ABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Quarantine/psychology , Psychological Distance , Information Technology/trends , Nursing Care/trends , Pandemics/history , Coronavirus Infections/psychology , Social Behavior , TelematicsSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nursing , Cultural Diversity , Human Migration , Prejudice , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/nursing , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/nursing , Pandemics , Stereotyping , Adaptation, Psychological , Coronavirus Infections/psychology , Pneumonia, Viral/psychology , Humanization of AssistanceABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , History of Nursing , Transcultural Nursing/history , Transcultural Nursing/methods , Anthropology, CulturalABSTRACT
Los cambios sociales producidos en las sociedades abiertas han modificado los estilos de vida y provocado nuevos problemas de salud que tienen una etiología sociocultural. Los pacientes tienen nuevas demandas que, para satisfacerlas, la enfermeras también deben cambiar. La antropología es una disciplina que puede ser útil a la enfermería en esta nueva etapa
The social changes produced in open societies have changed lifestyles and provoked new health problems that have a sociocultural etiology. Patients have new demands that, in order to satisfy them, the nurses must also change. Anthropology is a discipline that can be useful to nursing in this new stage
Subject(s)
Humans , Anthropology, Cultural , Nursing CareABSTRACT
Objetivo principal: Explorar los cuidados en los hijos de inmigrados y la relación enfermera-padres inmigrados. Metodología: Estudio de casos cualitativo con enfoque etnográfico. Observación en dos hospitales y un centro de atención primaria. Veinticuatro entrevistas semiestructuradas grabadas. Análisis cualitativo mediante comparaciones constantes. Resultados principales: Los resultados se articulan en tres grandes bloques: (1) Ser padre o madre inmigrado, (2) El sistema sanitario y los inmigrados, y (3) Los cuidados culturales. Conclusión principal: Se constataron diferencias en la percepción en relación a cuidados específicos como la higiene, el colecho, el método canguro, el cordón umbilical, la ropa, la lactancia materna y la alimentación. Factores como la barrera idiomática, los roles de género, los patrones familiares, entre otros, influyen en las diferencias encontradas. La relación inmigrante (padres) / profesionales viene determinada por la sociedad en la que ambos están inmersos (culturas de origen y culturas autóctonas) y el contexto institucional (culturas profesionales)
Objective: To explore the care provided to immigrant children and the relationships between nurses and immigrant parents within the Madrid health services (Spain). Methods: Qualitative case-study design with ethnographic approach. Field observations took place in two hospitals and a primary health care center. Twenty-four interviews were recorded and qualitative analysis of the data was conducted via the constant comparison method. Results: Results are shown in three sections: (1) Being an immigrant parent; (2) The health system and immigrants; and (3) Cultural care. Conclusions: The differences between the immigrant parents and the Spanish parents were centered on practices such as child hygiene, co-sleeping, the kangaroo-mother method, caring for the umbilical cord, clothing, and breastfeeding. The language barrier, gender roles, family composition and other socioeconomic factors influence the care. When studying the relationships between nurses and immigrants, the context in which these occur is highly relevant, and includes both the societal context and that of the health services
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Emigrants and Immigrants , Health Facilities , Culturally Competent Care/trends , Spain , Qualitative Research , Anthropology, Cultural/methods , Nursing Care/trendsABSTRACT
Durante os séculos XV e XVI, num momento de repressão e perseguição religiosa e inquisitorial, as mulheres atuaram como cuidadoras informais com práticas empíricas. Os objetivos deste artigo consiste em destacar o processo de profissionalização dos cuidados da mulher ao longo deste período e conhecer o papel da igreja e dos homens na crítica aos cuidados femininos, assim como apresentar figuras femininas espanholas que se destacaram na medicina neste período. Material e método: O trabalho consiste numa revisão da narrativa realizada a partir de fontes secundárias, relacionadas com o objeto em estudo, bem como uma análise das mesmas desde a história social, tendo em conta as características da época em estudo. Resultados: Durante os séculos XV y XVI, a igreja, junto com a classe médica, conduziu a uma repressão dos cuidados femininos que influenciou a sua aceitação. Assim, os cuidados femininos geraram discordância e conflitos entre a igreja e a sociedade e o cuidar informal da mulher começava a inserir-se na classe médica profissionalizada. Conclusões: As descobertas obtidas neste estudo destacam a aceitação das práticas empíricas femininas, em contraste com os conhecimentos teóricos dos médicos e, posteriormente, a inclusão da mulher nos cuidados profissionais
Durante los siglos XV y XVI, en un momento de represión y persecución religiosa e inquisitorial, las mujeres actuaron como cuidadoras informales con prácticas empíricas. El objetivo del estudio es destacar el proceso de profesionalización de cuidados de la mujer durante dicho periodo; conocer el papel de la iglesia, de los hombres en la crítica hacía las mujeres; presentar figuras femeninas españolas destaca das en la medicina durante este período. Material y método: El trabajo es una revisión narrativa de las fuentes secundarias relacionadas con el objeto de estudio, así como un análisis de las mismas desde la historia social, teniendo en cuenta las características de la época de estudio. Resultados: Durante los siglos XV y XVI, la iglesia, junto con la clase médica, condujo una represión hacía el cuidado femenino que influyó en su aceptación. Así mismo, el cuidado femenino generó desacuerdos y conflictos entre iglesia y sociedad, los cuidados de las mujeres informales, empezaron a formar parte de la clase médica profesionalizada. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos obtenidos refieren como a pesar del predominio del conocimiento teórico médico, las prácticas empíricas de las mujeres consiguieron ser aceptadas en determinadas condiciones y esto constituyó, con posterioridad, el reconocimiento profesional del cuidado
Dring the fifteenth and sixteenth century, at a time of repression and religious and inquisitorial persecution, women have acted as informal caregivers with empirical practices. The objectives of this article is to emphasize the process of professionalization of women's care over that period and to know the role of the church and men in critical care to women, as well as presenting Spanish female figures who have excelled in medicine during this period. Methods: The task is a narrative review of secondary sources related with the object of study, as well as an analysis of the same sources from the social history, keeping in mind the characteristics of the era of study. Results: During the centuries XV and XVI, the church, along with the medical class, led to a suppression of feminine care that influenced their acceptance. Thus, feminine care generated disagreement and conflict between the church and society and the informal women's care began to be part of the professionalized medical profession. Conclusions: The findings from this study highlight the acceptance of female empirical practices, in contrast to the theoretical knowledge of medical and subsequently the inclusion of women in professional care
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History of Medicine , Women's Rights , Religion and MedicineABSTRACT
Modern Western societies are characterized by a considerable cultural and ethnic diversity whereby different groups and minorities live side by side. However, not all people are viewed in the same light by the autochthonous population. This is particularly true in the case of Muslim immigrants, who are often prone to negative stereotyping and prejudice. This has become increasingly apparent since the 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and the subsequent attacks in various Western countries. This study seeks to analyze the relation between female nurses and those labeled by nurses as "Muslim fathers," as part of a research project on the care of immigrant children in Madrid (Spain). The findings promote reflection on the effects of nurses' stereotypes and prejudices regarding the gender roles of "Muslim fathers" and the relations between these groups. These prejudices can lead to situations of cultural imposition and/or discrimination. Self-reflection regarding stereotypes and prejudices is necessary in order to provide culturally competent care. The anthropobiological approach by Marie Françoise Collière may be useful for extending this type of care universally, not only to immigrant groups, as everyone, including nurses, patients, and family members, belong to part of a specific sociocultural context.
Subject(s)
Fathers , Gender Identity , Islam , Nurse's Role/psychology , Prejudice/psychology , Culturally Competent Care/methods , Emigrants and Immigrants , Humans , Nurse-Patient Relations , Spain , Stereotyped BehaviorABSTRACT
In Spain, immigrant women have high rates for initiating breastfeeding. In contrast, the case of immigrant Chinese mothers stands out, due to the low rate. In China, breastfeeding has historically been the cultural norm. An ethnographic study was conducted to explore aspects related to the low rate of breastfeeding. Field observations and informal interviews were conducted in two hospitals and a primary care center. Semi-structured interviews were performed with Chinese mothers and health workers. Among Spanish health workers, there is a belief that Chinese women do not breastfeed due to cultural reasons. The rapid return to work and the popular phenomenon of sending babies back to China for grandparents to raise constitute barriers for breastfeeding. Although in China breastfeeding is common practice, in Madrid the prioritization of productivity over reproduction and the existence of the so-called "satellite babies" and transnational maternity make the establishment and maintenance of breastfeeding difficult.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding/ethnology , Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Adult , Anthropology, Cultural , China/ethnology , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Personnel/psychology , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Qualitative Research , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
La práctica de la enfermería tiene lugar en el marco de las instituciones sanitarias, siendo la relación interpersonal el eje principal de dicha práctica. En el caso de los inmigrados se pretende proporcionar cuidados culturalmente competentes. Sin embargo, el carácter jerárquico y normativo de los hospitales (instituciones totales) dificulta la relación entre enfermeras y pacientes, máxime cuando estos provienen de otros horizontes culturales. El objetivo de este estudio es explorar las relaciones de poder e identificar las barreras en la relación enfermera-padre/madre inmigrado debido a los condicionantes institucionales del hospital. El estudio, de corte etnográfico, recoge datos a través de los testimonios de los profesionales y de los padres y madres de los niños inmigrados y también mediante observación de los entornos de las prácticas en dos hospitales públicos de tamaño medio de la Comunidad de Madrid. Los resultados muestran que las enfermeras a través del ejercicio del poder institucional establecen con las madres y padres inmigrados relaciones asimétricas favorecidas por la barrera idiomática, los prejuicios y los estereotipos. Para proporcionar cuidados culturalmente competentes, es necesario superar las barreras institucionales y personales y establecer relaciones dialógicas, que permitan flexibilizar e individualizar los cuidados, evitando el etnocentrismo (AU)
The practice of nursing takes place in the context of healthcare institutions, being the interpersonal relationship the backbone of the practice. In the case of immigrants the goal is to provide culturally competent care. However, the hierarchical and normative hospitals (total institutions) make the relationship between nurses and patients difficult, especially when they come from other cultural backgrounds. The objective of this study is to explore the power relations and to identify barriers in the relationship between nurses- immigrant fathers/mothers due to institutional constraints of the hospital. The ethnographic study collected data through the testimonies of the professionals and the parents of immigrant children and also by observing the practice environments in two public hospitals of average size of the Community of Madrid. The results show that nurses, through the exercise of institutional power, establish with immigrant parents asymmetrical relationships favored by language barriers, prejudice and stereotypes. To provide culturally competent care, you need to overcome institutional and personal barriers and establish dialogic relationships that allow flexible and individualized care, avoiding ethnocentrism (AU)
A prática de enfermagem tem lugar no contexto das instituições de saúde, com o relacionamento interpessoal o principal foco da prática. No caso dos imigrantes a meta é a prestação de cuidados culturalmente competente. No entanto, os hospitais hierárquicos e normativos (instituições totais) faz com que a relação entre enfermeiros e pacientes, especialmente quando eles vêm de outras origens culturais. O objetivo deste estudo é explorar as relações de poder e identificar barreiras no relacionamento enfermera-padre/madre imigraram devido a restrições institucionais do hospital. Estudo etnográfico, os dados coletados através do testemunho dos profissionais e os pais de filhos de imigrantes e também observando os ambientes favoráveis à prática em dois hospitais públicos de tamanho médio da Comunidade de Madrid. Os resultados mostram que os enfermeiros, através do exercício do poder institucional, estabelecida com mães imigrantes e pais de relações assimétricas, favorecidos por barreiras linguísticas, preconceitos e estereótipos. Para prover um cuidado culturalmente competente, é preciso superar as barreiras institucionais e pessoais e estabelecer relações dialógicas que permitem atendimento flexível e individualizado, evitando o etnocentrismo (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Transcultural Nursing/trends , Nursing Care/trends , Power, Psychological , Parents/psychology , Social Control, Informal , Interpersonal Relations , Nurse-Patient Relations , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Los cambios de carácter demográfico, económicos, socioculturales y sanitarios propician la emergencia de una nueva figura de cuidadores: el cuidador contratado, cubierto, en general, por mujeres inmigrantes. El presente artículo trata de un estudio que pretende indagar sobre esta nueva realidad, centrándose, fundamentalmente, en conocer las vivencias y emociones de las cuidadoras inmigrantes en su relación con las personas cuidadas y su entorno. El estudio, de corte cualitativo, recoge a través de testimonios directos de las cuidadoras, lo que constituye su experiencia vivida; es decir, los relatos sobre un contexto difícil y complejo, donde se cruza una doble necesidad de afecto: de una parte, la de quienes sufren el duelo migratorio, por el alejamiento de los suyos, por la dureza y la precariedad de su condición de migrantes y por otra parte, la de quienes en la vejez, más allá de la dependencia física, sufren de soledad. Se evidencia el carácter afectivo y relacional del cuidado y las aportaciones positivas de estas mujeres inmigrantes a una situación característica de las sociedades globales, y con poblaciones envejecidas (AU)
The changes in demographic, economic, socio-cultural and health foster the emergence of a new set of caregivers: the hired caregiver, covered generally by immigrant women. This article is a study that aims to inquire into this new reality, focusing mainly on knowing the experiences and emotions of immigrant carers in relation to people and their environment maintained. The study, a qualitative research, collected through direct testimony of caregivers, which is their lived experiences, that is, the stories of a difficult and complex context, where it crosses a double need for affection: on one hand, the one of those suffering bereavement of immigration, by the distancing of their own family, by the harshness and precariousness of their migrant status and on the other hand, those who in old age, beyond physical dependence, suffer from loneliness. It demonstrates the emotional and relational nature of care and the positive contributions of these immigrant women to a situation characteristic of global societies, and with aging populations (AU)
As mudanças de caráter demográfico, económico, socio-culturais e de cuidados de sáude, propiciam a aparição de uma nova figura de cuidadores: o cuidador contratado, posto de trabalho, em regra geral, ocupado por mulheres imigrantes. O presente artigo pretende indagar sobre esta nova realidade, procurando fundamentalmente conhecer as vivência se emoções das cuidadoras imigrantes e a sua relação com as pessoas a que cuidam e os meio envolvente.O estudo de caráter qualitativo, recolhe através de testemunhos diretos das cuidadoras,o que constitui a sua experiência vivida; queristo dizer, os relatos sobre um contexto difícile complexo, donde se cruzam uma necessidade dupla de afeto: por um lado, as que sofrem um «luto migratório», pela separação dos seus famiiares, pela dureza e precariedade de sua condição de imigrantes, e por outro lado, a dequem na velhice, para além da dependência física, sofrem de solidão. Torna-se evidente o caráter afetivo e de relação do cuidado e as contribuições positivas destas mulheres imigrantes a uma situação caraterística das sociedades globais, e com populações envelhecidas (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Caregivers/psychology , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , Homebound Persons/statistics & numerical data , Stress, Psychological , Emotions , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Assisted Living Facilities , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Este trabajo pretende contribuir al debate que suscita, desde la enfermería y desde la antropología, la creciente complejidad del cuidado de la salud en contextos de diversidad cultural y en tiempos de glocalización. Esta reflexión parte de la tesis de que los estudios sobre factores sociales y culturales necesitan desmarcarse de los conceptos tradicionales de cultura e inscribir sus análisis en el contexto de la sociedad compleja actual, caracterizada por continuas mezclas y préstamos. Apoyándose en la experiencia de un trabajo de campo sobre población inmigrada, propone un cuestionamiento de la biomedicina y un cambio en la relación profesional/paciente (AU)
This paper aims to contribute to the debate that arise from nursing and anthropology, the increasing complexity of health care in contexts of cultural diversity and in times of glocalization. This reflection start, from the view that studies of social and cultural factors need to disassociate themselves the traditional concepts of culture and to focus their analysis in the context of the current complex society characterized by continuous mixing. Based on the experience of a fieldwork study on immigrant population it suggests a challenge to the biomedical model and a change in the professional / patient relationship (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Transcultural Nursing/trends , Patient-Centered Care/trends , 50054 , Professional-Patient Relations , Emigrants and ImmigrantsABSTRACT
The author describes and analyzes the dilemma and problems posed by the nurse-immigrant patient relationship in the framework of hospitalization according to an ethnographic study carried out in the San Carlos Clinical Hospital in Madrid between January and July 2003. The growing presence of immigrants in our country is a source of misunderstandings and problems, susceptible of having continuity regarding hospitalization. (Moreno Preciado 2003). Illness and hospitalization constitute transcendental moments marked by a person's physical and psychic fragility and by the presence of a distinct environment which obliges a patient to make an important effort to adapt. In the case of immigrants, one can foresee that a confrontation among the distinct cultural forms to understand the health-sickness-treatment process and the social conditions due to migration create certain disagreements in patient-nurse dialogue which are convenient to investigate. To analyze the principal factors which intervene in this interrelationship is the main objective of this study. The analysis of empirical data obtained from field work sheds some light on the problem under consideration, confirming, to a degree, the initial hypothesis that impersonal practices inherent in biomedicine interfere and make difficult the nurse-immigrant patient relationship impeding a holistic focus on treatment which is particularly necessary when dealing with patients coming from other cultures.
Subject(s)
Emigration and Immigration , Health Services , Anthropology , Humans , LanguageABSTRACT
Se describen y analizan los dilemas y problemas que plantea la relación enfermera-paciente inmigrante en el marco de la hospitalización, según una etnografía realizada en el Hospital Clínico San Carlos, de Madrid, entre los meses de enero y julio de 2003. La creciente presencia de inmigrantes en nuestro país es fuente de incomprensiones y de problemas, susceptibles de tener continuidad en el contexto de la hospitalización (Moreno Preciado, 2003[1]). La enfermedad y la hospitalización constituyen momentos transcendentales marcados por la fragilidad física y psíquica de las personas y por la presencia de un entorno distinto que obligará al paciente a un importante esfuerzo de adaptación. En el caso de los inmigrantes es previsible que la confrontación entre las distintas formas culturales de entender el proceso salud-enfermedad-atención y los condicionantes sociales del hecho migratorio creen ciertos desajustes en el diálogo enfermera-paciente que es conveniente explorar. Analizar los factores principales que intervienen en esta interrelación es el objetivo principal de la investigación. El análisis de los datos empíricos obtenidos en el trabajo de campo arroja alguna luz sobre la problemática planteada confirmándose, en cierta medida, la hipótesis inicial de que las prácticas despersonalizadoras propias de la biomedicina interfieren y dificultan la relación enfermera-paciente inmigrante impidiendo un enfoque holístico del cuidado, particularmente necesario en el caso de personas provenientes de otras culturas(AU)
The author describes and analyzes the dilemma and problems posed by the nurse-immigrant patient relationship in the framework of hospitalization according to an ethnographic study carried out in the San Carlos Clinical Hospital in Madrid between January and July 2003. The growing presence of immigrants in our country is a source of misunderstandings and problems, susceptible of having continuity regarding hospitalization. (Moreno Preciado 2003). Illness and hospitalization constitute transcendental moments marked by a persons physical and psychic fragility and by the presence of a distinct environment which obliges a patient to make an important effort to adapt. In the case of immigrants, one can foresee that a confrontation among the distinct cultural forms to understand the health-sicknesstreatment process and the social conditions due to migration create certain disagreements in patient-nurse dialogue which are convenient to investigate. To analyze the principal factors which intervene in this interrelationship is the main objective of this study. The analysis of empirical data obtained from field work sheds some light on the problem under consideration, confirming, to a degree, the initial hypothesis that impersonal practices inherent in biomedicine interfere and make difficult the nurse-immigrant patient relationship impeding a holistic focus on treatment which is particularly necessary when dealing with patients coming from other cultures(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Nurse-Patient Relations , Emigrants and Immigrants , Cultural Diversity , HospitalizationABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Transcultural Nursing/trends , Emigration and Immigration/trends , Cultural Diversity , Minority Health/trendsABSTRACT
Este artículo pretende establecer algunas consideraciones y reflexiones sobre el reto que supone para el colectivo enfermero el cuidado del paciente inmigrante y también sobre las perspectivas investigadoras. Se parte de una revisión documental y de diferentes estudios realizados por el autor, donde se analizan los centros de interés por parte del colectivo enfermero y los diferentes factores que inciden en la relación enfermera/paciente inmigrante. Se desprende del artículo que los grandes focos de interés para los profesionales son: 1. Estudio de las patologías de procedencia. 2. Estudio de los factores asociados al momento de la migración. 3. Estudio de los factores de riesgo asociados a las condiciones de vida del inmigrado. En la relación enfermera/paciente inmigrante se evidencia que los inmigrantes aunque valoran de forma positiva la atención sanitaria que reciben, refieren dificultades en la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas. Se concluye con la necesidad de cuestionar las prácticas despersonalizadoras y favorecer el diálogo intercultural
This article intends to reflect upon the challenge that immigrant care represents for the nursing profession as well as to outline some research perspectives related to this issue. It is based on a review of specialised literature and a number of studies carried out by the author. It will also look at mayor topics of interest for the nursing profession and different issues that impinge on the nurse/immigrant patient relationship. This paper argues that these topics of interest are: 1. study of the origin pathologies, 2. studies of factors related to the immigration process, 3. study of risk factors associated to the immigrants living conditions. It will also argue that, although the immigrant patient assesses the health care received positively, they find difficulties with the satisfaction of their basic needs. In the final part the author will question impersonal practices and argue for the need to foster intercultural dialogue
Subject(s)
Humans , Nursing Care/methods , Nursing Care/psychology , Nurse-Patient Relations , Transients and Migrants , Cultural Characteristics , SpainABSTRACT
Asistimos, en España a una creciente llegada de personas procedente de distintos horizontes. Este contacto intercultural reviste especial significación e importancia cuando se produce en el campo de la atención sanitaria, porque la enfermedad y su cuidado tienen diferentes interpretaciones culturales y porque el proceso migratorio se acompaña de problemas específicos de salud. Este trabajo constituye una reflexión a la luz de recientes estudios y experiencias y apunta propuestas sobre el cuidado de la salud de los inmigrantes. El cuidado transcultural es para la enfermería un nuevo reto profesional que implica asumir un modelo de práctica profesional centrada en la aplicación de cuidados integrales y holísticos, desmarcada del modelo biomédico (AU)
