La influencia española en la historia de la farmacia en Puerto Rico y comparativa a la realidad actual farmacéutica puertorriqueña / Spanish influence in the history of pharmacy in Puerto Rico: comparison to the puerto rican drug reality

Cuando los españoles arribaron a las playas del Boriquén ya vieron que el “bohique” desempeñaba el papel de “médico-farmacéutico”, religioso y de hechicero. No obstante, el punto de partida de la farmacia en Puerto Rico fue el desarrollo adquirido por la profesión farmacéutica en España. En el siglo XIX la farmacia puertorriqueña tenía la connotación de una pequeña botica que atendía a los pacientes de su comunidad, pero una mirada al Puerto Rico del siglo XXI nos revela, salvo excepciones, grandes locales de cadenas farmacéuticas marcadas por rígidas exigencias comerciales. El objetivo del trabajo es demostrar que bajo la influencia española la farmacia puertorriqueña respondía a unos criterios de atención comunitaria, a veces con carencias económicas aunque con loables valores sanitarios y sociales. Sin embargo, tras ceder España la soberanía de la Isla a los Estados Unidos a finales de la centuria decimonónica cambió la farmacia, sus estudios y la función que los farmacéuticos puertorriqueños ejercían en la sociedad(AU)

SUMARY. When the Spanish arrived in the Borinquen beaches, they saw that the "bohiques" played the role of a "doctor-pharmacist" religious and sorcerer. However, the starting point of the pharmacyin Puerto Rico was the development attained by the pharmacy profession in Spain. In the nineteenth century Puerto Rican pharmacy had the connotation of a small pharmacy that catered to patients of their community, but a look at the Puerto Rico of the XXI century reveals, albeit some exceptions, acomplex network of pharmacy chains marked by strict commercial requirements. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that, with the Spanish influence, the Puerto Rican pharmacy responded to a community care criteria, sometimes with financial problems but maintaining health and social meritorious values. However, after Spain ceded the sovereignty over the island to the United States in the late nineteenth century the pharmacy system, their studies and the role of the pharmacists in Puerto Rican society changed(AU)

El farmacéutico ante el ensayo clínico en oncología. Aspectos éticos y legales / The Pharmacist in Oncology clinical trials. Legals and ethics aspects

El ensayo clínico en el área oncológica presenta una serie de particularidades debido al carácter citotóxico de los fármacos. Esta circunstancia condiciona que el modo de llevarse a cabo la investigación para este grupo terapéutico sea diferente. Este artículo revisa las características generales de cada una de las fases del ensayo, el papel habitual que juega el servicio de farmacia durante la investigación y repasa las distintas normas jurídicas y éticas que en la actualidad regulan la experimentación con humanos (AU)

[Dissertations about leprosy in the Seville at the end of the Enlightenment Age]. / Disertaciones sobre la lepra en la Sevilla de finales del Siglo de las Luces.

INTRODUCTION: Leprosy is a well-known disease from ancient history. Society reacts violently due to the fear of infection, and the fact that it causes appalling physical mutilation. It is produced by Mycobacterium leprae, which only affects the nervous system of human beings. DEVELOPMENT: The norms and examinations that for many years were practiced upon those suspected of being infected by the leprosy organism are based almost always in a series of requirements that were in keeping with cases of verification, thus named the 'declaration of leprosy'. Doctors in the 18th Century, conscious of the consequences of the disease, established a diagnostic procedure for leprosy. But as a result of the medical limitations of the time, and the innate risk of examination of the sufferer in the early phases and their changing symptoms, they adopted a cautious stance and on occasion were overly prudent. These problems remained established in different dissertations presented in the Royal Society of Medicine and other Sciences of Seville during the last third of the 18th Century. A total of eight dissertations related to this disease are analyzed. Two presented by Doctor Bonifacio Ximénez de Lorite in 1765 and 1788 are noteworthy due to the contents and quality.

Disertaciones sobre la lepra en la Sevilla de finales del Siglo de las Luces / Dissertations about leprosy in the Seville of final of the century of the lights

Introducción. La lepra es una enfermedad conocida desde la más remota antigüedad histórica. La sociedad reaccionó de manera violenta contra ella debido al miedo al contagio y al hecho de que mutila a sus víctimas de forma espantosa. Desarrollo. Producida por el Mycobacterium leprae, esta enfermedad afecta únicamente al sistema nervioso del ser humano. Las pautas y reconocimientos practicados durante años a los sospechosos de estar afectados de lepra se basaban casi siempre en una serie de requisitos que conformaban, en caso de verificarse, la denominada ‘declaración de leproso’. Los médicos dieciochocescos, conscientes de las consecuencias que suponía establecer un diagnóstico de lepra, en parte por las limitaciones de la Medicina de la época y en parte por el riesgo innato en el reconocimiento de la semiología de la enfermedad en las primeras fases y sus cambiantes síntomas, adoptaban posturas cautas y en ocasiones demasiado prudentes. Estos problemas quedan planteados en distintas disertaciones presentadas en la Regia Sociedad de Medicina y otras Ciencias de Sevilla, durante el último tercio del siglo XVIII. Se analizan un total de ocho disertaciones relativas a la enfermedad, de entre las cuales destacan por su contenido y calidad las dos presentadas por el médico Bonifacio Ximénez de Lorite en 1765 y 1788 (AU)

Introduction. Leprosy is a well-known disease from ancient history. Society reacts violently due to the fear of infection, and the fact that it causes appalling physical mutilation. It is produced by Mycobacterium leprae, which only affects the nervous system of human beings. Development. The norms and examinations that for many years were practiced upon those suspected of being infected by the leprosy organism are based almost always in a series of requirements that were in keeping with cases of verification, thus named the ‘declaration of leprosy’. Doctors in the 18th Century, conscious of the consequences of the disease, established a diagnostic procedure for leprosy. But as a result of the medical limitations of the time, and the innate risk of examination of the sufferer in the early phases and their changing symptoms, they adopted a cautious stance and on occasion were overly prudent. These problems remained established in different dissertations presented in the Royal Society of Medicine and other Sciences of Seville during the last third of the 18th Century. A total of eight dissertations related to this disease are analyzed. Two presented by Doctor Bonifacio Ximénez de Lorite in 1765 and 1788 are noteworthy due to the contents and quality (AU)

The influence of the San Lazaro Hospital of Seville in the creation and management techniques of the "lazaretto" hospitals in the Americas.

The San Lazaro Hospital of Seville that was established in the middle of the 13th century was one of the most important in Spain and Europe throughout nearly eight centuries in terms of caring for leprosy patients. In the 1930s the exclusive treatment of leprosy patients ceased and San Lazaro became a general hospital. The Spanish Crown (Alfonso X) accorded certain privileges and rules to the hospital which also were conferred by subsequent monarchs. These rules and ordinances contributed to the establishment and functioning of many lazarettos throughout the Americas of which we have documentation, notably those of Santo Domingo, Tlaxplana (Mexico City), Lima, Cartagena de Incias, La Habana, and Yucatan.