ABSTRACT
We compared the memory of damselfish Stegastes fuscus in an aversive and appetitive conditioning task. Fish were trained to associate the sides of the tank that corresponded to the presence of a positive (conspecific presence) or negative (electroshock) stimulus. After two conditioning sessions, they were tested for learning. The fish conditioned to the stimulus were then re-tested for memory retention after 5, 10 or 15 days. Both the positive and negative rewards were associated with a specific side of the tank, indicating learning ability. Additionally, in both contexts, S. fuscus stored the information learned and showed similar behavioural patterns after 5, 10 and 15 days, suggesting long-lasting memory. For the ecological context, long lasting memories of social encounters outcomes and negative experiences of threatening situations may confer advantages that ultimately affect fishes' fitness.
Subject(s)
Conditioning, Psychological , Fishes/physiology , Memory , Animals , Appetitive Behavior , Avoidance Learning , LearningABSTRACT
La Escala de Valoración de Síntomas Psicóticos (PSYRATS) es una herramienta de evaluación clínica que se centra en la medición detallada de delirios y alucinaciones en pacientes con psicosis. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en portugués de la PSYRATS. Se evaluó una muestra de 92 pacientes ambulatorios con la PSYRATS y la Escala de Síndromes Positivo y Negativo (PANSS). Los pacientes padecían de esquizofrenia o trastornos esquizoafectivos y presentaban síntomas psicóticos persistentes. Se encontró una buena fiabilidad entre evaluadores, fiabilidad de repetibilidad, validez concurrente y consistencia interna. El análisis factorial de los ítems de la escala de alucinaciones auditivas reveló una solución de cuatro factores: características de la emoción y factor de perturbación (factor 1), un factor de características físicas (factor 2), un factor de características de control (factor 3) y un factor de atribución cognitiva (factor 4). En cuanto a los ítems de la escala de delirios, se encontró una solución de dos factores: un factor de interpretación cognitiva y perturbación (factor 1) y un factor de características emocionales (factor 2). La versión en portugués de la PSYRATS replicó parcialmente resultados publicados anteriormente en otros países
The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) is a clinical assessment tool that focuses on the detailed measurement of delusions and hallucinations in patients with psychosis. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the PSYRATS. A sample of 92 outpatients suffering from schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders and presenting persistent psychotic symptoms was assessed using the PSYRATS and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Good inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and internal consistency were found. Factor analysis of the auditory hallucinations scale items disclosed a four-factor solution: emotion characteristics and disruption factor (factor 1), a physical characteristics factor (factor 2), a control characteristics factor (factor 3) and a cognitive attribution factor (factor 4). Regarding the delusions scale items, a two-factor solution was found: cognitive interpretation and disruption factor (factor 1) and an emotional characteristics (factor 2). The Portuguese version of the PSYRATS partially replicates previously published results in other countries
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychotic Disorders/classification , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Reproducibility of Results , Reproducibility of Results , Hallucinations/diagnosis , Delusions/diagnosis , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) is a clinical assessment tool that focuses on the detailed measurement of delusions and hallucinations in patients with psychosis. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the PSYRATS. A sample of 92 outpatients suffering from schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders and presenting persistent psychotic symptoms was assessed using the PSYRATS and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Good inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and internal consistency were found. Factor analysis of the auditory hallucinations scale items disclosed a four-factor solution: emotion characteristics and disruption factor (factor 1), a physical characteristics factor (factor 2), a control characteristics factor (factor 3) and a cognitive attribution factor (factor 4). Regarding the delusions scale items, a two-factor solution was found: cognitive interpretation and disruption factor (factor 1) and an emotional characteristics (factor 2). The Portuguese version of the PSYRATS partially replicates previously published results in other countries.
Subject(s)
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Psychometrics , TranslationsABSTRACT
In psychiatric classifications, hallucinations (mainly auditory hallucinations) are one of the fundamental criteria for establishing a schizophrenia diagnosis or any of the related psychotic disorder's diagnoses. The conceptual proximity between delusions and hallucinations was maintained until the end of the XIX century, with several supporters during the XX century. Their limits were not yet definitely defined in terms of Descriptive Psychopathology, and much less so in terms of biochemical and anatomical models. In this article we aimed to analyse the dimensions of both hallucinations and delusions in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. We also intend to find the determinants of the main dimensions of hallucinations. One hundred patients with schizophrenia (80) or schizoaffective disorder (20), 64% males, mean age 39.75, from the outpatient and inpatient units of the Psychiatry Department of Hospital de Santa Maria and the Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa were assessed by means of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) and a structured interview. In this study we designed an empirical based model by means of bivariate Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and multivariate statistics (linear regression and multiple multivariate linear regression), where the main dimensions of hallucinations are determined by the central dimensions of delusions.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical, epidemiological, radiographic and endoscopic features of individuals with tuberculous pneumonia. METHODS: We evaluated 2,828 consecutive tuberculosis patients treated at a public health center between December of 2005 and February of 2007. Of those, 59 (2.1%) had pulmonary involvement consistent with fistula between a lymph node and a bronchus. RESULTS: Of the 59 patients studied, 43 (73%) were between 20 and 50 years of age, 31 (53%) were male, and 28 (47%) were Black. The most common symptoms were cough (in 100%), fever (in 88%), expectoration (in 81%), and weight loss (in 40%). Comorbidities were reported in 35 cases (59%), the most common being HIV infection (in 20%) and diabetes (in 15%). On chest X-rays, consolidation was observed, predominantly in the upper lobes (in 68%). The diagnostic confirmation (identification of AFB) was made through the sputum smear microscopy in the majority of the cases and by bronchoscopy (BAL examination or bronchial biopsy) in the remainder. Bronchial lesions were clearly indicative or suggestive of fistula in three cases and five cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculous pneumonia presents as acute respiratory infection, initiating with a dry cough that is followed by fever. Chest X-rays show alveolar consolidation. In most cases, tuberculous pneumonia was accompanied by at least one comorbid condition, the most common being HIV infection, and the etiological diagnosis was made through sputum smear microscopy for AFB. Bronchoscopy findings were indicative of bronchial fistula in eight cases (13%).
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Adult , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Chi-Square Distribution , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Radiography , Sputum/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Estudar os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos, radiológicos e endoscópicos encontrados em indivíduos com pneumonia tuberculosa. MÉTODOS: Entre dezembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2007, foram estudados 2.828 pacientes com tuberculose que foram consecutivamente atendidos em uma unidade de saúde pública. Desses, 59 (2,1 por cento) tiveram envolvimento pulmonar compatível com fístula entre um linfonodo e um brônquio. RESULTADOS: Dos 59 pacientes estudados, 43 (73 por cento) tinham entre 20 e 50 anos de idade, 31 (53 por cento) eram do sexo masculino, e 28 (47 por cento) eram negros. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram tosse (100 por cento), febre (88 por cento), expectoração (81 por cento) e perda de peso (40 por cento). Comorbidades foram registradas em 35 pacientes (59 por cento), especialmente a infecção por HIV (20 por cento) e diabetes (15 por cento). Na radiografia de tórax, a consolidação predominou nos lobos superiores (em 68 por cento). A confirmação diagnóstica (presença de BAAR) foi feita principalmente por baciloscopia direta do escarro, seguida por broncoscopia (LBA e biópsia brônquica). Lesões brônquicas claramente indicativas ou sugestivas de fístula foram identificadas em três casos e cinco casos, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A pneumonia tuberculosa apresenta-se como uma infecção respiratória aguda, com tosse seca seguida por febre. A radiografia de tórax mostra consolidação alveolar. Na maioria dos casos, a pneumonia tuberculosa foi acompanhada por pelo menos uma comorbidade, especialmente a infecção por HIV, e a confirmação etiológica foi obtida principalmente através do exame de escarro direto para BAAR. Os achados de broncoscopia foram indicativos de fístula brônquica em oito casos (13 por cento).
OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical, epidemiological, radiographic and endoscopic features of individuals with tuberculous pneumonia. METHODS: We evaluated 2,828 consecutive tuberculosis patients treated at a public health center between December of 2005 and February of 2007. Of those, 59 (2.1 percent) had pulmonary involvement consistent with fistula between a lymph node and a bronchus. RESULTS: Of the 59 patients studied, 43 (73 percent) were between 20 and 50 years of age, 31 (53 percent) were male, and 28 (47 percent) were Black. The most common symptoms were cough (in 100 percent), fever (in 88 percent), expectoration (in 81 percent), and weight loss (in 40 percent). Comorbidities were reported in 35 cases (59 percent), the most common being HIV infection (in 20 percent) and diabetes (in 15 percent). On chest X-rays, consolidation was observed, predominantly in the upper lobes (in 68 percent). The diagnostic confirmation (identification of AFB) was made through the sputum smear microscopy in the majority of the cases and by bronchoscopy (BAL examination or bronchial biopsy) in the remainder. Bronchial lesions were clearly indicative or suggestive of fistula in three cases and five cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculous pneumonia presents as acute respiratory infection, initiating with a dry cough that is followed by fever. Chest X-rays show alveolar consolidation. In most cases, tuberculous pneumonia was accompanied by at least one comorbid condition, the most common being HIV infection, and the etiological diagnosis was made through sputum smear microscopy for AFB. Bronchoscopy findings were indicative of bronchial fistula in eight cases (13 percent).
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Chi-Square Distribution , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Sputum/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, PulmonaryABSTRACT
São apresentadas as pneumonias mais comuns adquiridas na comunidade, com discussão dos aspectos diagnósticos, condutas terapêuticas e preventivas
