 0.47). A separate analysis for patients up to 5 years of age demonstrated significantly lower oocyte yield compared with the older (5-10 years) premenarche girls (4.7 ± 5.2 vs.10.3 ± 7.0 oocytes, respectively) and much lower IVM rates (4.9% and 18.2%, respectively). Correlation of age with number of retrieved and matured oocytes showed a positive significant correlation (r = 0.45 and r = 0.64, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: IVM performed after ovarian tissue cryopreservation in premenarche girls and specifically in very young girls (4 years and younger) yields substantially decreased maturation rates compared with postmenarche patients, raising a question as to the utility of current IVM technique in this age group. Further studies are required to assess modification of the IVM technique for young girls.

Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery for Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To present single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) as an alternative to standard multiport laparoscopic surgery (MPLS) for ovarian tissue cryopreservation. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Tertiary medical center. PATIENTS: Two hundred thirty-one patients referred for oncologic fertility preservation. INTERVENTION: Non-inferiority comparison of SILS with MPLS for ovarian cryopreservation for future transplantation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We compared duration of the procedure, intra- and postoperative complications, hospital stay, and time (days) from surgery to chemotherapy. We additionally compared number of ampules (each ampule contains 10 slivers of ovarian cortex tissue) preserved and number of oocytes retrieved during the preparation process. Adjustments for age, previous chemotherapy, and partial versus complete oophorectomy ratio were performed. MPLS was performed in 163 patients (71.2%) and SILS in 66 patients (28.8%). Ten patients (15.2%) in the SILS group and 32 (19.8%) in the MPLS group were prepubertal. Malignant conditions distribution was similar. Procedure duration and overall complication rates were similar. Number of ampules extracted from the preserved tissue was somewhat higher in the SILS group as compared with the MPLS group (14.7 vs 10.6, respectively; p < .01). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that SILS is an interesting alternative to MPLS. Future prospective trials may prove some benefit in ovarian tissue volume or time until chemotherapy initiation.

Iron chelators: correlation between effects on Plasmodium spp. and immune functions.

Iron chelating agents, which permeate through erythrocytic and parasite membranes, are effective against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. However, the protective effect in humans is transient. We examined the antiplasmodial capacity of several iron chelators in vitro and in vivo. The chelators 3/3hb/2m and 3/2hb/b (together, MoB) were more effective against P. falciparum in vitro than desferrioxamine (DFO) and Salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) (together, DoS). Despite similar pharmacokinetics of all iron chelators, mice infected with Plasmodium vinckei and treated with MoB succumbed to malaria, whereas DoS-treated mice survived. However, even in the surviving mice, peak parasitemias were above 30%. These results indicate that the direct effects of the drugs on the parasites were not responsible alone for the complete recovery of the mice. We suggest that the recovery is related to differential effects of the drugs on various immune functions. We concentrated on the effect of the iron chelators on B cell and T cell proliferation and on allogeneic stimulation (MLR), interleukin-10 (IL-10), gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and radical production. All the iron chelators examined inhibited the in vitro proliferation of B cells and T cells, and MLR. This may explain why iron chelators are only slightly efficient in treating human malaria. However, the inhibitory effects of MoB on B cell and T cell proliferation and on MLR were more pronounced than those of DoS. In addition, the release of free radicals by effector cells was inhibited to a greater extent by MoB than by DoS. These results may explain why MoB, which was more efficient in vitro, was not effective in vivo. The DoS effects on the in vitro secretion of cytokines correlate with their in vivo effect; there was a decrease of IL-10 and a parallel increase in gamma-IFN and TNF-alpha production by human mononuclear cells. MoB, which could not rescue the animals from malaria, did not affect IL-10 and TNF-alpha, but reduced gamma-IFN levels. Identical results were obtained when using monocytes instead of mononuclear cells (except for gamma-IFN, which is not produced by monocytes). Our results indicate that an iron chelator, or any antiparasitic drug that kills the parasites in vitro, should also be selected for further evaluation on the basis of its reaction with immune components; it should not interfere with crucial protective immunological processes, but it may still alleviate parasitemia by positive immune modulation.