The Perme Mobility Index: A new concept to assess mobility level in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.

INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is evolving rapidly worldwide. Data on the mobility level of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU) are needed. OBJECTIVE: To describe the mobility level of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU and to address factors associated with mobility level at the time of ICU discharge. METHODS: Single center, retrospective cohort study. Consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with confirmed COVID-19 infection were analyzed. The mobility status was assessed by the Perme Score at admission and discharge from ICU with higher scores indicating higher mobility level. The Perme Mobility Index (PMI) was calculated [PMI = ΔPerme Score (ICU discharge-ICU admission)/ICU length of stay]. Based on the PMI, patients were divided into two groups: "Improved" (PMI > 0) and "Not improved" (PMI ≤ 0). RESULTS: A total of 136 patients were included in this analysis. The hospital mortality rate was 16.2%. The Perme Score improved significantly when comparing ICU discharge with ICU admission [20.0 (7-28) points versus 7.0 (0-16) points; P < 0.001]. A total of 88 patients (64.7%) improved their mobility level during ICU stay, and the median PMI of these patients was 1.5 (0.6-3.4). Patients in the improved group had a lower duration of mechanical ventilation [10 (5-14) days versus 15 (8-24) days; P = 0.021], lower hospital length of stay [25 (12-37) days versus 30 (11-48) days; P < 0.001], and lower ICU and hospital mortality rate. Independent predictors for mobility level were lower age, lower Charlson Comorbidity Index, and not having received renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: Patients' mobility level was low at ICU admission; however, most patients improved their mobility level during ICU stay. Risk factors associated with the mobility level were age, comorbidities, and use of renal replacement therapy.

Harm reduction: trends being disputed in health policies.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the underlying harm reduction trends in Brazilian drug policies. METHOD: The research, qualitative in nature, used in-depth interviews with experts in the field. The recorded and transcribed material was analyzed via the content analysis method. RESULTS: The analysis exposed the following conceptions: drug use is a disease, and its associated health practices should be treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration. These conceptions deviate to some extent from the war on drugs approach, and support the adoption of harm-reduction practices, proposed by public health. Less expressively, critical conceptions which clearly distance themselves from the prohibitionist approach and from public health may be seen, in line with the perspective of collective health, for the implementation of emancipatory harm-reduction practices. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Harm-reduction conceptions and practices reveal the underlying conservative, liberal, and critical tendencies in Brazilian drug policies.

Harm reduction: trends being disputed in health policies / Reducción del daño: las tendencias subyacentes a las políticas de salud / Redução de danos: tendências em disputa nas políticas de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the underlying harm reduction trends in Brazilian drug policies. Method: The research, qualitative in nature, used in-depth interviews with experts in the field. The recorded and transcribed material was analyzed via the content analysis method. Results: The analysis exposed the following conceptions: drug use is a disease, and its associated health practices should be treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration. These conceptions deviate to some extent from the war on drugs approach, and support the adoption of harm-reduction practices, proposed by public health. Less expressively, critical conceptions which clearly distance themselves from the prohibitionist approach and from public health may be seen, in line with the perspective of collective health, for the implementation of emancipatory harm-reduction practices. Final considerations: Harm-reduction conceptions and practices reveal the underlying conservative, liberal, and critical tendencies in Brazilian drug policies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las tendencias de reducción del daño subyacentes a las políticas de drogas brasileñas. Método: Estudio de tipo cualitativo, en el cual se realizó entrevistas en profundidad a especialistas en el área. Se analizó el material grabado y transcrito por medio del método de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Desde el análisis se presentaron las siguientes concepciones: el consumo de drogas es una enfermedad, y las prácticas de salud deben incluir el tratamiento, la rehabilitación y la reinserción social. Estas concepciones se alejan en cierta medida del abordaje de la guerra a las drogas y fundamentan la adopción de prácticas de reducción de daños, conforme propuestas por la salud pública. Menos expresamente, se pueden verificar también concepciones críticas, que se distancian rigurosamente del abordaje prohibicionista y de la salud pública, afinándose con la perspectiva de la salud colectiva, la de implementar prácticas emancipatorias de reducción de daños. Consideraciones finales: Las concepciones y prácticas de reducción del daño revelan las tendencias conservadora, liberal y crítica subyacentes a las políticas de drogas brasileñas.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as tendências de redução de danos subjacentes às políticas de drogas brasileiras. Método: A investigação, de natureza qualitativa, utilizou entrevistas em profundidade com especialistas na área. O material gravado e transcrito foi analisado pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A análise expôs as seguintes concepções: o consumo de drogas é uma doença, e as práticas de saúde devem ser de tratamento, reabilitação e reinserção social. Essas concepções se afastam em certa medida da abordagem da guerra às drogas e fundamentam a adoção de práticas de redução de danos, conforme propostas pela saúde pública. Menos expressivamente, pode-se verificar também concepções críticas, que se distanciam expressivamente da abordagem proibicionista e da saúde pública, afinando-se com a perspectiva da saúde coletiva, de implementar práticas emancipatórias de redução de danos. Considerações finais: As concepções e práticas de redução de danos revelam as tendências conservadora, liberal e crítica subjacentes às políticas de drogas brasileiras.

As políticas públicas de saúde no campo das substâncias psicoativas ilícitas e os direitos humanos / The public health policies in the field of illegal psychoactive substances and human rights

Introdução:O presente estudo toma como objeto as políticas públicas de saúde no campo das substâncias psicoativas ilícitas, em sua relação com os direitos humanos.A política predominante na área tem historicamente seguido os pressupostos da guerra às drogas, que infringe direitos humanos. Observa-se intensa discussão social sobre a questão e construção de paradigma contraposto, o da redução de danos. Pressupõe-se que essa problematização social vem ocasionando reflexos nas políticas públicas.Objetivo:analisar a política pública de saúde desenvolvida pelo Estado brasileiro no campo das substâncias psicoativas ilícitas, conforme se aproximem ou se afastem dos direitos humanos.Método: o estudo se inscreve no referencial do materialismo histórico dialético, que fundamenta o campo da Saúde Coletivade forma expressiva.Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, cujo objetivo se insere na pesquisa explicativa-analítica, com a utilização do procedimento técnico da pesquisa documental, complementado com a opinião de três especialistas da área, através de entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado. Os documentos pesquisados foram os emitidos após o ano de 2006, período em que foi promulgada a Lei nº 11.343/2006. Localizou-se 29 documentos,sendo que 27 foram submetidos à análisejá que dois estavam presentes em duas fontes pesquisadas(a Lei nº 11.343/06 e o decreto nº 7.179).O material foi selecionado nos órgãos que direcionam a política pública nessa área: o Ministério da Saúde e o Ministério da Justiça (Secretaria Nacional sobre Drogas).Em função da preocupação com os direitos humanos, a coleta também ocorreu na Secretaria de Direitos Humanos da Presidência da República. A análise do material seguiu a técnica da análise do conteúdo, a partir da categoria direitos sociais. Resultados: O estudo mostrou que as políticas públicas nesse campo, edificadas após a promulgação da Lei nº 11.343/2006, se orientam pelo paradigma da guerra às drogas. Perpetua-se a repressão, a ênfase na política criminal e no tratamento da dependência, justificados porobjetivo ideológico dese chegar a uma sociedade livre de drogas. Essa política se edifica num contexto social de violação dos direitos humanos e se afasta da possibilidade da construção de práticas humanizadas propostas pela política de saúde, em coerência com a política de redução de danos. Considerações finais: A violação dos direitos humanos na política de saúde no campo das substâncias psicoativas ilícitas acompanha a trajetória da violação percorrida no âmbito das políticas públicas de atenção às necessidades humanas em geral. São direitos que na era neoliberal encontram-se ainda mais reduzidos e desumanizados.

Introduction: this study aims to analyze public health policies in the field of illegal psychoactive substances, and the relationship with human rights. The dominant policy is the war on drugs, which violates human rights. There is an intense debate on the issue and there is construction ofan opposedparadigm, theharm reduction. The assumption isthat this socialdiscussion is causingconsequeneces for public policy.Objective: to analyze public health policy developed by the Brazilian State in the field of illegal psychoactive substances, astheydistance themselves fromorapproach thehumanrights.Method: the study adopts the framework of dialectical historical materialism, which is the mainfoundation of the public health field. It is a qualitative study that focuses on analytical research. This study uses the procedure of documentary research complemented by the opinion of three experts in the field. The documents researched were issued after 2006, when the law11.343/2006 was enacted.We found 29 documents and 27 documents were analyzed, because 2 documents were mentioned by two sources. The documents were selected at the: Department of Health; Department of Justice (National Department on Drugs); Department of Human Rights. The analysis follows the procedure of content analysis, according to the category of social rights. Results: the study showed that public policies in this field, established after the law 11.343/2006, are guided by the paradigm of the war on drugs; it perpetuatesrepression, emphasis on criminal policyandaddiction treatment, justified by theideologicalgoalof achievinga drug-free society.This policybuildsa social contextofhuman rights violationsand awaythepossibility of constructinghumanized practicesproposedby health policy, consistent with the policy ofharm reduction.Final considerations:theviolation of humanrightsin the public health policiesin the fieldof illicitpsychoactivesubstancesfollows the trajectory of the violation of rights of other public policies addressing social needs. In the neoliberalism, the rights are reduced and dehumanized even further.

Relação do comportamento da força muscular com as complicações respiratórias na cirurgia cardíaca / Relation between respiratory muscle strength with respiratory complication on the heart surgery

OBJETIVO: Verificar o comportamento da força muscular respiratória na cirurgia cardíaca e sua relação com as complicações respiratórias pós-operatórias. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 63 indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. No dia da cirurgia, foi realizada a avaliação da força muscular respiratória e, no pós-operatório, os pacientes foram acompanhados pela equipe multidisciplinar e submetidos à intervenção fisioterapêutica duas vezes ao dia, seguindo o protocolo padrão do hospital. No quinto dia de pós-operatório, foi realizada a reavaliação e análise das complicações respiratórias. RESULTADOS: Apesar da diminuição significativa da força muscular inspiratória (P= 0,001) e expiratória (P=0,0001) no pós-operatório, não foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa entre a força muscular inspiratória (P=0,58) e expiratória (P=0,4) pré-operatória e a presença de complicações pós-operatórias. CONCLUSÃO: A força muscular respiratória pré-operatória não pode ser utilizada como preditor de complicações respiratórias pós-operatória.

OBJECTIVE: To check the respiratory muscle strength in cardiac surgery and the relationship with the postoperative pulmonary complications. METHODS: Sixty-tree adult's patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study. In the day of the surgery all patients did the respiratory muscle strength test. In the postoperative a multidisciplinary team took care all patients and they receive physiotherapy treatment twice a day following the usual care of the hospital. In the fifth day after surgery, the patients repeat the respiratory muscle strength test and were examined postoperative pulmonary complications. RESULTS: A significant lower inspiratory muscle strength (P=0.001) and expiratory muscle strength (P=0.0001) was found in the postoperative, however it wasn't statistics significantly the relationship between the inspiratory muscle strength (P=0.58) and expiratory muscle strength (P=0.4) preoperative with postoperative pulmonary complication. CONCLUSIONS: The respiratory strength preoperative couldn't be a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complication.

Relation between respiratory muscle strength with respiratory complication on the heart surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To check the respiratory muscle strength in cardiac surgery and the relationship with the postoperative pulmonary complications. METHODS: Sixty-tree adult's patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study. In the day of the surgery all patients did the respiratory muscle strength test. In the postoperative a multidisciplinary team took care all patients and they receive physiotherapy treatment twice a day following the usual care of the hospital. In the fifth day after surgery, the patients repeat the respiratory muscle strength test and were examined postoperative pulmonary complications. RESULTS: A significant lower inspiratory muscle strength (P = 0.001) and expiratory muscle strength (P = 0.0001) was found in the postoperative, however it wasn't statistics significantly the relationship between the inspiratory muscle strength (P = 0.58) and expiratory muscle strength (P = 0.4) preoperative with postoperative pulmonary complication. CONCLUSIONS: The respiratory strength preoperative couldn't be a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complication.