Nanocarriers in Veterinary Medicine: A Challenge for Improving Osteosarcoma Conventional Treatments.

In recent years, several nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, and others, have been explored to target and treat a wide variety of diseases. Their employment has brought many benefits, not only to human medicine but also to veterinary medicine, albeit at a slower rate. Soon, the use of nanocarriers could revolutionize the animal health sector, and many veterinary therapies will be more effective as a result. The purpose of this review is to offer an overview of the main applications of nanocarriers in the veterinary field, from supplements for animal health and reproduction to nanovaccines and nanotherapies. Among the major pathologies that can affect animals, special attention is given to canine osteosarcoma (OSA): a comparison with human OSA is provided and the main treatment options are reviewed emphasizing the benefits that nanocarriers could bring in the treatment of this widespread disease.

Acceptability of vaginal self-sampling with high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening: a French questionnaire-based study.

In France, cervical cancer screening based on cervical smear has a participation rate of around 60%. New screening strategies are encouraged to increase the participation of under-screened women, including vaginal self-sampling with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing. This study was based on the distribution of an anonymous self-administered questionnaire to assess the acceptability of vaginal self-sampling with HR-HPV testing by women aged 25 to 65 years in two French Departments of the South of France, Aude, and Hérault, showing low participation in cervical cancer screening. Factors influencing this acceptability were also analyzed. From May to July 2017, 349 completed questionnaires were collected. Women declared high acceptability for vaginal self-sampling (81%) preferably at home (82.6%). Acceptability was statistically higher in the Department of Herault (p = .001) and for women older than 50 years (p = .018). There was no difference according to educational level or attendance to cervical cancer screening. Knowledge about cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening was significantly influenced by educational level. This study confirmed that vaginal self-sampling with HR-HPV testing was highly accepted, including by under-screened women, encouraging further interventional studies. Education about cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening should be part of these programs, especially for women with lower educational level.

Stearoyl-Chitosan Coated Nanoparticles Obtained by Microemulsion Cold Dilution Technique.

Chitosan is an excipient which has been studied thoroughly in research works thanks to its positive characteristics such as muco-adhesiveness and ability to open epithelial-tight-junctions. In this article, lipophilic stearoyl chitosan (ST-CS) was synthetized in order to anchor this polymer to lipid nanoparticles and prepare ST-CS-coated nanoparticles (ST-CS-NP) using the microemulsion cold dilution technique. Curcumin (CURC) was used as model drug. CURC-ST-CS-NP were characterized by dimensional analysis, zeta potential, drug entrapment, drug release; tested in vitro on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) cells to study its cytotoxicity and on human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1) to determine inhibition ability; tested in rats to determine CURC blood profiles and biodistribution. CURC-ST-CS-NP had mean diameters in the range 200⁻400 nm and CURC entrapment up to 73%. These systems did not show cytotoxicity on HUVEC cells at all tested dilutions and revealed to be more effective than free CURC solution on PANC-1 cells at 5 and 10 µM CURC. Blood profile studies evidenced as CURC entrapment in NP prolonged the permanence of drug in the systemic circulation compared to CURC solution due to a certain stealth property of NP, probably attributable to hydrophilic chitosan coating. Biodistribution studies showed a smaller CURC concentration in RES organs when CURC-ST-CS-NP were administered.

Nanosized TiO2 is internalized by dorsal root ganglion cells and causes damage via apoptosis.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used as ingredient in several products in the nanoform. TiO2-nanoparticles (NPs) are also currently studied for different medical applications. A large debate exists on possible adverse health effects related to their exposure. While there is some evidence of TiO2-NP central nervous system toxicity, their effects on peripheral neurons have been poorly explored. In this study we investigated the effects of TiO2-NPs on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons and satellite glial cells that may be reached by nanoparticles from the bloodstream. We found that TiO2-NPs are internalized in DRG cells and induce apoptosis in a dose dependent manner in both types of cells, ROS production and changes in expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß. Furthermore, we found that the axonal retrograde transport is altered in neurons upon exposure to TiO2-NPs. Overall, the results indicate a potential neurotoxic effect of TiO2-NPs on DRG cells. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles is increasing in medical practice. Little is known about their potential toxic effects on the peripheral nervous system. The authors studied this aspect and showed that titanium nanoparticles might potentially cause toxicity over long term.

Preparation of griseofulvin nanoparticles from water-dilutable microemulsions.

Nanoparticles of griseofulvin, a model drug with poor solubility and low bioavailability, were prepared from water dilutable microemulsions by the solvent diffusion technique. Solvent-in-water microemulsion formulations containing water, butyl lactate, lecithin, taurodeoxycholate sodium salt (TDC) or dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (KG), 1,2-propanediol or ethanol were used. The formation of macroscopically homogeneous, stable, fluid, optically transparent, isotropic solutions (microemulsions) was investigated by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. In the presence of TDC or KG, microemulsion systems that remained transparent on water dilution could be obtained. The displacement of butyl lactate, with an excess of water, from the internal phase of the microemulsions containing the drug into the external phase, lead to successful fabrication of drug nanosuspensions. Nanoparticle size was dependent on microemulsion composition: using KG, griseofulvin nanoparticles below 100 nm with low polydispersity and an increased dissolution rate were obtained.