The use of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics questionnaires to identify hearing disability: a systematic review. / A utilização dos questionários do Washington Group on Disability Statistics para identificação da incapacidade auditiva: uma revisão sistemática.

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of instruments from the Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) to obtain data on hearing disability (HD). RESEARCH STRATEGIES: We conducted searches in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Lilacs databases and the grey literature. The software "The State of the Art through Systematic Review" and "Mendeley" were used to assist in the bibliographic reference organization, selection, and storage. SELECTION CRITERIA: we followed the guidelines proposed by the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis" and we selected studies that met the following inclusion criteria: written in English or Portuguese, within the period of 2001 to 2017 and have used the WG hearing disability question. DATA ANALYSIS: The variables analyzed into the studies were: WG module, country and year of data collection, sample size and composition, objective of the study, publication journal, HD estimate of prevalence and accuracy measures. RESULTS: Sixty-five studies are included in the review, conducted with data from 30 countries. The WG Short Set of question was the most often used. Hearing disability prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 2.3% and only three studies estimated the accuracy of the instrument to identify HD. CONCLUSION: The hearing disability question of WG has been used worldwide and mainly in developing countries. The short variation in the estimated prevalence measurements within studies seems favorable to the WG's goal of generate estimates that allow international comparison. However, the shortage of validity studies indicates the need for further investigations with this purpose.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a aplicação dos instrumentos do Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) para obtenção de dados sobre incapacidade auditiva (IA). ESTRATÉGIA DE PESQUISA: Foram conduzidas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science e Lilacs, e na literatura cinzenta. Os softwares State of the Art through Systematic Review e Mendeley foram utilizados como ferramentas para organização, seleção e armazenamento dos documentos. CRITÉRIOS DE SELEÇÃO: Seguiram-se orientações propostas pela Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. De acordo com critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados estudos publicados em inglês ou português, entre 2001 e 2017, que aplicaram a pergunta sobre IA do WG. ANÁLISE DOS DADOS: Foram definidas como variáveis de análise: módulo WG utilizado, país e ano da coleta de dados, tamanho e composição da amostra, objetivo do estudo, periódico de publicação, estimativa da prevalência de IA e medidas de acurácia. RESULTADOS: Foram 65 os estudos incluídos, conduzidos com dados de 30 países. O módulo curto do WG foi mais comumente utilizado. As estimativas de prevalência da IA variaram de 0,2 a 2,3%, e apenas três estudos estimaram a acurácia do instrumento para sua identificação. Conclusão: O emprego do instrumento do WG, módulo de incapacidade auditiva, tem ocorrido em nível mundial, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. A pequena variação entre as medidas de prevalência estimadas pelos estudos parece ser favorável ao objetivo do WG em gerar estimativas que permitam comparação internacional. No entanto, a escassez de estudos de validade indica a necessidade de mais investigações.

A utilização dos questionários do Washington Group on Disability Statistics para identificação da incapacidade auditiva: uma revisão sistemática / The use of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics questionnaires to identify hearing disability: a systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a aplicação dos instrumentos do Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) para obtenção de dados sobre incapacidade auditiva (IA). Estratégia de pesquisa Foram conduzidas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science e Lilacs, e na literatura cinzenta. Os softwares State of the Art through Systematic Review e Mendeley foram utilizados como ferramentas para organização, seleção e armazenamento dos documentos. Critérios de seleção Seguiram-se orientações propostas pela Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. De acordo com critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados estudos publicados em inglês ou português, entre 2001 e 2017, que aplicaram a pergunta sobre IA do WG. Análise dos dados Foram definidas como variáveis de análise: módulo WG utilizado, país e ano da coleta de dados, tamanho e composição da amostra, objetivo do estudo, periódico de publicação, estimativa da prevalência de IA e medidas de acurácia. Resultados Foram 65 os estudos incluídos, conduzidos com dados de 30 países. O módulo curto do WG foi mais comumente utilizado. As estimativas de prevalência da IA variaram de 0,2 a 2,3%, e apenas três estudos estimaram a acurácia do instrumento para sua identificação. Conclusão: O emprego do instrumento do WG, módulo de incapacidade auditiva, tem ocorrido em nível mundial, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. A pequena variação entre as medidas de prevalência estimadas pelos estudos parece ser favorável ao objetivo do WG em gerar estimativas que permitam comparação internacional. No entanto, a escassez de estudos de validade indica a necessidade de mais investigações.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the use of instruments from the Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) to obtain data on hearing disability (HD). Research strategies We conducted searches in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Lilacs databases and the grey literature. The software "The State of the Art through Systematic Review" and "Mendeley" were used to assist in the bibliographic reference organization, selection, and storage. Selection criteria we followed the guidelines proposed by the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis" and we selected studies that met the following inclusion criteria: written in English or Portuguese, within the period of 2001 to 2017 and have used the WG hearing disability question. Data analysis The variables analyzed into the studies were: WG module, country and year of data collection, sample size and composition, objective of the study, publication journal, HD estimate of prevalence and accuracy measures. Results Sixty-five studies are included in the review, conducted with data from 30 countries. The WG Short Set of question was the most often used. Hearing disability prevalence ranged from 0.2 to 2.3% and only three studies estimated the accuracy of the instrument to identify HD. Conclusion The hearing disability question of WG has been used worldwide and mainly in developing countries. The short variation in the estimated prevalence measurements within studies seems favorable to the WG's goal of generate estimates that allow international comparison. However, the shortage of validity studies indicates the need for further investigations with this purpose.

Pyruvate Aldol Condensation Product: A Metabolite That Escaped Synthetic Preparation for Over a Century.

The homoaldol condensation product of pyruvate, 2-methyl-4-oxopent-2-enedioic acid (OMPD), has been recently implicated as a catabolic intermediate in the bacterial degradation of lignin and previously identified from other biological sources in reports ranging over 60 years. Yet, while a preparation of the pyruvate homoaldol product precursor, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutaric acid (HMOG/Parapyruvate), was first reported in 1901, there has not been a complete published synthesis of OMPD. Analyses of reaction mixtures have helped identify zymonic acid, the lactone of HMOG, as the direct precursor to OMPD. The reaction appears to proceed through an acid- or base-mediated ring opening that does not involve formal lactone hydrolysis. In addition to a preparative protocol, we provide a proposed mechanism for the formation of methylsuccinic acid that arises from the nonoxidative decarboxylation of OMPD. Finally, we calculated the relative stability of the isomers of OMPD and found Z-OMPD to be the lowest in energy. These computations also support our observations that Z-OMPD is the most abundant isomer across a range of pH values.

Consenso de VIH: tratamiento antirretroviral en adultos

Consenso para el tratamiento antirretroviral en adultos

Antiretroviral Adult treatment Consensus

Consenso de VIH-2: tratamiento antirretroviral en niños, adolescentes y embarazadas

Consenso para el tratamiento antirretroviral de las mujeres embarazadas, los adolescentes y los niños

Consensus of Antiretroviral treatment of pregnant women, adolescents and children

Consenso de VIH-3: adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y consideraciones en situaciones especiales

Consenso acerca de la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en situaciones especiales

Consensus about the antiretroviral treatment adherence in special situations

Comorbilidad de TEA y TDAH: revisión sistemática de los avances en investigación / ASD and ADHD comorbidity: a systematic review of advances in research

La reciente publicación del DSM-5, introduce la novedad de aceptar la posibilidad de un diagnóstico comórbido de los Trastorno de Espectro Autista (TEA) y el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH). En este artículo se realiza una revisión de trabajos que han estudiado esta comorbilidad. Se revisaron un total de 28 investigaciones, estableciendo 4 temáticas diferentes. La investigación muestra tasas variables de comorbilidad de TEA y TDAH dependiendo de la edad y procedencia de las muestras, y de los criterios diagnósticos empleados. Cuando se da la comorbilidad de TEA y TDAH aumenta la severidad de la sintomatología autista y de trastornos externalizantes e internalizantes. Sin embargo, ello no parece relacionarse con un empeoramiento del estrés parental ni de la calidad de vida familiar

The recent publication of DSM-5, introduces as novelty to accept the comorbidity between the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This article reviews previous researches that have studied this comorbidity. A total of 28 investigations were reviewed, establishing 4 different themes. The research shows variable ASD and ADHD comorbidity rates depending on the age and origin of the samples, as well as the diagnostic criteria used. When ASD and ADHD comorbidity occurs, the autistic symptomatology and the externalizing and internalizing disorders increase. However, this does not seem to have a relation with a worsening of the parental stress or the quality of family life

Parámetros de composición corporal en pacientes VIH mediante el análisis de la biompedancia eléctrica

Se han descrito cambios en la composición corporal en pacientes VIH mediante el análisis de la bioimpedancia eléctrica (ABE). Hay pocos estudios que describan estos cambios en la composición corporal en pacientes VIH en Venezuela. Objetivo: Conocer cuáles son las características de la composición corporal de los pacientes VIH (Hospitalizados y Ambulatorios), período enero - agosto 2015. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo - transversal. Tres grupos: Hospitalizados: pacVIH-h (n=22), Ambulatorio: pacVIH-a (n=47) y No VIH: Control (n=28). Se registraron género, peso, talla y LCD4+. Mediante ABE se obtuvo: Masa grasa (MG), Tejido adiposo abdominal (TAA), Agua corporal total (ACT), Agua intracelular (AIC), Agua extracelular (AEC), Masa celular corporal (MCC), Masa libre de grasa (MLG), Potasio corporal total (KCT), Ángulo de Fase (AF). Resultados: Peso, IMC, LCD4+ fue menor en pacVIH-h. La MG y TAA fue menor en grupos de pacientes VIH con respecto al Control. No hubo diferencias en Agua Corporal. MMC fue menor en pacVIH-a. AF fue menor en pacVIH. Una correlación significativa entre MG y TAA, y LCD4+. Conclusión: Este estudio ha permitido exponer y reconocer los aspectos relacionados con los cambios en la composición corporal que ocurren en el paciente VIH adulto. La relación entre el compartimento graso y CD4+ permitiría explorar el papel del tejido adiposo en la reconstitución inmune.

Body composition in HIV patients have been assessed previously using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Lack of studies that describes changes in body composition in Venezuelan HIV patients. Objective: To assess body composition characteristic of HIV patients (hospitalized, ambulatory) , period January-August 2015. Methods: Descriptive-transversal study. Three groups: hospitalized: HIV-h (n=22), ambulatory: HIV-a (n=47) and Control (n=28). Gender, weight, height, CD4+ were measured. By BIA: Fat Mass (FM), Abdominal Adipose Tissue (AAT), Total body water (TBW), Intracellular water (ICW), Extracellular water (ECW), Body cell mass (BCM),Free Fat Mass (FFM), Total body potassium (TBK), Phase angle (PA). Results: Weight, BMI, CD4+ were lower in HIV-h. FM and AAT were lower in HIV patients. Water compartment showed no differences. BCM were lower in HIV-a. PA was lower in HIV patients. Significant relationship between FM, ATT and CD4+ was found. Conclusions: This study let us expose and recognize body composition changes that occur in HIV patients. Relationship between FAT, AAT and CD4+ can let us explore the possible role of adipose tissue in immune reconstitution.

Differential pre-mRNA Splicing Alters the Transcript Diversity of Helitrons Between the Maize Inbred Lines.

The propensity to capture and mobilize gene fragments by the highly abundant Helitron family of transposable elements likely impacts the evolution of genes in Zea mays. These elements provide a substrate for natural selection by giving birth to chimeric transcripts by intertwining exons of disparate genes. They also capture flanking exons by read-through transcription. Here, we describe the expression of selected Helitrons in different maize inbred lines. We recently reported that these Helitrons produce multiple isoforms of transcripts in inbred B73 via alternative splicing. Despite sharing high degrees of sequence similarity, the splicing profile of Helitrons differed among various maize inbred lines. The comparison of Helitron sequences identified unique polymorphisms in inbred B73, which potentially give rise to the alternatively spliced sites utilized by transcript isoforms. Some alterations in splicing, however, do not have obvious explanations. These observations not only add another level to the creation of transcript diversity by Helitrons among inbred lines but also provide novel insights into the cis-acting elements governing splice-site selection during pre-mRNA processing.

Nivel de autoestima y su relación con el valor absoluto de linfocitos TCD4 en pacientes que viven con VIH/SIDA / Level of self-esteem and its relation to the absolute value of TCD4 lymphocytes in patients living with HIV / AIDS

La cuantificación de las células TCD4 en pacientes que viven con VIH/SIDA es indicador de estado inmunológico. Factores como el estrés físico, psicológico, embarazo, entre otros, pueden disminuir su valor. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de autoestima y su relación con el valor absoluto de linfocitos T CD4. Metodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos, analítico del tipo correlacional. Para ello, se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta escrita como medio de recolección de datos en los pacientes atendidos en la "Unidad de Infectología del Hospital Universitario Dr. Ángel Larralde (HUAL)" durante el periodo marzo junio del 2015. Resultados: De los 100 pacientes, predominó el sexo masculino y se registró una edad promedio de 28,22 años ± 0,81 siendo más frecuente edades entre 18 y 29 años (65 casos). El tiempo de diagnóstico que predominó fue entre 1 y 5 años (58 casos). El nivel alto de autoestima prevaleció entre los pacientes del estadio 2 (20/38) y en estadio 1 (19/53). Entre los pacientes con 1 y 5 años de diagnóstico predominó el nivel de autoestima medio (27/58), y en los pacientes con menos de un año de diagnóstico predominó el nivel alto (9/20). El mayor promedio registrado de linfocitos TCD4 correspondió a aquellos pacientes con autoestima alta y el promedio más bajo se observó en aquellos pacientes con autoestima baja. Conclusiones: Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de autoestima y el promedio de células TCD4; se encontró relación directa entre el nivel de autoestima y estadio de la enfermedad al mismo tiempo que se encontró relación directa entre el tiempo de diagnóstico y el nivel de autoestima(AU)

The number of CD4+ cells in patients living with HIV / AIDS is known as an indicator of immune status. Factors such as physical and psychological stress, pregnancy, among others, may decline the number of CD4. Objective: To assess the level of self- esteem and its relationship to the absolute value of TCD4 lymphocytes in patients living with HIV / AIDS. Methods: A case study, correlational and analytical was performed. A written survey technique was used as by a data collection questionnaire applied to the patients with AIDS attending the "Unidad de Infectología del Hospital Universitario Dr. Ángel Larralde (HUAL)" during the period from March to June 2015. Results: The sample was 100 patients, with a male the prevalent sex and an average age of 28.22 years ± 0.81, being more frequent between 18 and 29 years (65 cases). The predominant diagnosis time was between 1 and 5 years (58 cases). The high level of self-esteem prevailed among patients of stage 2 (20/38) and stage 3 (19/53). Among patients with 1 and 5 years of diagnosis, the medium level of self-esteem (27/58) was the predominant. Patients within a year of diagnosis registered high level of self-esteem (9/20). The highest average CD4 cells registered corresponded to those with high self-esteem and the lowest average was observed in patients with low self-esteem. Conclusions: There was a statistically significant difference between the level of self-esteem and the average of Lympochytes T CD4 cells and also a direct relationship between self-esteem, the stage of disease and between time of diagnosis and the level of self-esteem.(AU)