Characterization of mating type on aroma production and metabolic properties wild Kluyveromyces marxianus yeasts.

Kluyveromyces marxianus yeasts represent a valuable industry alternative due to their biotechnological potential to produce aromatic compounds. 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate are significant aromatic compounds widely used in food and cosmetics due to their pleasant odor. Natural obtention of these compounds increases their value, and because of this, bioprocesses such as de novo synthesis has become of great significance. However, the relationship between aromatic compound production and yeast's genetic diversity has yet to be studied. In the present study, the analysis of the genetic diversity in K. marxianus isolated from the natural fermentation of Agave duranguensis for Mezcal elaboration is presented. The results of strains in a haploid and diploid state added to the direct relationship between the mating type locus MAT with metabolic characteristics are studied. Growth rate, assimilate carbohydrates (glucose, lactose, and chicory inulin), and the production of aromatic compounds such as ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, 2-phenylethyl butyrate and phenylethyl propionate and the diversity in terms of the output of 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate by de novo synthesis were determinate, obtaining maximum concentrations of 51.30 and 60.39 mg/L by ITD0049 and ITD 0136 yeasts respectively.

Kombucha analogs from maqui juice: Consortium age and sugar concentration effects on anthocyanin stability and its relationship with antioxidant activity and digestive enzyme inhibition.

The fermentation of maqui juice (MJ), by incorporating kombucha as a starter culture, produces beverages with variable and stable anthocyanin contents. The metabolic effect of kombucha starter cultures obtained at different fermentation times was explored on the anthocyanin stability of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) juice supplemented at different concentrations of sucrose and fermented at different times. The stability of anthocyanins was associated with the levels of catechin detected in the fermentation system. This study concludes that the fermentation of MJ with sucrose (10%) and kombucha consortium of 7-days old, promotes the release and accumulation of phenolic compounds that act as co-pigments, with the best response in quality parameters of beverages such as color intensity, tone, hyperchromic effect, and a significant bathochromic shift. Finally, the additive effect of phenolic constituents with stable anthocyanins, confers to kombucha analogs an outstanding antioxidant quality and inhibitory effects on key enzymes in digestive processes.

Bienestar Social, Autoestima y Reconocimiento: Estudio Empírico sobre Crimen y Exclusión Basado en la Categoría de Menosprecio de Axel Honneth / Social welfare, Self-esteem and Recognition: Empirical Study on Crime and Exclusion Based on the Category of Contempt of Axel Honneth

Resumen Este trabajo estriba en un primer acercamiento empírico a la categoría de menosprecio de Axel Honneth, para quien la lucha por reconocimiento consiste en una negociación intersubjetiva con pretensiones de reivindicación identitaria. Según este autor, el reconocimiento desplaza la concepción de justicia desde su acepción tradicional de redistribución material hacia la noción de vida satisfactoria. Este artículo examinará especialmente la hipótesis de que el crimen, en su interconexión con la exclusión social, sería consecuencia de la negación de reconocimiento. Así, se armó un estudio cuantitativo con sujetos residentes en España, agrupados en presos (n = 117), personas en situación de riesgo social (n = 131) e individuos fuera de ambas condiciones (n = 294). Las variables utilizadas fueron autoestima, bienestar social subjetivo, fatalismo y autoeficacia. Los resultados de los análisis estadísticos sobre diferencias de medias entre grupos, correlaciones y regresiones múltiples indicaron la validez de la categoría de menosprecio de Honneth y confirmaron la hipótesis planteada

Abstract The work is based on a first empirical approach to the category of contempt of Axel Honneth, for whom the struggle for recognition consists of an intersubjective negotiation that the subjects establish among themselves to achieve the consideration of their identity claims . According to this author, recognition displaces the conception of justice from its traditional meaning of material redistribution to the notion of a satisfactory life. This article will examine in particular the hypothesis that crime, in its interconnection with social exclusion, would be a consequence of the denial of recognition. Thus, a quantitative study was set up with subjects residing in Spain, grouped into: prisoners (n=117), people at social risk (n=131) and individuals who were not in the previous conditions (n=294). The variables used were: self-esteem, subjective social welfare, fatalism, and self-efficacy. The results of the statistical analyzes indicated the validity of Honneth's category of contempt and confirmed the hypothesis investigated.

Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent brain metastases: An effective strategy to control intracranial oligometastatic disease.

Due to improvements in systemic therapies and longer survivals, cancer patients frequently present with recurrent brain metastases (BM). The optimal therapeutic strategies for limited brain relapse remain undefined. We analyzed tumor control and survival in patients treated with salvage focal radiotherapy in our center. Thirty-three patients with 112 BM received salvage stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) for local or regional recurrences. Local progression was observed in 11 BM (9.8 %). After 1 year, 72 % of patients were free of distant brain failure, and the 2-year overall survival (OS) was 37.7 %. No increase in toxicity or neurologically related deaths were observed. The 2- and 3-year whole brain radiation therapy free survival (WFS) rates were 92.9 % and 77.4 %, respectively. Hence, focal radiotherapy is a feasible salvage of recurrent BM in selected group of patients with limited brain disease, achieving a maintained intracranial control and less neurological toxicity.

Water-in-oil organogel based emulsions as a tool for increasing bioaccessibility and cell permeability of poorly water-soluble nutraceuticals.

The use of organogels in food and pharmaceutical sciences has several technical problems related with restricted diffusion of the drugs and lack of a proper gelator molecule. These features are important into the new product design. An alternative to improve technological properties in organogels is the use of emulsions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the behavior on bioaccessibility and permeability of bioactives loaded into organogel-based emulsions. The objective of the present experimental work was to study the physical properties of organogel-based emulsions made with vegetable oil loaded with three different bioactives (betulin, curcumin and quercetin) and the influence on their bioaccessibility. Organogels were made of canola or coconut oils and myverol as gelator (10% w/w). Water-in-oil emulsions (at 5, 10 and 12.5 wt% of water content) were prepared by mixing the melted proper organogel and water (80 °C) under high shear conditions (20,000 rpm). Micrographs, rheological tests (amplitude, frequency, temperature sweeps and creep-compliance measurements), DSC and particle size analysis were performed to samples. In vitro digestion (oral, gastric and intestinal phase), lipolysis assays, bioaccessibility and permeability tests by cell culture of Caco-2 were made. Organogels of coconut oil have shown poor emulsification properties.

Oak kombucha protects against oxidative stress and inflammatory processes.

Black tea infusion is the common substrate for preparing kombucha; however other sources such as oak leaves infusions can be used for the same purpose. Almost any white oak species have been used for medicinal applications by some ethnic groups in Mexico and could be also suitable for preparing kombucha analogues from oak (KAO). The objective of this research was to investigate the antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of KAO by examining its modulation ability on macrophage-derived TNF-alpha and IL-6. Herbal infusions from oak and black tea were fermented by kombucha consortium during seven days at 28 °C. Chemical composition was determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity of samples against oxidative damage caused by H2O2 in monocytes activated (macrophages) was explored. Additionally, it was determined the anti-inflammatory activity using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated macrophages; in particular, the nitric oxide (NO), TNF-alpha, and IL-6 production was assessed. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly reduced by the sample treatment. Likewise, NO production was lower in treatment with kombucha and KAO compared with LPS-stimulated macrophages. Fermented beverages of oak effectively down-regulated the production of NO, while pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6) in macrophages were stimulated with LPS. Additionally, phytochemical compounds present in KAO decrease oxidative stress.

Lupane-type triterpenes and their anti-cancer activities against most common malignant tumors: A review.

In recent times, a great deal of interest has been motivated on plant derived compounds known as nutraceuticals. These compounds exert important beneficial activities that improve people's health status when are consumed regularly, and now they appear as a viable option to explore their possible therapeutic effects against diseases like cancer. Particularly, lupane-type triterpenes have shown great ability to modulate multiple cancer-related signaling pathways and processes, including NF-κB, Wnt/ß-catenin, PI3K/Akt, apoptosis, and many other routes related to proliferation or cell death, which are uncontrolled in malignant tumors. These investigations have promoted in vitro and in vivo studies, searching their mechanisms of action; although more research is still needed to prove its potential in human clinical trials. This review focuses on the ability of betulin, betulinic acid and lupeol to show benefits against the most common types of malignant tumors, which are considered a major global threat for public health.

Morphological and release characterization of nanoparticles formulated with poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and lupeol: In vitro permeability and modulator effect on NF-κB in Caco-2 cell system stimulated with TNF-α.

Lupeol exhibits anti-inflammatory effects; unfortunately it shows low water solubility. An alternative to overcome this is the development of nanomaterials. Several methods for nanomaterial production are available. One of them is emulsification/solvent-evaporation. The objective of the present work was to evaluate physical properties, transport and in vitro modulator effects on NF-κB of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with lupeol. Nanonutraceuticals were prepared with 16% (w/v) of lupeol. Size distribution and morphology were measured by particle size analyzer and TEM. In vitro release of lupeol was studied by three different models: Higuchi, Siepmann & Peppas, and Power law. Transport of nanonutraceutical was studied in a Caco-2 cell model and by GC-MS. Modulator effect on NK-κB was studied by western blot analysis. Nanonutraceuticals were 10% larger than the nanoparticles without lupeol (372 vs 337 nm) and presented a broader size distribution (0.28 vs 0.22). TEM results displayed spherical structures with a broader size distribution. Entrapment efficiency of lupeol was 64.54% and it in vitro release data fitted well to the Power law and Higuchi equation (R > 0.84-0.84). Strong regulation of NF-κB of nanonutraceutical was observed. It was not observed any transport across the Caco-2 cell model at the different experimental conditions.

Gastroprotective potential of Buddleja scordioides Kunth Scrophulariaceae infusions; effects into the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and inflammation markers in an in vivo model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: A common plant used to treat several gastric disorders is Buddleja scordioides Kunth, commonly known as salvilla. AIM OF THE STUDY: To detect inflammatory markers, in order to evaluate the gastroprotective potential of salvilla infusions, as this could have beneficial impact on the population exposed to gastric ulcers and colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present work attempted infusions were prepared with B. scordioides (1% w/w) lyophilized and stored. Total phenolic content and GC-MS analysis were performed. Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=8), a negative vehicle control, an indomethacin group, and three experimental groups, named preventive, curative, and suppressive. All rats were sacrificed under deep ether anesthesia (6h) after the last oral administration of indomethacin/infusion. The rat stomachs were promptly excised, weighed, and chilled in ice-cold and 0.9% NaCl. Histological analysis, nitrites quantification and immunodetection assays were done. RESULTS: B. scordioides infusions markedly reduced the visible hemorrhagic lesions induced by indomethacin in rat stomachs, also showed down-regulation of COX2, IL-8 and TNFα and up-regulation of COX-1 with a moderate down-regulation of NFkB and lower amount of nitrites. However, this behavior was dependent on the treatment, showing most down-regulation of COX-2, TNFα and IL-8 in the curative treatment; more down-regulation of NF-kB in the preventive treatment; and more up-regulation of COX-1 for the suppressor and preventive treatments. CONCLUSION: The anti-inflammatory potential of B. scordioides infusions could be related with the presence of polyphenols as quercetin in the infusion and how this one is consumed.

Construction and validation of the community and socio-political participation scale (SCAP).

This article describes the development and validation of a new instrument, the scale (SCAP) which measures community participation (CP) and socio-political participation (SPP). The sample consists of 756 participants in Málaga, residents whose average age is 38.78 years old (SD = 13.96) and of whom 58.5% are women. The results endorse the psychometric qualities of the instrument. We present descriptive analysis of the items, the dimensionality of the scale and its internal consistency. The external evidence of validity shows positive and statistically significant correlations with sense of community and empowerment, variables theoretically related to participation. A confirmatory factor analysis confirms the two-dimensional structure (CP and SPP). Further analysis show a higher CP in women. This instrument extends the quantitative research on citizen participation.

Construction and validation of the community and socio-political participation scale (SCAP)

This article describes the development and validation of a new instrument, the scale (SCAP) which measures community participation (CP) and socio-political participation (SPP). The sample consists of 756 participants in Málaga, residents whose average age is 38.78 years old (SD = 13.96) and of whom 58.5% are women. The results endorse the psychometric qualities of the instrument. We present descriptive analysis of the items, the dimensionality of the scale and its internal consistency. The external evidence of validity shows positive and statistically significant correlations with sense of community and empowerment, variables theoretically related to participation. A confirmatory factor analysis confirms the two-dimensional structure (CP and SPP). Further analysis show a higher CP in women. This instrument extends the quantitative research on citizen participation (AU)

No disponible

The multimodal management of locally advanced N2-non-small cell lung cancer: is there a role for surgical resection? A single institution's experience

BACKGROUND: The management of operable locally advanced N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a controversial topic. Concurrent chemoradiation (CT-RT) is considered the standard of care for inoperable or unresectable patients, but the role of trimodality treatment remains controversial. We present our institution's experience with the management of stage III (N2) NSCLC patients, analyzing whether the addition of surgery improves survival when compared with definitive CT-RT alone. METHODS: From 1996 to 2006, 72 N2 NSCLC patients were treated. Thirty-four patients received cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy, followed by paclitaxel-cisplatin CT-RT, and 38 patients underwent surgery preceded by induction and/or followed by adjuvant therapy. Survival curves were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the differences were assessed with the log-rank test. RESULTS: Most of the patients (87 %) were men. The median age was 59 years. A statistically significant association between T3-T4c and definitive CT-RT as well as between T1-T2c and surgery was noted (p < 0.0001). After a median follow-up period of 35 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 42 months for the surgery group versus 41 months for the CT-RT patients (p = 0.590). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 14 months after surgery and 25 months after CT-RT (p = 0.933). Responders to radical CT-RT had a better OS than non-responders (43 vs. 17 months, respectively, p = 0.011). No significant differences were found in the OS or PFS between the pN0 [14 (37.8 %) patients] and non-pN0 patients at thoracotomy. Three treatment-related deaths (7.8 %) were observed in the surgical cohort and none in the CT-RT group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of surgery did not render a median OS or PFS benefit when compared with CT-RT alone in our series of stage III-N2 NSCLC patients, in accordance with previously published data. However, responses to CT-RT had a greater impact in terms of OS and PFS. Although the patients selected for management including surgery showed a favorable T clinical staging in comparison to patients exclusively treated with definitive CT-RT, similar survival outcomes were found (AU)

Satisfacción laboral y burnout en trabajos poco cualificados de la población inmigrante en España / Job satisfaction and burnout in unskilled labour among immigrants in Spain

Este trabajo se centra en el ámbito de la satisfacción laboral, el burnout y los factores que afectan a ambos en empleos de baja cualificación y con características laborales precarias, concretamente en inmigrantes.

Medición y predicción de la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes empleados en España. Diferencias según su situación administrativa / Measurement and prediction of satisfaction with life in immigrant workers in Spain. Differences according to their administrative status

Este trabajo se plantea conocer el nivel de satisfacción vital y mostrar algunos factores que predicen la satisfacción de los inmigrantes en España, así como las diferencias en función de su situación administrativa. La muestra está compuesta por 277 empleados inmigrantes (25.4% en situación irregular). Las variables independientes consideradas han sido: satisfacción con la vida en el país de origen, el apoyo social actual y satisfacción laboral. Los resultados muestran que los inmigrantes manifiestan escaso aumento de la satisfacción vital en el nuevo país, no se sienten más felices y hay una clara diferencia en la satisfacción con la vida en función de su situación administrativa (mayor en los inmigrantes con situación regularizada). El análisis de regresión muestra que para el grupo con situación administrativa irregular el 50.9% de la varianza de la satisfacción vital actual se predice por la manifestada respecto a su país de origen. Para los inmigrantes con permiso de residencia, la satisfacción vital en su país de origen, el apoyo social y la satisfacción laboral intrínseca explican el 47.2% de la satisfacción actual (AU)

This study aims to describe characteristics and job conditions in a sample of 277 immigrants of different nationalities in Spain (25.4% in unregulated situation), to know their degree of life satisfaction, to show some of the factors that predict their satisfaction with life, and to reveal possible differences between immigrants with varying legal status. The independent variables that have been considered are: life satisfaction in their country of origin, current social support and job satisfaction (both extrinsic and intrinsic). The results show that the immigrants experience meagre increases in life satisfaction in the new country, no increase in their feeling of happiness, and that there is a clear different degree of life satisfaction among immigrants with different legal statuses (higher in status regularized immigrants). The regression analysis shows that 50.9% of the variance of present life satisfaction for immigrants in an irregular legal status is predicted by the life satisfaction related to their own country. However, for those immigrants with residence permit, 47.2% of the pre-sent life satisfaction is explained by life satisfaction in their own country, social support and intrinsic job satisfaction (AU)

Satisfacción laboral y Burnout en trabajos poco cualificados: diferencias entre sexos en población inmigrante / Job satisfaction and Burnout in low-skilled jobs: sex differences on the immigrant population

El objetivo de este estudio es profundizar en el análisis de la satisfacción laboral en trabajos de escasa cualificación realizados por personas inmigrantes, buscando posibles diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Se analiza una muestra de 250 inmigrantes en España procedentes de diferentes culturas. Las variables evaluadas son: satisfacción laboral, burnout y diferentes características laborales. No se han encontrado diferencias entre hombres y mujeres respecto al burnout ni a la satisfacción laboral. Cinismo y agotamiento correlacionan negativamente con la satisfacción laboral. Los resultados del análisis de regresión muestran modelos predictivos diferentes según el sexo: en los hombres la eficacia profesional y el cinismo son más relevantes que en las mujeres, y entre ellas el agotamiento y el control estricto predicen de forma negativa la satisfacción laboral. Además, la satisfacción con el tiempo de libre y la estabilidad laboral predicen la satisfacción laboral en ambos grupos de inmigrantes(AU)

The principal aim of this study tries to analyze the job satisfaction into low-skilled jobs realized by immigrants, looking for differences between women and men. Is analyzed a sample of 250 immigrants who live in Spain proceeding from different cultures. The variables evaluated across written questionnaire are: job satisfaction, burnout and some job characteristics. No differences were found between men and women in burnout or job satisfaction. So much cynicism as the depletion negatively correlated with job satisfaction. The results of the regression analysis showed predictive models differ according to sex: in men, the professional effectiveness and cynicism are more important than women; in women the exhaustion is negatively predicted job satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction with free time and job security predicts job satisfaction in both groups of immigrants(AU)

[Radiotherapy in breast cancer: standards and new directions, accelerated partial breast irradiation]. / Tratamiento radioterápico del cáncer mama: estándares y nuevas tendencias. Irradiación parcial acelerada de la mama.

Radiotherapy as a part of the breast cancer treatment has evolved in the last decades. Post-mastectomy radiotherapy produces a substantial reduction in the risk of local recurrence as well as a moderate, but definitive reduction in long-term breast cancer mortality in women at high risk of locoregional failure. Whole-breast irradiation, as part of breast-conservation therapy, has well-established results with good cosmesis, and low toxicity. Results from the BCT trials suggest that the risk for ipsilateral breast cancer recurrence resides within close proximity to the original tumor site. This has led investigators to consider the role of an accelerated and more tumor bed-focused course of radiotherapy. Accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) is a collection of radiotherapy techniques that deliver higher daily doses of radiation to the surgical cavity with margin over a shorter time than whole breast irradiation (from 6-6.5 weeks to 1 week). Early results of this approach have demonstrated excellent local control, minimal acute toxicity, and are more convenient for the patient. Phase III randomized clinical trials are currently underway to assess local control, acute and chronic toxicities. APBI extend the choise of breast conservation.

Tratamiento radioterápico del cáncer mama: estándares ynuevas tendencias. Irradiación parcial acelerada de la mama / Radiotherapy in breast cancer: standards and new directions, accelerated partial

La radioterapia (RT) como parte del tratamiento del cáncer de mamaha evolucionado mucho en las últimas décadas.La radioterapia post-mastectomía (RTPM) aporta una reducción sustancialdel riesgo de recurrencia local así como una moderada, perodefi nitiva, reducción en la mortalidad a largo plazo en mujeres con altoriesgo de recurrencia locorregional.La irradiación de todo el volumen mamario, como parte del tratamientoconservador de la mama, consigue buenos resultados en cuanto a controlde la enfermedad, cosmesis, y toxicidad. Los resultados de grandesensayos clínicos sugieren que el riesgo de recurrencia local ipsilateralreside fundamentalmente en las inmediaciones del lecho tumoral.Esto, ha llevado a los investigadores a buscar un tipo de radiación másacelerada y más dirigida sobre el lecho tumoral. La irradiación parcialacelerada de la mama (APBI), puede llevarse a cabo mediante distintastécnicas que administran dosis de radiación más altas sobre la cavidadquirúrgica con un margen de seguridad, en un tiempo más reducidoque la irradiación de toda la mama (de 6-6,5 semanas a 1 semana).Los resultados a corto plazo de esta aproximación terapéutica handemostrado excelente control local, mínimos efectos adversos agudosy una mayor comodidad para las pacientes.Se están llevando a cabo ensayos fases III aleatorizados para confi rmarla equivalencia de la APBI con la irradiación de toda la mama. La confirmación de estos resultados permitirá a un mayor número de pacientesoptar por un tratamiento conservador de la mama (AU)

Radiotherapy as a part of the breast cancer treatment has evolved inthe last decades. Post-mastectomy radiotherapy produces a substantialreduction in the risk of local recurrence as well as a moderate, but definitive reduction in long-term breast cancer mortality in women at highrisk of locoregional failure.Whole-breast irradiation, as part of breast-conservation therapy, haswell-established results with good cosmesis, and low toxicity. Resultsfrom the BCT trials suggest that the risk for ipsilateral breast cancerrecurrence resides within close proximity to the original tumor site. Thishas led investigators to consider the role of an accelerated and moretumor bed-focused course of radiotherapy. Accelerated partial-breastirradiation (APBI) is a collection of radiotherapy techniques that deliverhigher daily doses of radiation to the surgical cavity with margin overa shorter time than whole breast irradiation (from 6-6.5 weeks to 1week). Early results of this approach have demonstrated excellent localcontrol, minimal acute toxicity, and are more convenient for the patient.Phase III randomized clinical trials are currently underway to assesslocal control, acute and chronic toxicities. APBI extend the choise ofbreast conservation (AU)

Tratamiento radioterápico del cáncer mama: estándares y nuevas tendencias. Irradiación parcial acelerada de la mama / No disponible

La radioterapia (RT) como parte del tratamiento del cáncer de mamaha evolucionado mucho en las últimas décadas.La radioterapia post-mastectomía (RTPM) aporta una reducción sustancialdel riesgo de recurrencia local así como una moderada, perodefi nitiva, reducción en la mortalidad a largo plazo en mujeres con altoriesgo de recurrencia locorregional.La irradiación de todo el volumen mamario, como parte del tratamientoconservador de la mama, consigue buenos resultados en cuanto a controlde la enfermedad, cosmesis, y toxicidad. Los resultados de grandesensayos clínicos sugieren que el riesgo de recurrencia local ipsilateralreside fundamentalmente en las inmediaciones del lecho tumoral.Esto, ha llevado a los investigadores a buscar un tipo de radiación másacelerada y más dirigida sobre el lecho tumoral. La irradiación parcialacelerada de la mama (APBI), puede llevarse a cabo mediante distintastécnicas que administran dosis de radiación más altas sobre la cavidadquirúrgica con un margen de seguridad, en un tiempo más reducidoque la irradiación de toda la mama (de 6-6,5 semanas a 1 semana).Los resultados a corto plazo de esta aproximación terapéutica handemostrado excelente control local, mínimos efectos adversos agudosy una mayor comodidad para las pacientes.Se están llevando a cabo ensayos fases III aleatorizados para confi rmarla equivalencia de la APBI con la irradiación de toda la mama. La confirmación de estos resultados permitirá a un mayor número de pacientesoptar por un tratamiento conservador de la mama(AU)

Radiotherapy as a part of the breast cancer treatment has evolved inthe last decades. Post-mastectomy radiotherapy produces a substantialreduction in the risk of local recurrence as well as a moderate, but definitive reduction in long-term breast cancer mortality in women at highrisk of locoregional failure.Whole-breast irradiation, as part of breast-conservation therapy, haswell-established results with good cosmesis, and low toxicity. Resultsfrom the BCT trials suggest that the risk for ipsilateral breast cancerrecurrence resides within close proximity to the original tumor site. Thishas led investigators to consider the role of an accelerated and moretumor bed-focused course of radiotherapy. Accelerated partial-breastirradiation (APBI) is a collection of radiotherapy techniques that deliverhigher daily doses of radiation to the surgical cavity with margin overa shorter time than whole breast irradiation (from 6-6.5 weeks to 1week). Early results of this approach have demonstrated excellent localcontrol, minimal acute toxicity, and are more convenient for the patient.Phase III randomized clinical trials are currently underway to assesslocal control, acute and chronic toxicities. APBI extend the choise ofbreast conservation(AU)

Radioterapia combinada con quimioterapia en el tratamiento del cáncer de pulmón / Radiotherapy for lung cancer. Integration with chemotherapy

El empleo conjunto de radioterapia y quimioterapia en el cáncer de pulmón no metastásico (microcítico y no microcítico) permite combinar los benefi cios de la radioterapia en términos de control local conaquellos conseguidos por la quimioterapia erradicando la enfermedad micrometastásica. Diversos estudios aleatorizados han demostrado que la radioterapia radical combinada con quimioterapia mejora la supervivenciade estos pacientes, a expensas de un incremento de la toxicidad. El desarrollo tecnológico y los avances en programas informáticos han posibilitado la introducción de nuevos aceleradores lineales comunicadoscon sofi sticados sistemas de planifi cación tridimensional que permiten administrar dosis mayores de irradiación al volumen tumoral diana y menores dosis de irradiación sobre estructuras sanas (pulmón, corazón,esófago y médula espinal). El resultado fi nal es un incremento del índice terapéutico debido a un probable benefi cio en el control local y una disminución de los efectos adversos de la irradiación. El volumen deirradiación, la dosis total a administrar, el fraccionamiento de la dosis, el tipo de esquema de combinación de la radioterapia con la quimioterapia,así como la infl uencia en la supervivencia de la irradiación cerebral profi láctica en el caso del cáncer microcítico de pulmón son temas de discusión en la actualidad

The combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in lung cancer (locally advanced non-small and small cell) may offer the benefi ts of radiotherapy in terms of local control and those of chemotherapy in terms of reducing metastatic dissemination of the disease. Severalrandomized studies have showed that radical radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy improves the survival of these patients at the expense of an increase in toxicity. The technological development and theimprovements in software have allowed the introduction of new linear accelerators and a three-dimensional planning system with the intention of delivering higher irradiation doses in the tumor target, and minimizingthe dose in adjacent normal tissues (lung, heart, esophagus and spinal cord). The volume of irradiation, the total dose, the fractionation, the schedule for the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, as wellas the infl uence of the prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer are points for discussion at the moment

[Radiotherapy for lung cancer. Integration with chemotherapy]. / Radioterapia combinada con quimioterapia en el tratamiento del cáncer de pulmón.

The combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in lung cancer (locally advanced non-small and small cell) may offer the benefits of radiotherapy in terms of local control and those of chemotherapy in terms of reducing metastatic dissemination of the disease. Several randomized studies have showed that radical radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy improves the survival of these patients at the expense of an increase in toxicity. The technological development and the improvements in software have allowed the introduction of new linear accelerators and a three-dimensional planning system with the intention of delivering higher irradiation doses in the tumor target, and minimizing the dose in adjacent normal tissues (lung, heart, esophagus and spinal cord). The volume of irradiation, the total dose, the fractionation, the schedule for the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, as well as the influence of the prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer are points for discussion at the moment.