Tratamiento inmunosupresor en pulsos en esclerosis múltiple durante el desescalado de la epidemia por SARS-CoV-2. Algoritmo de seguridad / Pulse immunosuppressive therapy for multiple sclerosis during the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown de-escalation plan: Safety algorithm

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 está condicionando los abordajes diagnósticos, terapéuticos y asistenciales establecidos en esclerosis múltiple (EM). Durante las fases inicial y pico de la epidemia, los fármacos modificadores del curso de la EM caracterizados por ser inmunosupresores administrados en pulsos (TIP), vieron pospuesta su administración debido a la incertidumbre sobre su influencia en la infección, principalmente en contagiados/contagiosos asintomáticos/presintomáticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un algoritmo basado en criterios de seguridad que permita reanudar los TIP durante la fase de desescalado. MÉTODOS: Se elabora un algoritmo, cuya estructura se sustenta en la experiencia clínica en EM de los autores y en una revisión bibliográfica del conocimiento acumulado, que facilita la detección de contagiosos asintomáticos, presintomáticos o con síntomas leves de SARS-CoV-2, con el objetivo de evitar la administración de TIP y contagios por contacto prolongado en hospital de día (HdD). RESULTADOS: Algoritmo con doble filtro clínico-microbiológico consistente en la aplicación telemática de un listado de comprobación de síntomas y después realización de PCR para SARS-CoV-2 en exudado nasofaríngeo, a las 48 y 24 h antes del TIP programado respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Considerando el balance beneficio-riesgo, la aplicación del algoritmo resultaría ventajosa pese a que no se conoce la proporción real de asintomáticos/presintomáticos contagiosos. La realización sistemática de PCR, como test con mayor sensibilidad en la fase presintomática de la infección, en combinación con un sistema de detección precoz de síntomas, reduciría contagios y favorecería la identificación de pacientes con riesgo antes de su exposición a TIP

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic is changing approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and care provision in multiple sclerosis (MS). During both the initial and peak phases of the epidemic, the administration of disease-modifying drugs, typically immunosuppressants administered in pulses, was suspended due to the uncertainty about their impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection, mainly in contagious asymptomatic/presymptomatic patients. The purpose of this study is to present a safety algorithm enabling patients to resume pulse immunosuppressive therapy (PIT) during the easing of lockdown measures. METHODS: We developed a safety algorithm based on our clinical experience with MS and the available published evidence; the algorithm assists in the detection of contagious asymptomatic/presymptomatic cases and of patients with mild symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a view to withdrawing PIT in these patients and preventing new infections at day hospitals. RESULTS: We developed a clinical/microbiological screening algorithm consisting of a symptom checklist, applied during a teleconsultation 48hours before the scheduled session of PIT, and PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal exudate 24hours before the procedure. CONCLUSION: The application of our safety algorithm presents a favourable risk-benefit ratio despite the fact that the actual proportion of asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals is unknown. Systematic PCR testing, which provides the highest sensitivity for detecting presymptomatic cases, combined with early detection of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection may reduce infections and improve detection of high-risk patients before they receive PIT

Pulse immunosuppressive therapy for multiple sclerosis during the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown de-escalation plan: Safety algorithm. / Tratamiento inmunosupresor en pulsos en esclerosis múltiple durante el desescalado de la epidemia por SARS-CoV-2. Algoritmo de seguridad.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic is changing approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and care provision in multiple sclerosis (MS). During both the initial and peak phases of the epidemic, the administration of disease-modifying drugs, typically immunosuppressants administered in pulses, was suspended due to the uncertainty about their impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection, mainly in contagious asymptomatic/presymptomatic patients. The purpose of this study is to present a safety algorithm enabling patients to resume pulse immunosuppressive therapy (PIT) during the easing of lockdown measures. METHODS: We developed a safety algorithm based on our clinical experience with MS and the available published evidence; the algorithm assists in the detection of contagious asymptomatic/presymptomatic cases and of patients with mild symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a view to withdrawing PIT in these patients and preventing new infections at day hospitals. RESULTS: We developed a clinical/microbiological screening algorithm consisting of a symptom checklist, applied during a teleconsultation 48hours before the scheduled session of PIT, and PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal exudate 24hours before the procedure. CONCLUSION: The application of our safety algorithm presents a favourable risk-benefit ratio despite the fact that the actual proportion of asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals is unknown. Systematic PCR testing, which provides the highest sensitivity for detecting presymptomatic cases, combined with early detection of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection may reduce infections and improve detection of high-risk patients before they receive PIT.

Molecular characterization of enteroviruses associated with neurological infections in Spain, 2008.

In order to investigate the etiology of viral neurological infections in Spain, a national study was performed in 2008. The results obtained have been published. Enteroviruses were the most frequent cause of the aseptic meningitis and infant febrile syndromes. The present report supplements the previous study with the genotyping of the detected enteroviruses. Typing was by amplification of partial VP1 region and sequencing in 70 (53%) of the 132 available cerebrospinal fluid samples positive for enteroviruses. Twelve different genotypes within the B species were identified. Echovirus 4 was predominant (24%), followed by echovirus 30 (19%), echovirus 9 (17%), and echovirus 6 (14%). In summary, a co-circulation of several enterovirus types associated with meningitis in children under 15 years old was observed. Although infrequently detected, echovirus 4 was the predominant genotype identified due to an aseptic meningitis outbreak which occurred in the Canary Islands in 2008.

Etiología de bronquiolitis en niños hospitalizados en el sureste de España / Aetiology of bronchiolitis in hospitalised children in South-East Spain

Introducción: La bronquiolitis es una de las infecciones respiratorias más comunes en niños menores de 2 años y una de las principales causas de ingreso en niños pequeños, especialmente durante el invierno. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y etiología de bronquiolitis en el sureste de España. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo durante la temporada de bronquiolitis (diciembre-abril). En el estudio se incluyeron niños menores de 18 meses ingresados en el hospital con motivo del primer episodio de bronquiolitis. Se analizaron aspirados nasofaríngeos mediante una técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (múltiple), precedida de transcripción inversa del ARN viral (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 235 niños, de cada uno de los cuales se obtuvo una muestra de aspirado nasofaríngeo. Se detectaron virus respiratorios en muestras de 204 niños (en total 287 virus). El virus respiratorio sincitial se detectó con mayor frecuencia seguido del rinovirus. Se observaron infecciones virales mixtas en el 36% de los niños en los que se detectó algún virus respiratorio. La asociación más frecuente fue el virus respiratorio sincitial A con rinovirus. Conclusiones: Se detectaron virus respiratorios en la mayoría de los niños menores de 18 meses hospitalizados por bronquiolitis, en forma de infección mixta en el 36% de aquellos con infección viral(AU)

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common respiratory disease in children under 2 years-old and a major cause of hospitalization in young children, especially during the winter. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and etiology of bronchiolitis in south-east of Spain. Study design: A prospective study was conducted during the bronchiolitis season (December-April). Children below 18 months-old admitted to the hospital for a first bronchiolitis episode were included. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respiratory syncytial virus. Results: A total of 235 children were included during this period, and 235 RT-PCR were performed. A total of 287 viruses were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 204 infants. Respiratory syncytial virus was the virus detected more frequently, followed by rhinovirus. Co-infections were found in the 36% of children. Conclusions: Respiratory viruses were detected in most of the children below 18 months-old hospitalised with bronchiolitis, and 36% of them showed a mixed infection(AU)

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis / Epidemiology, clinical features and medical interventions in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis

Objetivos: Describir los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y actitud terapéutica empleada en los lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo de lactantes menores de 18 meses ingresados en Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia) con el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis, durante el periodo de máxima incidencia (diciembre 2008-abril 2009). Resultados: Ingresaron 235 lactantes, de los que el 78,7% tenía una edad menor o igual a 5 meses de vida. Había una correlación positiva entre el número de cigarrillos consumidos por la madre en la gestación y el número de días de oxigenoterapia y los días de estancia. Los niños cuya madre era fumadora en el momento de su ingreso fueron tratados con oxígeno un mayor número de días. Los lactantes que no habían recibido lactancia materna precisaron oxígeno durante más tiempo. El 23,8% tenía patología de base, siendo la prematuridad la más frecuente, la cual fue un factor de riesgo para la prolongación del tratamiento con oxígeno y de la estancia hospitalaria. La utilización de exploraciones complementarias y el uso de broncodilatadores, corticoides y antibióticos fueron elevados. La aparición de fiebre se asoció a un mayor uso de antibióticos en el medio extra e intrahospitalario y lo mismo sucedía si la radiografía de tórax era patológica o existía una elevación de la proteína C reactiva (PCR). El VRS fue el principal agente etiológico, seguido por rinovirus, bocavirus, adenovirus y metapneumovirus. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los ingresos por bronquiolitis ocurrieron en los primeros meses de la vida. La exposición al tabaco durante la gestación se asoció a una peor evolución clínica. A pesar de las indicaciones de las guías de práctica clínica, en nuestro medio, el uso de exploraciones complementarias y de tratamientos farmacológicos fue elevado(AU)

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatments prescribed in children with bronchiolitis admitted to our hospital. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive and prospective study of children younger than 18 months, admitted to Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca of Murcia (Spain), with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis, during the season of maximum incidence (December 2008-April 2009). Results: A total of 235 infants were admitted, of whom 78.7% of them were aged 5 months or less. We found a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked by their mothers during pregnancy and the number of hospitalization and oxygen therapy days. Children whose mothers were smokers at the time of their admission needed a greater number of oxygen therapy days. Also infants who were not breastfed needed oxygen therapy during more days. Just under one quarter (23.8%) of them had underlying diseases, with prematurity being the most frequent and a risk factor for the ongoing of oxygen therapy and hospital stay. The use of diagnostic tests, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics was high. The onset of high temperature was associated with an increased use of antibiotics in outside and inside the hospital setting. An abnormal chest X-ray or a raised C-reactive protein was associated with a higher use of antibiotics. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) was the main aetiological agent, followed by Rhinovirus, Bocavirus, Adenovirus and Metapneumovirus. Conclusions: The majority of hospital admissions due to bronchiolitis took place during the first months of life. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had a worse clinical outcome. Despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines in our area, the use of diagnostic tests and pharmacological treatment was high(AU)

[Epidemiology, clinical features and medical interventions in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis]. / Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatments prescribed in children with bronchiolitis admitted to our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive and prospective study of children younger than 18 months, admitted to Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca of Murcia (Spain), with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis, during the season of maximum incidence (December 2008-April 2009). RESULTS: A total of 235 infants were admitted, of whom 78.7% of them were aged 5 months or less. We found a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked by their mothers during pregnancy and the number of hospitalization and oxygen therapy days. Children whose mothers were smokers at the time of their admission needed a greater number of oxygen therapy days. Also infants who were not breastfed needed oxygen therapy during more days. Just under one quarter (23.8%) of them had underlying diseases, with prematurity being the most frequent and a risk factor for the ongoing of oxygen therapy and hospital stay. The use of diagnostic tests, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics was high. The onset of high temperature was associated with an increased use of antibiotics in outside and inside the hospital setting. An abnormal chest X-ray or a raised C-reactive protein was associated with a higher use of antibiotics. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) was the main aetiological agent, followed by Rhinovirus, Bocavirus, Adenovirus and Metapneumovirus CONCLUSIONS: The majority of hospital admissions due to bronchiolitis took place during the first months of life. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had a worse clinical outcome. Despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines in our area, the use of diagnostic tests and pharmacological treatment was high.

[Aetiology of bronchiolitis in hospitalised children in South-East Spain]. / Etiología de bronquiolitis en niños hospitalizados en el sureste de España.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis is the most common respiratory disease in children under 2 years-old and a major cause of hospitalization in young children, especially during the winter. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and etiology of bronchiolitis in south-east of Spain. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study was conducted during the bronchiolitis season (December-April). Children below 18 months-old admitted to the hospital for a first bronchiolitis episode were included. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respiratory syncytial virus. RESULTS: A total of 235 children were included during this period, and 235 RT-PCR were performed. A total of 287 viruses were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 204 infants. Respiratory syncytial virus was the virus detected more frequently, followed by rhinovirus. Co-infections were found in the 36% of children. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses were detected in most of the children below 18 months-old hospitalised with bronchiolitis, and 36% of them showed a mixed infection.