[Experimental models of cerebral ischemia]. / Modelos experimentales de isquemia cerebral.

AIM: To provide a summary of the different experimental models of cerebral ischemia designed both under in vivo and in vitro conditions. A clear and concise description of the specific types of brain lesion reproduced by each model is given together with the most frequent technical troubles associated. DEVELOPMENT: Experimental models of cerebral ischemia have contributed substantially to the understanding of the physiopathology of the ischemic brain injury and to test the beneficial effects of new therapies. Outcome of patients suffering from an ischemic stroke has improved considerably with the use of these models, particularly after the introduction of thrombolytic and neuroprotective drugs. Experimental models allow the study of the evolving ischemic brain injury under strict and controlled conditions. Usefulness of experimental models is limited by their reliability, simplicity and reproducibility among different researchers. Small rodents, especially rats, have been the preferred animals used to develop models of cerebral ischemic injury, due to their cerebral physiology and vascularisation which is closer to the human. CONCLUSION: The use of experimental models of cerebral ischemia constitutes the most suitable tool to investigate the physiopathology of this type of injury. However their simplicity prevents an exact reproduction of the cerebral damage observed in clinical settings. This could be the main reason for the discrepancies observed between the therapeutic effect in the experimental and clinical studies.

Modelos experimentales de isquemia cerebral / Experimental models of cerebral ischemia

Objetivo. Revisar los modelos experimentales de isquemia cerebral utilizados en la investigación de la fisiopatología y la terapéutica de esta afección. Se expone de forma clara y sencilla tanto el tipo de lesión cerebral isquémica que cada modelo trata de reproducir como los detalles técnicos específicos para su realización práctica. Desarrollo. Los modelos experimentalesde isquemia cerebral han permitido estudiar la fisiopatología de esta enfermedad bajo condiciones controladas por el investigador y analizar los efectos de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas. El conocimiento adquirido con estos modelos ha mejorado el pronóstico de los pacientes que han sufrido un infarto cerebral isquémico tras la introducción de agentes trombolíticosy neuroprotectores. Para que un modelo sea valioso debe ser fiable y fácil de realizar y debe reflejar lo más fielmente posible las condiciones clínicas que trata de imitar. Debe ser reproducible y tener una baja variabilidad entre individuos (animales) y entre investigadores. Los roedores pequeños, particularmente las ratas, son los animales con los que se han desarrollado la mayoría de estos modelos por tener una fisiología y vascularización cerebral similares a la humana. Conclusión. Los modelos experimentales suponen actualmente la mejor herramienta para el estudio de los mecanismos subyacentes al daño cerebral isquémico, aunque su simplicidad impide reproducir de forma exacta la lesión cerebral observada en la práctica clínica. Ésta puede ser la causa de la discrepancia en la respuesta terapéutica observada entre los estudios experimentalesy los clínicosPST

Aim. To provide a summary of the different experimental models of cerebral ischemia designed both under in vivoand in vitro conditions. A clear and concise description of the specific types of brain lesion reproduced by each model is given together with the most frequent technical troubles associated. Development. Experimental models of cerebral ischemia have contributed substantially to the understanding of the physiopathology of the ischemic brain injury and to test the beneficial effects of new therapies. Outcome of patients suffering from an ischemic stroke has improved considerably with the use of these models, particularly after the introduction of thrombolytic and neuroprotective drugs. Experimental models allow thestudy of the evolving ischemic brain injury under strict and controlled conditions. Usefulness of experimental models is limited by their reliability, simplicity and reproducibility among different researchers. Small rodents, especially rats, have been the preferred animals used to develop models of cerebral ischemic injury, due to their cerebral physiology and vascularisation which is closer to the human. Conclusion. The use of experimental models of cerebral ischemia constitutes the most suitable tool to investigate the physiopathology of this type of injury. However their simplicity prevents an exact reproduction of the cerebral damage observed in clinical settings. This could be the main reason for the discrepancies observed between the therapeutic effect in the experimental and clinical studies