Subject(s)
Arachidonic Acid/metabolism , Bone Development/drug effects , Gadus morhua/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Vitamin A/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Diet/veterinary , Gadus morhua/genetics , Gadus morhua/growth & development , Larva/drug effects , Larva/genetics , Larva/growth & development , Larva/physiologyABSTRACT
To test how iodine and both iodine and selenium supplementation affected the thyroid status as well as growth and survival in Senegalese sole, larvae were reared in a recirculation system from 15 to 34 DAH. Sets of three tanks were assigned to each of the following three diets: control (C), iodine (I) and iodine and selenium (I + Se). Samples were collected at 15, 27 and 34 DAH to determine dry weight, iodine and selenium levels, GPx and ORD activities, thyroid hormone levels and thyroid follicles histology. At 34 DAH, fish from the control (C) treatment suffered from hyperplasia of the thyroid follicles (goitre), whereas iodine-treated larvae did not (I and I + Se). Lower survival rates in the C groups were probably a consequence of the hyperplasia. Moreover, there was an improvement in thyroid hormone status in I- and I + Se-treated larvae, showing that further supplementation of live feed with iodine can be crucial for fish at early life stages, as it seems to sustain normal larval development, when reared in a recirculation system. Selenium did not affect the results. Together with previous results, this indicates selenium supplement is more important at younger life stages.
Subject(s)
Flatfishes/metabolism , Iodine/administration & dosage , Selenium/administration & dosage , Thyroid Hormones/metabolism , Age Factors , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Diet , Dietary Supplements , Fish Diseases/pathology , Fish Diseases/prevention & control , Fisheries , Flatfishes/anatomy & histology , Flatfishes/growth & development , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Goiter/pathology , Goiter/prevention & control , Goiter/veterinary , Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism , Iodine/deficiency , Larva/anatomy & histology , Larva/growth & development , Larva/metabolism , Thyroid Gland/anatomy & histology , Thyroid Gland/metabolismABSTRACT
14C-labelled 7-chloro-3-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy-methyl] benzo[b]thiophene (sertaconazole, FI-7045, CAS 99592-32-2) was administered systemically (i.v. route) and topically (dermal route) in different formulations at doses of 10 mg/kg to hairless Sprague-Dawley rats. Determination of plasma and liver levels of radioactivity demonstrated that the dermal application of sertaconazole induced very low systemic absorption with all the formulations used: 1.47% for sertaconazole cream, 1.97% for sertaconazole solution, 0.665% for sertaconazole powder and 0.885% for sertaconazole gel. Calculations were made from the areas under plasma levels curves of each topical administration in comparison with intravenous administration. Significant radioactivity levels were found in the liver, which was consistent with a high hepatic metabolization and faecal excretion of the substance. However, the liver levels after topical application were virtually insignificant in comparison with the levels in the same organ obtained after intravenous administration.
