Antimicrobial, antioxidant, volatile and phenolic profiles of cabbage-stalk and pineapple-crown flour revealed by GC-MS and UPLC-MSE.

Unconventional parts of vegetables represent a rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals. The phenolic profile of cabbage-stalk flour (CSF), pineapple-crown flour (PCF), and their essential oils were characterized via UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MSE and GC-FID/MS. Antimicrobial activity was tested against five strains, and antioxidant activities were determined in free and bound extracts. Globally, 177 phenolics were tentatively identified in PCF (major p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and 56 in CSF (major chlorogenicacid, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, and p-coumaric acid). PCF exhibited a distinguished profile (lignans, stilbenes) and antioxidant capacity, especially in bound extracts (1.3 g GAE.100 g-1; 0.6 g catechin eq.100 g-1; DPPH: 244.7; ABTS: 467.8; FRAP: 762.6 µg TE.g-1, ORAC: 40.9 mg TE.g-1). The main classes of volatile compounds were fatty acids, their esters, and terpenes in CSF (30) and PCF (41). A comprehensive metabolomic approach revealed CSF and PCF as a promising source of PC, showing great antioxidant and discrete antimicrobial activities.

Degradation of estriol (E3) and transformation pathways after applying photochemical removal processes in natural surface water.

Steroidal hormones such as estriol (E3), are resistant to biodegradation; hence their removal by conventional treatment systems (aerobic and anaerobic) facilities is limited. These substances are detected in surface water, and present risks to the aquatic ecosystem and humans via potential biological activity. Photochemical treatments can be used to remove E3; however, just a few studies have analyzed the kinetics, intermediates, and E3 degradation pathways in natural surface water. In this study, the behavior of E3 under ultraviolet irradiation associated with H2O2, O3 or TiO2 was investigated to determine the degradation potential and the transformation pathways in reactions performed with a natural surface water sample. E3 degradation kinetics (200 ppb) fitted well to the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, with kinetic constant k in the following order: kUV/O3 > kUV/TiO2 > kUV/H2O2 > kUV. The mechanism of degradation using different advanced oxidative processes seemed to be similar and 12 transformation byproducts were identified, with 11 of them being reported here for the first time. The byproducts could be formed by the opening of the aromatic ring and addition of a hydroxyl radical. A possible route of E3 degradation was proposed based on the byproducts identified, and some of the byproducts presented chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms, demonstrating the risks of exposure.

Enhanced ozonation degradation of petroleum refinery wastewater in the presence of oxide nanocatalysts.

The catalytic activity of Mn2O3, FeOOH and CeO2 nanoparticles was evaluated in the treatment of a synthetic petroleum refinery wastewater (SPRW) using O3 in a discontinuous reactor at 25°C and pH 5.5. The mineralization and partial chemical oxidation rates of SPRW using these metal oxides are in the same order of magnitude, and the catalytic activity in the mineralization of SPRW decreased in the order Mn2O3 > CeO2 > FeOOH. The mineralized fraction progressively increased with time in the catalytic process while in the non-catalytic process it remained constant. The effect of the operational conditions on the mineralization and partial chemical oxidation rates using Mn2O3 was investigated in detail. The mineralization rate was found to be lower than the partial oxidation rate due to the formation of partially oxidized by-products, and this is dependent on the solids dosage and pH. An investigation of the mechanism demonstrated that the enhancement effect could be attributed to the introduction of the manganese oxide nanoparticles, which could promote the utilization of O3 and/or enhance the formation of free radicals (•OH, •O2H and •O2-) on the solid surface and further accelerate the degradation of the organic compounds present in the wastewater.

Effectiveness of physical therapy treatment of clearly defined subacromial pain: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

AIM: To summarise the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical therapy on pain, function and range of motion in individuals with subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS). DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Lilacs, Ibecs and Scielo databases. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating physical therapy modalities for SAPS on pain, function/disability or range of motion were included. RESULTS: 64 high-quality RCTs were included. Exercise therapy provided high evidence of being as effective as surgery intervention and better than no treatment or placebo treatment to improve pain, function and range of motion in the short, mid and long terms. The combination of mobilisation and exercises provided high evidence to decrease pain and improve function in the short term. There is limited evidence for improvements on the outcomes with the isolated application of manual therapy. High level of evidence was synthesised regarding the lack of beneficial effects of physical resources such as low-level laser, ultrasound and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on pain, function or range of motion in the treatment of SAPS. There is limited evidence for microwave diathermy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. There is moderate evidence to no benefits with taping in the short term. Effects of diacutaneous fibrolysis and acupuncture are not well established yet. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise therapy should be the first-line treatment to improve pain, function and range of motion. The addition of mobilisations to exercises may accelerate reduction of pain in the short term. Low-level laser therapy, PEMF and taping should not be recommended.

Manual therapy for the management of pain and limited range of motion in subjects with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

There is a lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) on subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aim of this systematic review is to synthetise evidence regarding the isolated effect of MT in improving maximum mouth opening (MMO) and pain in subjects with signs and symptoms of TMD. MEDLINE(®) , Cochrane, Web of Science, SciELO and EMBASE(™) electronic databases were consulted, searching for randomised controlled trials applying MT for TMD compared to other intervention, no intervention or placebo. Two authors independently extracted data, PEDro scale was used to assess risk of bias, and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was applied to synthetise overall quality of the body of evidence. Treatment effect size was calculated for pain, MMO and pressure pain threshold (PPT). Eight trials were included, seven of high methodological quality. Myofascial release and massage techniques applied on the masticatory muscles are more effective than control (low to moderate evidence) but as effective as toxin botulinum injections (moderate evidence). Upper cervical spine thrust manipulation or mobilisation techniques are more effective than control (low to high evidence), while thoracic manipulations are not. There is moderate-to-high evidence that MT techniques protocols are effective. The methodological heterogeneity across trials protocols frequently contributed to decrease quality of evidence. In conclusion, there is widely varying evidence that MT improves pain, MMO and PPT in subjects with TMD signs and symptoms, depending on the technique. Further studies should consider using standardised evaluations and better study designs to strengthen clinical relevance.

Study of the principal constituents of tropical angico (Anadenanthera sp.) honey from the atlantic forest.

Free proline was significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to that of other honeys from the atlantic forest, caatinga and cerrado biomes. Honeys from the atlantic forest and cerrado had a significantly (p<0.05) lower HMF than angico. Fructose and glucose in angico honeys were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those from caatinga. Mean values for turanose, nigerose, sucrose, isomaltose, maltotriose, panose and raffinose in angico were significantly (p<0.05) different from honeys from the atlantic forest and caatinga. Use of cluster analysis permitted the three kinds of honey to be grouped independently. Angico was closest to caatinga honey, but both were significantly (p<0.05) different from other atlantic forest honey. GC/SNIFFING showed that linalool oxide, 2-ethyl hexanol, phenylethanol, and phenylacetic acid may be important contributors to the flavour of angico honey.

A review of ethyl carbamate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination risk in cachaça and other Brazilian sugarcane spirits.

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified in Brazilian sugarcane spirits. Contamination sources are: sugarcane burn before harvest and petroleum derivatives. PAHs concentration in spirits produced from burned cane was about 2-3 times higher than those from unburned cane. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is present at less than 1%, and therefore is not a representative marker of cachaça contamination by PAHs. Ethyl carbamate (EC) is produced during both fermentation and distillation. During distillation, cupric ions may catalyse the conversion of cyanide to EC. In discontinuous distillation, the use of the heart fraction for bottling cachaça considerably decreases its concentration. In the continuous process, in which there is no separation of distillate, it is highly recommended to couple cooling devices and reflux systems to the distillation column. Consumers are at a greater risk of EC exposure from cachaça than from any other spirit.

Volatile composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) commercial teas through solid phase extraction

Volatiles from aqueous extract of peppermint commercial sachets were investigated through gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). Samples were prepared under similar conditions as in homemade tea. Volatiles were isolated using solid phase extraction method (SPE) with Porapak Q trap followed by desorption with acetone. Estimated mean values for short and medium chain carboxylic acids (C2- C12) and ketones lay in the range of 50-64 μg kg-1 whilst aliphatic alcohols and acyclic hydrocarbons had values lower than 6 μg kg-1. The major volatiles were terpenes (275-382 μg kg-1) that reached 89 % of the total composition. A total of 16 compounds, among them dodecane, acetoin, acetol, citral, geraniol and octanoic acid have been described by the first time in peppermint tea. These findings could be attributed to the different analytical approach employed, mainly to the use of different extraction/pre-concentration techniques. Given the apparently lower proportion of terpenes in the aqueous extract it may be that the chemical properties of the peppermint essential oil are not entirely reproduced with homemade tea.

Estudo da composição da fração volátil do extrato aquoso de sachês de hortelã pimenta (Mentha piperita L.) através da extração em fase sólida. O princípio desse trabalho foi investigar a fração volátil do extrato aquoso de sachês comerciais de hortelã pimenta usando cromatografia gasosa com detectores de ionização em chama e de massas. As amostras foram preparadas em condições similares às usadas para o preparo do chá caseiro. Os compostos voláteis foram isolados via método de extração em fase sólida com adsorvente Porapak Q e eluídos com acetona. Uma estimativa dos valores médios dos ácidos carboxílicos de cadeias média e curta ficou na faixa de 50-64 μg kg-1, enquanto alcoóis alifáticos e hidrocarbonetos acíclicos tiveram valores menores do que 6 μg kg-1. Os terpenos (275-382 μg kg-1) foram os compostos majoritários alcançando 89 % dos sólidos totais. Um total de 16 compostos voláteis, entre eles, dodecano, acetoína, acetol, citral, geraniol e ácido octanóico foram descritos pela primeira vez no chá de hortelã pimenta. Esses resultados poderiam ser atribuídos aos diferentes métodos analíticos empregados, principalmente devido ao uso de diferentes técnicas de extração e pré-concentração. Em função da proporção menor de terpenos no extrato aquoso é razoável especular que as propriedades químicas do óleo essencial da hortelã pimenta não sejam totalmente reproduzidas com o consumo do chá caseiro.

The removal and degradation of pharmaceutical compounds during membrane bioreactor treatment.

Pharmaceutical compounds such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics have been detected in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents, surface and ground water and even in drinking water all over the world, and therefore have developed as compounds of concern. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment has gained significant popularity as an advanced wastewater treatment technology and might be effective for an advanced removal of these pollutants. This paper evaluates the treatment of wastewater containing three NSAIDs (acetaminophen, ketoprofen and naproxen) and three antibiotics (roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) performed in two MBRs with sludge retention times (SRTs) of 15 (MBR-15) and 30 (MBR-30) days over a period of four weeks. It was observed that NSAIDs were removed with higher efficiencies than the antibiotics for both MBRs, and the MBR-30 presented higher removal efficiencies for all the compounds than obtained by MBR-15. Removal rates ranged from 55% (sulfamethoxazole) up to 100% (acetaminophen, ketoprofen). Besides mineralisation biological transformation products of ketoprofen and naproxen produced by wastewater biocoenosis were identified in both MBR permeates using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results indicated the importance of investigating the environmental fate of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products reaching the environment.

Comparison of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials evidence regarding the effectiveness of workplace exercise on musculoskeletal pain control.

Evidence synthesized based on randomized controlled trials (RCT) results are recognized as the pinnacle of research excellence; however, the conduction of RCT in workplace environment is not always possible. This study comparatively reviewed evidence from RCT and non-RCT studies in which participants performed workplace exercise for musculoskeletal pain control. Up to February 2011, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro and Web of Science databases were searched. All trials that evaluated workplace exercise interventions for controlling musculoskeletal pain were included. The PEDro scale was used to rate the studies' quality, PRISMA and Cochrane recommendations were applied, and association between frequencies of effect size categories (small, moderate, large) from various outcomes by study type was tested (2x3 contingency table). The search yielded 10239 references in English, from which 21 RCT and 12 non-RCT were selected. Both groups of studies presented methodological flaws including descriptions of randomization, blinding of examiners and absence of intention-to-treat analysis for the RCT, and further absence of controls and blind assessor for the non-RCTs. RCTs had significantly more moderate and large effect size reported in their results compared to non-RCTs (p=0.04). Considering the difficulties in randomizing participants in occupational settings, all studies would benefit from better describing pertinent methodological information.

Effects of a school based exercise program on children's resistance and flexibility.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short term effects of an exercise program on abdominal and back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility among schoolchildren. Fifty eight healthy schoolchildren were divided into two groups: experimental (15 males and 14 females; mean age 12.2(1.8 years) and control (14 males and 15 females; mean age 11.9(2.1 years). The intervention was performed twice a week, on nonconsecutive days, during six weeks. The duration of each session was fifty minutes and they were composed by warming up aerobic exercises, isotonic and isometric abdominal and back muscle exercises and hamstring stretching. The intervention effects were evaluated through Kraus-Weber test (abdominal resistance), modified Biering-Sørensen test (back muscle resistance) and sit and reach test (hamstring flexibility). Data were analyzed by mixed-design two-way ANOVA, with one between-subjects and one within-subject (time) factors. The alpha level was set at P≤0.05. The experimental group improved back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility, but not abdominal muscles resistance. There was a significant interaction between groups and time for back muscles resistance (P=0.018) and for hamstring flexibility (P=0.017). The 6-week training period showed positive results in improving back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility of schoolchildren.

Volatile composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) commercial teas through solid phase extraction.

Volatiles from aqueous extract of peppermint commercial sachets were investigated through gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). Samples were prepared under similar conditions as in homemade tea. Volatiles were isolated using solid phase extraction method (SPE) with Porapak Q trap followed by desorption with acetone. Estimated mean values for short and medium chain carboxylic acids (C2-C12) and ketones lay in the range of 50-64 microg kg(-1) whilst aliphatic alcohols and acyclic hydrocarbons had values lower than 6 microg kg(-1). The major volatiles were terpenes (275-382 microg kg(-1)) that reached 89 % of the total composition. A total of 16 compounds, among them dodecane, acetoin, acetol, citral, geraniol and octanoic acid have been described by the first time in peppermint tea. These findings could be attributed to the different analytical approach employed, mainly to the use of different extraction/pre-concentration techniques. Given the apparently lower proportion of terpenes in the aqueous extract it may be that the chemical properties of the peppermint essential oil are not entirely reproduced with homemade tea.

Evaluation of hybrid treatments to produce high quality reuse water.

Four tertiary hybrid treatments to produce high quality reused water, fulfilling Brazilian drinking water regulations, from a slaughterhouse's secondary treated effluent were evaluated. The pilot plant with a capacity of 500 L h(-1) was set up and consisted of these stages: pre-filtration system (cartridge filter 50 micron, activated carbon filter, cartridge filter 10 micron), oxidation (H2O2) or second filtration (ceramic filter, UF) followed by UV radiation (90 L h(-1)). The best combination was T4: pre-filtration followed by H2O2 addition and UV radiation (AOP H2O2/UV). Disinfection kinetics by T4 followed pseudo first-order kinetics: k(T4) = 0.00943 s(-1) or 0.00101 cm2 mJ(-1). Three different zones (A, B, C) were observed in the UV254 degradation kinetics (pseudo-first order kinetics): k' decreased over time (k'(A) > k'(B) > k'(C)).

Biological wastewater treatment followed by physicochemical treatment for the removal of fluorinated surfactants.

Perfluorinated surfactants (PFS) have become compounds of high concern during the last decade. While "conventional surfactants" are degraded to a great extent in the biological wastewater treatment process, partly or perfluorinated surfactants are not only stable against biodegradation but also against oxidizing agents, they even resist OH-radical attacks. Our objectives were to eliminate the fluorinated surfactants perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by adsorption, separation or degradation with a balance of precursor compounds and follow-up of degradation products. Therefore, municipal wastewater was spiked with these fluorinated surfactants before membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment-applying microfiltration membranes--was performed and before permeates were treated using ozone (O3) or different advanced oxidation treatment (AOP) techniques. O3 or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), both in combination with UV radiation or in combination with catalysts, was applied. Removal by adsorption or membrane separation as well as degradation were monitored by substance specific determination and identification. High resolution mass spectrometry after high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/HRMS and -MS(n)) was used for analysis. Contact to Teflon and/or glass during all analytical procedures was avoided.

Tertiary treatment of slaughterhouse effluent: degradation kinetics applying UV radiation or H2O2/UV.

In some Brazilian regions, surface water has become scarce, e.g. semi arid climate areas and densely populated and industrial areas, where water over-exploitation and/or fluvial pollution has been more common. Advanced oxidative processes (AOP) provide treated water as a source of reuse water even with the characteristics of drinking water enabling water reuse practices also in food industries. The secondary wastewater of a slaughterhouse was the water source for a tertiary treatment study evaluating the kinetics of the photo-induced degradation of color and UV254 under UV radiation with and without the addition of H2O2. The proximity of the k' values of color and UV254 degradation by UV indicates that the compounds responsible for color may be the same content measured by UV254. The H2O2/UV treatment was 5.2 times faster than simple UV in removing aromatic compounds. The degradation kinetics of aromatic compounds in both treatments followed a pseudo-first order law. The pseudo-first order constant for H2O2/UV and UV treatments were kUV254'=0.0306 min(-1) and kUV254'=0.0056 min(-1), respectively.

Generation of endocrine disruptor compounds during ozone treatment of tannery wastewater confirmed by biological effect analysis and substance specific analysis.

Ozone (O3) with its high oxidation potential was used to degrade or eliminate pollutants contained in tannery wastewater when applying different pHs and quantities of O3. Our objective was a chemical degradation by O3 to achieve an enhancement of biodegradability, with a parallel decrease in toxicity. Conventional analyses and bioassays beside substance specific analyses were performed to clear-up the behaviour of wastewater content from tanning process. The results demonstrate that the dominant organic pollutants were chemically degraded by oxidation as the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD) prove, while changes in carbon content monitored by total or dissolved organic carbon content (TOC or DOC) were only marginal. Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna toxicity testing performed in parallel proved a decrease in toxicity after O3-treatment, while the estrogenic activity determined by enzyme-linked receptor assay (ELRA), however, proved an increase of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC). Results could be explained by substance-specific analyses using gas chromatography (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). From GC-MS analysis the elimination of non-polar compounds could be recognized, whereas the oxidative conversion led to an increase of EDC compounds, which qualitatively could be identified by LC-MS as nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) degradation products: short chain NPEOs, nonylphenol carboxylates (NPECs) and nonylphenol (NP).

Applicability of Fenton and H2O2/UV reactions in the treatment of tannery wastewaters.

In this paper we evaluated the H2O2/UV and the Fenton's oxidation processes for the treatment of tannery wastewater under different experimental conditions. Efficiencies were judged by the amounts of organic substances degraded or eliminated under these treatment techniques. Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri were used to monitor toxicity. Organic compounds contained in the untreated and treated tannery wastewater were determined and identified using substance specific techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in positive electron impact (EI(+)) mode was applied to determine volatile organics. Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) coupled with flow injection analysis (FIA) or liquid chromatography (LC) were used to detect or identify polar organic pollutants. The experimental results indicated that both oxidation processes--H2O2/UV at pH 3 and Fenton at pH 3.5--are able to reduce TOC content by mineralisation of the organic compounds.

Comparison of different advanced oxidation process to reduce toxicity and mineralisation of tannery wastewater.

Many organic compounds contained in wastewater are resistant to conventional chemical and/or biological treatment. Because of this reason different degradation techniques are studied as an alternative to biological and classical physico-chemical processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) probably have developed to become the best options in the near future. AOP while making use of different reaction systems, are all characterised by the same chemical feature: production of OH radicals (*OH). The versatility of AOPs is also enhanced by the fact that they offer different possibilities for OH radical production, thus allowing them to conform to specific treatment requirements. The main problem with AOPs is their high cost. The application of solar technologies to these processes could help to diminish that problem by reducing the energy consumption required for generating UV radiation. In this work, different AOPs (O3, TiO2/UV, Fenton and H2O2/UV) were examined to treat tannery wastewater or as a pre-treatment step for improving the biodegradation of tannery wastewater, at different pH and dosage of the chemicals. Under certain circumstances retardation in biodegradation and/or an increase in toxicity may be observed within these treatment steps. Two different bioassays (Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri) have been used for testing the progress of toxicity during the treatment. In parallel other objectives were to analyse and identify organic compounds present in the untreated wastewater and arising degradation products in AOP treated wastewater samples. For this purpose substance specific techniques, e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in positive electron impact (El(+)) mode and atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) in combination with flow injection analysis (FIA) or liquid chromatography-mass and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS or LC-MS-MS) were performed.

Elucidation of the behavior of tannery wastewater under advanced oxidation conditions.

Diverse advanced oxidation process (AOP) techniques applying UV, TiO2/UV, O3 and O3/UV were used to degrade pollutants contained in tannery wastewater. The total mineralization of these pollutants is desirable, but it is quite energy consuming and sometimes impossible. Therefore the objective was to achieve an enhancement of biodegradability, preferentially with a decrease in toxicity in parallel. This work demonstrates that the dominant pollutants were chemically degraded by oxidation, while changes in carbon content were only marginal. These results were obtained monitoring the total organic carbon content (TOC), chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), and substance-specific pollutant content by application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Daphnia magna toxicity testing performed in parallel proved a decrease in toxicity after AOP treatment of the tannery wastewater.

Flavor composition of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) and marmeleiro (Croton species) honeys.

The aim of this work was to characterize the volatile fractions of two Brazilian honeys known as caju and marmeleiro. The volatile components were isolated by a column extraction technique using acetone as the extraction solvent. Totals of 59 and 36 volatile compounds were definitely or tentatively identified in the caju and marmeleiro honeys, respectively, using reference substances, mass spectral libraries, and the odor qualities of the compounds eluted from the GC column. Aroma extraction dilution analysis allowed the tentative identification of furfuryl mercaptan, benzyl alcohol, delta-octalactone, gamma-decalactone, eugenol, benzoic acid, isovaleric acid, phenylethyl alcohol, and 2-methoxyphenol as impact volatile compounds in the caju honey. In the marmeleiro honey, only isovaleric acid, gamma-decalactone, benzoic acid, and vanillin were considered to be potent odorants. This study showed that the medium- to high-boiling volatile compounds are important contributors to the characteristic aroma of these honeys.