Limiting immunopathology: Interaction between carotenoids and enzymatic antioxidant defences.

The release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) during the inflammatory response generates damages to host tissues, referred to as immunopathology, and is an important factor in ecological immunology. The integrated antioxidant system, comprising endogenous antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase SOD, and catalase CAT) and dietary antioxidants (e.g. carotenoids), helps to cope with immune-mediated oxidative stress. Crustaceans store large amounts of dietary carotenoids for yet unclear reasons. While being immunostimulants and antioxidants, the interaction of these pigments with antioxidant enzymes remains unclear. Here, we tested the interaction between dietary supplementation with carotenoids and immune challenge on immune defences and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, in the amphipod crustacean Gammarus pulex. Dietary supplementation increased the concentrations of circulating carotenoids and haemocytes in the haemolymph, while the immune response induced the consumption of circulating carotenoids and a drop of haemocyte density. Interestingly, supplemented gammarids exhibited down-regulated SOD activity but high CAT activity compared to control ones. Our study reveals specific interactions of dietary carotenoids with endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and further underlines the potential importance of carotenoids in the evolution of immunity and/or of antioxidant mechanisms in crustaceans.

Fibroma osificante periférico asociado a resorción ósea: revisión de la literatura y presentación de un caso / Peripheral ossifying fibroma associated with bone resorption: literature review and presentation of a case

El Fibroma Osificante Periférico (FOP) es una hiperplasia reactiva del tejido conjuntivo que contiene áreas de hueso. Se origina a partir del ligamento periodontal. Se presenta con frecuencia en la segunda y tercera década de vida, con mayor frecuencia en el género femenino. Se observa como una lesión sésil o pediculada, circunscrita, lisa o ulcerada, firme y del mismo color de la mucosa, asintomático. Se localiza en la encía, por lo general en papilas interdentales. En gran parte de los casos no se lesiona el hueso subyacente. Se reporta un caso de un paciente masculino de 47 años de edad, quien es referido por su odontólogo tratado por una lesión en el maxilar. El paciente refiere inicio de la enfermedad hace aproximadamente un año, que comienza con un aumento de volumen de la encía, asintomático, sangrante y asociada a dientes con movilidad dentaria. Al examen extrabucal se observa un aumento de volumen de la mejilla izquierda que produce asimetría facial. Intrabucalmente se observa una lesión de naturaleza tumoral que se desprende de la encía vestibular distal al 25 al diente 28, de aproximadamente 3cm de diámetro, circunscrita, roja, sangrante y de superficie ulcerada. El examen radiográfico revela una gran resorción ósea del hueso alveolar que produjo movilidad de los dientes 25, 27 y 28. Se planteó como diagnóstico provisional: Lesión Periférica de Células Gigantes y como diagnósticos diferenciales: Fibroma Osificante Periférico, Granuloma Piogénico. La conducta a seguir fue extirpación quirúrgica de la lesión para posterior estudio histopatológico con exodoncias de los dientes 25, 27 y 28. Se destaca la importancia de este caso por su presentación clínica de gran tamaño y la destrucción ósea que produjo, condición que determinó las exodoncias de los dientes involucrados, hecho que es inusual para este tipo de patologías

Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is a reactive hyperplasia of connective tissue containing areas of bone. It originates from the periodontal ligament. It occurs frequently in the second and third decades, predominantly in females. It appears as a sessile or pedunculated lesion, circumscribed, smooth or ulcerated, firm, and the color of the mucosa, asymptomatic. Located in the gum, usually in interdental papillae. In most cases no underlying bone is injured. We report a case of a male patient aged 47 who are referred by your dentist treated for an injury to the jaw. The patient reported onset of illness for about a year, which begins with an enlargement of the gums, asymptomatic, bleeding and teeth associated with tooth mobility. Extra-oral examination showed an increase in volume of the left cheek that produces facial asymmetry. The oral examination shows tumoral lesion of nature that emerges from the buccal gingiva distal to the tooth 28 to 25, approximately 3 cm in diameter, circumscribed, red, bleeding and ulcerated surface. Radiographic examination reveals a large alveolar bone resorption resulting in tooth mobility 25, 27 and 28. Was raised as a provisional diagnosis: Peripheral giant cell lesion as a differential diagnosis: peripheral ossifying fibroma, pyogenic granuloma. The action to take was surgical removal of the lesion for subsequent histopathological study extractions of teeth 25, 27 and 28. The importance of this case the clinical presentation and the large bone destruction that occurred, a condition that determined the extractions of the teeth involved, a fact which is unusual for this type of pathology

Relationship between maternal transfer of immunity and mother fecundity in an insect.

Trans-generational immune priming (TGIP) corresponds to the plastic adjustment of offspring immunity as a result of maternal immune experience. TGIP is expected to improve mother's fitness by improving offspring individual performance in an environment where parasitism becomes more prevalent. However, it was recently demonstrated that maternal transfer of immunity to the offspring is costly for immune-challenged female insects. Thus, these females might not provide immune protection to all their offspring because of the inherent cost of other fitness-related traits. Females are therefore expected to adjust their investment to individual offspring immune protection in ways that maximize their fitness. In this study, we investigated how bacterially immune-challenged females of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, provision their eggs with immune protection according to egg production. We found that immune-challenged females provide a variable number of their eggs with internal antibacterial activity along egg-laying bouts. Furthermore, within the first immune-protected egg-laying bout (2-4 days after the maternal immune challenge), the number of eggs protected was strongly dependent on the number of eggs produced. Immune-challenged females might therefore adjust their investment into TGIP and fecundity according of their individual perception of the risk of dying from the infection and the expected parasitic conditions for the offspring.

Uveitis manifestaciones secundaria de infección en cavidad bucal: reporte de caso clínico / Uveitis: as a symthom of oral infection: report a case

La uveítis es una patología ocular que se define como la inflamación del tracto uveal del ojo, que pudiera estar asociada a la inflamación de otras estructuras oculares o adyacentes a la cavidad orbitaria, por la proximidad que hay entre los tejidos. En el campo odontológico la uveitis se manifiesta de manera secundaria ante infecciones focales, las cuales se caracterizan por presentar un foco séptico primario, en donde la infección se propaga a otras estructuras del macizo facial. Entre las lesiones que generan un foco infeccioso primario en cavidad bucal, se describen: quiste periapical, granuloma periapical, afecciones pulpares, pericoronaritis y enfermedad periodontal, siendo esta última motivo del caso clínico que se presenta a continuación

Uveitis is an eye condition that is defined as inflammation of the uveal tractor and may be associated with inflammation of other ocular structures or adjacent to the orbital cavity, and the proximity between the tissues. In the dental field uveitis manifests itself secondary to focal infections, which are characterized by a primary septic focus, where the infection spreads to other craniofacial structures. Among lesions that produce a primary infection in oral cavity, are described: periapical cyst, periapical granuloma, pulpal disease, and periodontal disease pericoronaritis, the latter being the occasion of the clinical case is presented below

Uveítis como manifestación secundaria a infecciones de la cavidad bucal: revisión de la literatura / Uveitis representations as secondary to infections the oral cavity: review of the literature

La uveítis es una patología ocular que se define como la inflamación del tracto úveal, pudiendo estar asociada a la inflamación de otras estructuras oculares o adyacentes a la cavidad orbitaria. La etiología puede incluir infecciones o alteraciones en el sistema inmune y puede ser primariamente ocular o asociada a una enfermedad sistémica. Su incidencia es proporcional tanto en hombres como en mujeres dependiendo a la enfermedad que se encuentre asociada. El método de diagnóstico se realiza a través de exámenes radiográficos, de laboratorio y el examen clínico, tanto oftálmico como odontológico. De acuerdo a la sintomatología manifestada en el paciente, se orienta el tratamiento a seguir.

Uveítis is an eye condition that is defined as inflammation of the úveal tracto and can be associated with inflammation of other ocular structures or adjacent to the orbital cavity. The possible causes include infections or alterations in the immune system and can be primarily visual or associated with a systemic disease. It´s incidence is proportional in men and women, and it depends on the disease it's associated to. Medical and Dental diagnosis is generaly made by physical and radiographic examination, along with laboratory tests. The treatment will depend on the symptoms of the patient.

Diente supernumerario retenido en posición invertida: reporte de un caso: revisión de literatura / Tooth supernumerary retained in upside: report of a case: review of literature

Los dientes supernumerarios representan una anomalía del desarrollo caracterizada por un excedente en la formula dental normal, su etiología no se encuentra claramente identificada, sin embargo, entre las reportadas, toma importancia la relacionada con alteraciones durante la fase de inicio y proliferación del desarrollo dental. Epidemiológicamente suele presentarse con mayor frecuencia en maxilar que en mandíbula, mas que hombres que en mujeres y con prevalencia en la dentición permanente. El diagnóstico se lleva acabo básicamente mediante radiografías, sin embargo el método clínico puede ser usado de acuerdo las condiciones bajo las cuales se presente. El tratamiento de elección es la excisión quirúrgica. A continuación se reporta un caso de paciente masculino, de 22 años de edad que asiste a consulta para la eliminación quirúrgica de diente supernumerario a nivel de la mandíbula en zona posteroinferior.

Supernumerary teeth are a development anomaly, characterised by over-abundance of teeth in the regular dental formula. The aetiology hasn't been clearly identified, however, among reported cases, alterations during the initial and proliferation phase of dental growth have been found. Epidemiologically, this anomaly appears more frequently in maxilla, male patients and permanent dentition. Diagnosis is carried out by means of radiographies and clinical examination. The treatment of choice is surgical removal. In the following case report, a 22 year- old- male patient who will have supernumerary teeth surgically removed of left posteroinferior mandibular area.

Biological invasion and parasitism: invaders do not suffer from physiological alterations of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis.

Biological invasions expose parasites to new invasive hosts in addition to their local hosts. However, local parasites are often less successful in infecting and exploiting their new hosts. This may have major consequences for the competitive ability of hosts, and finally on the fate of the parasite-host community. In Burgundy (Eastern France), the acanthocephalan parasite, Pomphorhynchus laevis, infects 2 amphipod species living in sympatry: the native Gammarus pulex and the invasive Gammarus roeseli. While P. laevis affects the behaviour and the immunity of G. pulex, G. roeseli seems unaffected by the infection. In this study, we examined in detail the ability of the parasite to affect the immune system and resource storage of both gammarid species. We found that the infection was associated with a general decrease of the prophenoloxidase activity, haemocyte density, resistance to an artificial bacterial infection and level of sugar reserves in G. pulex, but not in G. roeseli. These results demonstrate a differential ability of P. laevis to exploit its local and its invasive gammarid hosts. Potential mechanisms of these differential physiological alterations and their potential consequences on the coexistence of both gammarid species in sympatry are discussed.

Granuloma periférico de células gigantes: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Peripheral giant cell granuloma: report of two cases and review of literature

El Granuloma Periférico de Células Gigantes (GPCG), es una lesión reactiva que se origina a partir del periostio o de la membrana periodontal tras una irritación o trauma crónico local.  Aparece a cualquier edad con una importante predilección por el sexo femenino. Generalmente se manifiesta como una lesión de naturaleza tumoral, de color rojo-púrpura y localizado en el tejido gingival. Radiográficamente podría mostrar erosión superficial del hueso subyacente. Al estudio microscópico se observa tejido de granulación hiperplásico y las características células gigantes multinucleadas. A continuación se presentan  2 casos clínicos en mujeres (62 y 20 años de edad) ambos en maxilar inferior,  zona premolar con un aspecto clínico similar, que consistió en lesiones tumorales, color rojo, sangrantes con presencia de irritantes locales tipo cálculo y placa dental. Al estudio radiográfico se evidenció lesión ósea asociada a la patología en uno de los casos. Se decide terapia periodontal previa a extirpación quirúrgica de ambas lesiones y  respectivo estudio histopatológico, reportando como diagnóstico definitivo GPCG. El diagnóstico precoz y preciso de estas lesiones permitió efectuar un tratamiento conservador sin riesgo para los dientes vecinos ni para el hueso adyacente. Se destaca la importancia de estos casos, por evidenciar que esta patología no muestra predilección por edad y además confirman su predilección por el sexo femenino

The Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma (PGCG) is a reactive lesion that originates from periosteum or the periodontal membrane after irritation or chronic local trauma. It appears at any age with important prevalence for female gender. It usually appears as a tumor like lesion, its color ranges from red to purple and it is located on the gingiva. Its radiographic pattern could show surface erosion of the underlying bone. Under microscope analysis it shows hyperplasic granulation tissue and characters of giant multinucleated cells. In this article are present two cases of PGCG in 2 women (62 and 20 years old) both of them in mandible bone, bicuspids zone, both with similar clinical appearance. These cases were tumor like lesions, red color, bleeding aspect with presence of local irritants the type of calculus and plaque. Under radiographic analysis in one of the cases it was determined a bony lesion associated to the pathology of study.  Periodontal therapy was selected as treatment before surgical removal of both lesions and respective histopathological study, reporting PGCG as final diagnosis. The early and precise diagnosis of these lesions leads to conservative treatment avoiding risk to neighboring teeth and underlying bone. It is to emphasize the importance of these cases because they state that this pathology does not show prevalence for age range as well as reaffirms its prevalence for female gender

Behavioural and physiological effects of the trophically transmitted cestode parasite, Cyathocephalus truncatus, on its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex.

Some parasites with complex life-cycles are able to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts in a way that increases their transmission to the next host. Gammarids infected by the tapeworm Cyathocephalus truncatus (Cestoda: Spathebothriidea) are known to be more predated by fish than uninfected ones, but potential behavioural manipulation by the parasite has never been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that C. truncatus is able to manipulate the behaviour of one of its intermediate hosts, Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda). To assess if any behavioural change was linked to other phenotypic alterations, we also measured the immunity of infected and uninfected individuals and investigated the pathogenic effects of the parasite. Infected gammarids were significantly less photophobic than uninfected ones, but no effect of infection on the level of immune defence was found. The results on survival, swimming activity and oxygen consumption suggest that the parasite also has various pathogenic effects. However, the alteration in host phototaxis was not correlated to some of these pathogenic effects. Therefore, we propose that the modification in host reaction to light is a behavioural manipulation, explaining the previously observed increase of gammarid predation rate.

Manifestaciones bucales del lupus eritematoso: revisión de la literature / Oral manifestations of lupus erythematous: a review of the literature

El Lupus Eritematoso (LE) es una enfermedad crónica autoinmune que afecta el tejido conectivo y tiene predilección por mujeres en edad reproductiva. Aunque manifiesta un amplio espectro de lesiones, se ha clasificado dependiendo de las características clínicas en dos formas: sistémica (LES) y cutánea (LEC). Las lesiones bucales pueden manifestarse en ambos tipos de la enfermedad de hecho la aparición de úlceras constituye hoy en día un criterio diagnóstico del LES. Son diversas las expresiones mucosas en esta entidad y conocer sus características clínicas, histopatológicas e inmunohistológicas es vital para definir la conducta a seguir y a la vez para diferenciarlas de otras entidades como el Liquen Plano bucal, que representa su principal diagnóstico diferencial.

Lupus Erythematosus (LE) is a chronic autoimmune disease which involves connective tissue. It has a female predilection during the reproductive period. Although LE manifestations are diverse, the disease has been classificated into two forms: systemic (SLE) and cutaneous (CLE). Oral lesions may appear in both forms of the disease and ulcers are considered nowadays a diagnostic criteria of SLE. There are a broad spectrum of mucous manifestations and the clinical, histopathological and immunopathological characteristics are vital to define the treatment, as well as, to differentiate LE with other diseases as oral Lichen Planus, the most important differential diagnosis.

Activation of host constitutive immune defence by an intestinal trypanosome parasite of bumble bees.

Many parasites, including important species that affect humans and livestock, must survive the harsh environment of insect guts to complete their life-cycle. Hence, understanding how insects protect themselves against such parasites has immediate practical implications. Previously, such protection has been thought to consist mainly of mechanical structures and the action of lectins. However, recently it has become apparent that gut infections may interact with the host immune system in more complex ways. Here, using bumble bees, Bombus terrestris and their non-invasive gut trypanosome, Crithidia bombi, as a model system we investigated the effects of parasitic infection, host resources and the duration of infections on the host immune system. We found that infection doubled standing levels of immune defence in the haemolymph (the constitutive pro-phenoloxidase system), which is used as a first, general defence against parasites. However, physical separation of the parasite from the haemolymph suggests the presence of a messenger system between the gut and the genes that control the pro-phenoloxidase system. Surprisingly, we found no direct effect of host resource-stress or duration of the infection on the immune system. Our results suggest a novel and tactical response of insects to gut infections, demonstrating the complexity of such host-parasite systems.

Differential phenoloxidase activity between native and invasive gammarids infected by local acanthocephalans: differential immunosuppression?

Manipulative endoparasites can alter the behaviour and the physiology of their intermediate hosts in ways that increase the probability of successful transmission to the final host. This requires that the parasite is able to circumvent its host's immune defence. Successful immune evasion may depend on host-parasite coevolutionary history and the appearance of new hosts invading the local host population may promote local parasite maladaptation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of 2 acanthocephalan parasites, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Polymorphus minutus, on the immunity of their local and new invasive gammarid intermediate hosts, respectively Gammarus pulex and Gammarus roeseli. We found that infection by each parasite was correlated with a decrease, at different degrees, of the standing level of immune defence in local hosts--measured as the phenoloxidase (PO) enzyme activity--whereas invasive hosts infected by P. laevis had their PO-enzyme activity enhanced. These results suggest that these acanthocephalans evade their local host immune response through immunosuppression but cannot evade the immune response of their new invasive host. The potential role of this maladaptation on the success of invasive species is discussed.

Immune defence in bumble-bee offspring.

Immune-challenged vertebrate females transfer specific antibodies to their offspring, but this gratuitous immunity cannot operate in invertebrates. Here we show that constitutive immune defence is enhanced in sexual offspring of the bumble-bee Bombus terrestris L. when the parental colony is immune-challenged. Our findings indicate that invertebrates may use a different component of the immune system to generate a facultative trans-generational increase in the immune response.

Wolbachia endosymbiont responsible for cytoplasmic incompatibility in a terrestrial crustacean: effects in natural and foreign hosts.

Wolbachia bacteria are vertically transmitted endosymbionts that disturb the reproduction of many arthropods thereby enhancing their spread in host populations. Wolbachia are often responsible for changes of sex ratios in terrestrial isopods, a result of the feminization of genotypic males. Here we found that the Wolbachia hosted by Cylisticus convexus (wCc) caused unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), an effect commonly found in insects. To understand the diversity of Wolbachia-induced effects in isopods, wCc were experimentally transferred in a novel isopod host, Armadillidium vulgare. wCc conserved the ability to induce CI. However, Wolbachia were not transmitted to the eggs, so the capacity to restore the compatibility in crosses involving two transinfected individuals was lost. The feminizing Wolbachia hosted by A. vulgare was unable to rescue CI induced by wCc. These results showed that Wolbachia in isopods did not evolved broadly to induce feminization, and that CI and the feminizing effect are probably due to different mechanisms. In addition, wCc reduces the mating capacity of infected C. convexus males, suggesting that the bacteria might alter reproductive behaviour. The maintenance of wCc in host populations is discussed.

Survival for immunity: the price of immune system activation for bumblebee workers.

Parasites do not always harm their hosts because the immune system keeps an infection at bay. Ironically, the cost of using immune defenses could itself reduce host fitness. This indirect cost of parasitism is often not visible because of compensatory resource intake. Here, workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, were challenged with lipopolysaccharides and micro-latex beads to induce their immune system under starvation (i.e., not allowing compensatory intake). Compared with controls, survival of induced workers was significantly reduced (by 50 to 70%).