Reclassification of the Main Causal Agent of Glomerella Leaf Spot on Apple into Colletotrichum chrysophilum in Southern Brazil and Uruguay.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is one of the most important diseases of apple, affecting a wide range of economically important cultivars, particularly Golden Delicious and its descendants. Caused mainly by species of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC), C. fructicola has been described as the most prevalent and aggressive species associated with GLS and apple bitter rot (ABR) in Brazil and Uruguay. Recently, new CGSC species, closely related to C. fructicola, have been identified causing ABR. To verify the accuracy of species identification within the CGSC, we aimed to reevaluate the identity of representative GLS-causing isolates from Brazilian and Uruguayan populations, previously identified as C. fructicola. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis based on APN2, ApMAT, CAL, GAPDH, GS, ITS, and TUB2 allocated these isolates in a monophyletic clade with C. chrysophilum. This species was first described as the causal agent of anthracnose in banana fruits in Brazil, and recent reports indicate its association with ABR in the United States. This is the first report of C. chrysophilum causing GLS disease on apple worldwide.

Grapevine nursery propagation material as source of fungal trunk disease pathogens in Uruguay.

Grapevine fungal trunk diseases (GTDs) have become a serious problem for grapevines worldwide. Nursery vines infected during the propagation process are considered one of the main ways of dissemination of GTD pathogens. In this study, we examined the status of GTDs in grapevine planting material, from rootstocks and scion mother cuttings to grafted rooted vines ready to plant, according to the local nursery propagation process. During 2018-2019, internal symptoms of GTDs were examined in 2400 propagation materials and fungal isolations were carried out from a subsample of 1026 selected materials. Our results revealed that nursery grapevine plants produced in Uruguay have a high incidence of GTDs, regardless of the scion/rootstock combination. Typical brown to black streaks and sectorial wood necrosis were observed in materials on all propagation stages, with a markedly increasing incidence throughout the nursery process, reaching almost 100% in grafted rooted vines ready to plant. Botryosphaeria dieback, Petri disease and black-foot disease were the main GTDs found. The results showed that Botryosphaeria dieback and Petri disease pathogens infect materials from the early stages of the process, with a marked increase towards the end of the plant production process, whereas black-foot disease pathogens were found exclusively in vines ready to plant. Diaporthe dieback pathogens were also detected in materials in all stages but in a low proportion (less than 10% of infected material). Based on single locus analysis, the 180 isolates selected were placed into eight genera and 89% identified within 22 fungal species associated with GTDs, with Phaeoacremonium oleae and Diaporthe terebinthifolii as new records on grapevine worldwide. Our results have concluded that locally produced vines are one of the main ways of dissemination of GTD pathogens and showed that a nursery sanitation programme is required to reduce the incidence of these diseases.

First report of Anthracnose on Peach Fruit Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Uruguay.

Peach (Prunus persica L.) is an economically important deciduous fruit crop in Uruguay. Anthracnose caused by species of the genus Colletotrichum is one of the major diseases in peach production, originating significant yield losses in United States (Hu et al. 2015), China (Du et al. 2017), Korea (Lee et al. 2018) and Brazil (Moreira et al. 2020). In February 2017, mature peach fruits cv. Pavia Canario with symptoms resembling anthracnose disease were collected from a commercial orchard located in Rincon del Colorado, Canelones, in the Southern region of Uruguay. Symptoms on peach fruit surface were characterized as circular, sunken, brown to dark-brown lesions ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter. Lesions were firm to touch with wrinkled concentric rings. All lesions progressed to the fruit core in a V-shaped pattern. The centers of the lesions were covered by orange conidial masses. Monosporic isolates obtained from the advancing margin of anthracnose lesions were grown on PDA at 25ºC and 12h photoperiod under fluorescent light. The representative isolates DzC1, DzC2 and DzC6 were morphologically and molecularly characterized. Upper surface of colonies varied from white or pale-gray to gray and on the reverse dark-gray with white to pale-gray margins. Conidia were cylindrical, with both ends predominantly rounded or one slightly acute, hyaline and aseptate. The length and width of conidia ranged from 9.5 to 18.9 µm (x ̅=14.1) and from 3.8 to 5.8 µm (x ̅=4.6), respectively. The ACT, ßTUB2, GAPDH, APN2, APN2/MAT-IGS, and GAP2-IGS gene regions were amplified and sequenced with primers ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999), BT2Fd/BT4R (Woudenberg et al. 2009), GDF1/GDR1 (Guerber et al. 2003), CgDLR1/ColDLF3, CgDLF6/CgMAT1F2 (Rojas et al. 2010) and GAP1041/GAP-IGS2044 (Vieira et al. 2017) respectively and deposited in the GenBank database (MZ097888 to MZ097905). Multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed that Uruguayan isolates clustered in a separate and well supported clade with sequences of the ex-type (isolate ICMP 18578) and other C. siamense strains (isolates Coll6, 1092, LF139 and CMM 4248). To confirm pathogenicity, mature and apparently healthy peach fruit cv. Pavia Canario were inoculated with the three representative isolates of C. siamense (six fruit per isolate). Fruit were surface disinfested with 70% ethanol and wounded with a sterile needle at two equidistant points (1 mm diameter x 1 mm deep). Then, fruit were inoculated with 5 µl of a spore suspension (1×106 conidia mL-1) in four inoculation points per fruit (two wounded and two unwounded). Six fruit mock-inoculated with 5 µl sterile water were used as controls. Inoculated fruit were placed in moist chamber and incubated at 25°C during 10 days. Anthracnose lesions appeared at 2 and 4 days after inoculation in wounded and unwounded points, respectively. After 7 days, disease incidence was 100% and 67% for wounded and unwounded fruit, respectively. The control treatment remained symptomless. The pathogens were re-isolated from all lesions and re-identified as C. siamense. C. siamense was previously reported in South Carolina causing anthracnose on peach (Hu et al. 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose disease on peach caused by C. siamense in Uruguay. Effective management strategies should be implemented to control anthracnose and prevent the spread of this disease to other commercial peach orchards.

Obesidad en adultos: prevalencia y evolución / Obesity in adults: prevalence and evolution

Introducción: la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha catalogado a la obesidad como un grave problema de salud pública mundial, dadas las múltiples afecciones que determina: mayor prevalencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes, ciertas formas de cáncer, afecciones respiratorias y enfermedad osteoarticular, entre otras. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en una población de adultos de una institución de asistencia médica colectiva y conocer su evolución. Material y método: se estudió una muestra al azar de 2.070 adultos, 1.521 de los cuales fueron evaluados nuevamente a los 50,7 meses. Se les interrogó, determinó talla, peso y presión arterial. Se pesquisó diabetes, dislipemia e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. Resultados: 38,9% tenía índice de masa corporal normal, 38,0% sobrepeso y 23,1% obesidad. La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial fue 22,7% entre quienes tenían índice de masa corporal normal, 42,6% en quienes tenían sobrepeso y 59,7% entre los obesos (p<0,05). La diabetes pasó de 4,5% a 5,3% y 11,7% de acuerdo a que el individuo tuviera índice de masa corporal normal, sobrepeso u obesidad (p<0,05), y la dislipemia pasó de 13,8% a 21,1% y a 30,5% (p<0,005). No hubo diferencia significativa de prevalencia en el tabaquismo ni en la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. Al cabo de los 50,7 meses se observó un aumento promedio de peso de 1,2 kg, con un incremento de 1,4% del sobrepeso y 5,1% de la obesidad. Conclusiones: la obesidad y el sobrepeso fueron altamente prevalentes en esta población de adultos. Al cabo de poco más de cuatro años su prevalencia aumentó de forma importante en el grupo estudiado, situación que debería ser modificada, pues el índice de masa corporal elevado determina pérdida de calidad de vida a la vez que impone una pesada carga a nuestra institución.

Introduction: the World Health Organization has stated obesity is a severe public health threat at global level due to the many disorders it determines: higher prevalence ofcardiovascular diseases, diabetes, certain forms of cancer, respiratory disorders, osteoarticular diseases, among others. Objective: to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in a population of adults in a collective medical care institution and study its evolution. Material and method: a random sample of 2.070 adults was studied, 1.521 of which were newly assessed 50,7 months later. They were questioned, and height, weight and blood pressure were measured. They were screened for diabetes, dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy. Results: 38,9% had a normal body mass index, 38,0% were overweight and 23,1% were obese. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 22,7% among those with a normal body mass index, 42,6% in the overweight adults and 59,7% in those who were obese (p<0,05). Diabetes went from 4,5% to 5,3% and 11,7% when the body mass index corresponded to a normal, overweight or obese adult (p<0,05), and dyslipidemia went from 13,8% to 21,1% and 30,5% (p<0,005). No significant differences in prevalence was observed for smoking or left ventricular hypertrophy. An average weight gain of 1,2 kg was observed after 50,7 months, with a 1,4% increase of overweight and 5,1% of obese individuals. Conclusions: obesity and overweight were highly prevalent in this adult population. After little more than four years prevalence increased in a significant manner in the studiedgroup. This situation should be modified, since an elevated body mass index determines a fall in the quality of life and at the same time imposes a high burden on our institution.

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en una población adulta

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en la población adulta y su asociación con variables de estilo de vida potencialmente modificables. Métodos: se estimó la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico de acuerdo a la definición del Programa Nacional de Educación en Colesterol (ATP III) de Estados Unidos, entre 1.411 participantes del estudio epidemiológico que se desarrolla desde 1995 en una muestra representativa de los asociados adultos de la institución. Se realizó ajuste por edad y por sexo de acuerdo a la composición de la población uruguaya. Resultados: la prevalencia no ajustada de síndrome metabólico fue 27,7% y la prevalencia ajustada fue 19,7%. En hombres la prevalencia ajustada fue 23,1% y en mujeres 18,1%. La obesidad o el sobrepeso estuvieron presentes en 93% de los portadores de síndrome metabólico. El 75% de quienes presentan la entidad no realizan actividad física regular. La prevalencia de acuerdo al nivel educativo fue 35,9%, 30,6% y 17,9% (p<0,0001) entre quienes tenían <=6 años, 6 a 12 y >12 años de estudio. La prevalencia entre individuos activos fue 25,2%, siendo de 32,3% y de 30,0% en jubilados y en desocupados (p =0,02). Conclusiones: el síndrome metabólico tiene alta prevalencia en la población estudiada, la que es particularmente elevada en los hombres. El sedentarismo, el sobrepeso y la obesidad son altamente prevalentes entre los portadores de esta entidad. Es necesario identificar a los pacientes con síndrome metabólico y optimizar su estilo de vida para prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria. Las estrategias para promover el cambio de estilo de vida deben poner especial énfasis en los grupos de mayor prevalencia.

SUMMARY Objective: to determine prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in an adult population and its association with varying lifestyles. Methods: prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was estimated following the National Cholesterol Education Program (ATP III), United States, among 1 411 adult users of a health-center since 1995. Age and sexe adjustments were done according to the Uruguayan population. Results: unadjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 27,7% and adjusted prevalence was 19,7%. Adjusted prevalence among men was 23,1%, among women, 18,1%. Obesity and overweight were seen in 93% of the metabolic syndrome carriers. Regular physical activity was practiced by 25%. Prevalence according to educational level was 35,9%, 30,6% y 17,9% (p<0,0001) among those with 6 years, 6 to 12 and >12 years of education. Prevalence among active adults was 25,2%, while among retired and unemployed people, 32,3% and 30,0% respectively (p=0,02). Conclusions: prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was high among the studied population, particularly among men. Sedentarism, overweight and obesity are particularly prevalent among metabolic syndrome carriers. Carriers of metabolic syndrome should be identify in order to optimize their lifestyles and consequently to prevent coronary disease.

Nifedipina de liberación sostenida & atenolol: correlación entre niveles plasmáticos y eficacia clínica / Sustained release nifedipine & atenolol: correlation between plasma levels and clinical efficacy

La combinación de antagonistas de los canales lentos del calcio y agentes de bloqueo betaadrenérgico presentan una serie de ventajas para el tratamiento de la hipertensión.Existen, sin embargo, algunos inconvenientes farmacocinéticos de los componentes que han sido estudiados ampliamente en voluntarios sanos, pero no en pacientes hipertensos.Para dilucidar este punto se ha diseñado el presente estudio.Se estudiaron 26 pacientes hipertensos durante 3 meses a los cuales se les administró la combinación: atenolol 50 mg (ATL) más nifedipina de liberación sostenida 20 mg (NLS).Se realizó el seguimiento clínico, de laboratorio y de niveles plasmáticos de los fármacos.Se correlacionaron estos niveles con diferentes parámetros clínicos y metabólicos.La combinación fija de ATL+NLS presentó una eficacia similar a la ya comunicada por diversos autores y niveles plasmáticos al estado de equilibrio que permiten un adecuado control recíproco de los efectos colaterales cardiovasculares.La falta de efecto sobre los lípidos de la sangre es un elemento favorable, a confirmar, de esta combinación