Vaccine-preventable anal infections by human papillomavirus among HIV-infected men who have sex with men.

AIM: HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) show the highest prevalence of anal HPV infection. Anal prevalence of the HPVs targeted by the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) and nonavalent HPV vaccine (9vHPV) was estimated in this population. MATERIALS & METHODS: Anal specimens were collected from HIV-infected MSM attending a sexually transmitted infection/HIV center. Specimens were analyzed using the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test. RESULTS: A total of 49.5 and 71.2% of the 313 enrolled MSM harbored at least one of the 4vHPV and 9vHPV types, respectively. A significantly decreasing trend was observed for the prevalence of both 4vHPV (p = 0.04) and 9vHPV types (p < 0.001) across age classes. CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of HIV-infected MSM do not harbor a current anal infection with vaccine-preventable HPVs. The potential benefit of the 4vHPV versus 9vHPV vaccination in these subjects, including older MSM, should be investigated.

Anal cytological lesions and HPV infection in individuals at increased risk for anal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Anal cytology may be useful for evaluating lesions associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) in individuals at increased risk for anal cancer. METHODS: Liquid-based cytology was used to assess anal cytological lesions among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM). The Linear Array HPV genotyping test was used for HPV detection. RESULTS: This cross-sectional study included 1021 MSM, of whom 388 were HIV-infected (38.0%). Anal cytological lesions (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or more severe [ASCUS+]) were observed in 32.5% and 53.2% of the HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals, respectively (P < .0001). The highest ASCUS + prevalence was observed among ≥45-year-old HIV-uninfected MSM (37.3%) and 25-to 29-year-old HIV-infected MSM (66.7%). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) peaked in ≥ 45-year-old HIV-uninfected subjects and 35- to 39-year-old HIV-infected subjects. Individuals with anal infections with high-risk (HR) HPV types were 3 to 4 times more likely to have an ASCUS + report. An HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 infection increased the odds of HSIL or more severe cytology (HSIL+) for HIV-infected MSM almost 4 times. MSM concurrently infected with HR and low-risk HPVs were significantly more likely to have low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe cytology (LSIL+) than those infected with only HR types. No significant associations were found between cytological abnormalities and the HIV load and nadir and current CD4 + counts. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anal cytological lesions is high in MSM, even in HIV-infected individuals treated with combined antiretroviral therapy. In these subjects, HSILs occur more frequently and at a younger age in comparison with HIV-uninfected counterparts. Specific diagnostic procedures should be implemented to manage individuals at increased risk for anal cancer with an abnormal anal Papanicolaou test. Cancer Cytopathol 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

Inguinal and anorectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum: a case series from a sexually transmitted disease center in Rome, Italy.

BACKGROUND: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by L1, L2, L3 serovars of C. trachomatis (CT). Since 2003, LGV cases have been increasing in Europe. Aim of this report is to describe the LGV cases diagnosed in the largest STI center in Rome, Italy, from 2000 to 2016. This report shows that two clinically and epidemiologically different series of cases exist, and that, at present, the ano-rectal LGV represents the clinical variant occurring more frequently among men having sex with men (MSM), particularly those HIV-infected. CASE PRESENTATION: Ten cases of LGV were observed. Three were diagnosed in 2009 in HIV-negative heterosexuals patients that presented the classical genito-ulcerative form with lymphadenopathy. Seven cases were observed in 2015-2016 in HIV-infected MSM, that presented the rectal variant and L2b serovar infection; 4 of these had been misclassified as a chronic bowel disease. Chlamydia infection was confirmed by CT-specific PCR (ompA gene nested PCR), followed by sequence analysis to identify the serovar. All the patients were treated with doxycycline for 3 weeks, obtaining a complete response with healing of both clinical symptoms and dermatological lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, in case of persistent rectal symptoms in HIV-infected MSM, LGV should be taken into account and investigated through molecular analyses, in order to achieve a correct diagnosis and management of the patients.

Prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and cytologic abnormalities among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men.

INTRODUCTION: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for 85% of anal cancers. Recently, anal cancer incidence has been increasing, particularly in men who have sex with men (MSM). Cytology may be a useful tool for the detection of anal precancerous lesions. We assessed the prevalence and determinants of anal HPV infection and cytologic abnormalities among HIV-infected and -uninfected MSM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MSM ≥18-year-old attending an STI clinic in Rome (Italy) were enrolled. Anal cytologic samples were collected in PreservCyt (Hologic) using a Dacron swab. The Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics) was used for the detection and genotyping of 37 mucosal HPV types. Liquid-based cytological slides were obtained using a ThinPrep2000 processor (Hologic). The morphology of the anal pap-test was classified following the Bethesda 2001 guidelines. RESULTS: We enrolled 180 HIV-infected (median age 41 years, IQR 33-47) and 438 HIV-uninfected MSM (median age 32 years, IQR: 27-39). Most of the individuals were Caucasian (92.2% and 97.0%, respectively). HPV prevalence, both overall (93.3% vs 72.4%, p<.001) and by high-risk (HR) HPV types (80.5% vs 56.0%, p<.001), was significantly higher among HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected individuals. HPV-multiple infections were evidenced in 48.2% of the HIV-uninfected and 76.1% of the HIV-infected MSM (p<.001). HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype in both groups (23.3% in HIV-positive and 17.6% in HIV-negative MSM). HPV6 and 84 were the most frequent low-risk types in both cohorts. Anal cytologic abnormalities were found in a significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected MSM (46.1% vs 27.9%, p<.001). H-SILs (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) were exclusively observed among the HIV-infected individuals, although at a low prevalence (1.2%). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of anal HPV infection and cytologic abnormalities was evidenced in both populations. Nonetheless, HIV-infected MSM showed a significantly higher rate of HPV infection and abnormal cytology, confirming that HIV-1 infection poses a significant risk for anal HPV infection as well as for anal cellular abnormalities. Screening for anal cancer, which is currently the most frequent non-AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-positive MSM, should be considered for this population. Moreover, vaccination strategies for the prevention of HPV infection should be taken into account.

Anal human papillomavirus infection prevalence in men who have sex with men is age-independent: a role for recent sexual behavior?

AIM: Considering that data available on age-specific prevalence of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) are limited and conflicting, we aimed to assess the age-related trend of this infection in HIV-uninfected MSM. MATERIALS & METHODS: Anal samples, collected using a Dacron swab, were analyzed by the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Milan, Italy). RESULTS: Among the 408 males enrolled, HPV prevalence was 72.8% and did not significantly change across ages both for any (p = 0.506) and high-risk genotypes (p = 0.588). HPV prevalence by age group did not vary also after adjusting for median number and median age of recent partners. CONCLUSION: Among urban MSM at risk for sexually transmitted infections, this stability in anal HPV prevalence across all ages may be driven by multiple partnerships in association with sexual mixing across all age groups. Interventions to increase awareness of lifetime HPV risk and willingness to adopt preventive measures may reduce HPV-associated health burden in MSM.

Anal cytological abnormalities and epidemiological correlates among men who have sex with men at risk for HIV-1 infection.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of anal cancer, a Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related neoplasia, has been increasing in recent decades, mainly in men who have sex with men (MSM). Cytological changes of the anal epithelium induced by HPV can be detected through an anal pap smear. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiological correlates of anal cytological abnormalities among relatively young MSM at risk for HIV-1 infection, to help clarify whether or not this population deserves further investigation to assess the presence of anal cancer precursor lesions. METHODS: MSM were recruited among attendees of a large STI clinic for a HIV-1 screening program. Anal samples, collected with a Dracon swab in PreservCyt, were used both for liquid-based cytology and HPV testing by the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics and sexual behavior were collected in face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: A total of 346 MSM were recruited (median age 32 years). Overall, 72.5% of the individuals had an anal HPV infection, with 56.1% of them being infected by oncogenic HPV genotypes. Anal cytological abnormalities were found in 29.8% of the cases (16.7% ASC-US and 13.1% L-SIL). Presence of ASC-US+ was strongly associated with infection by any HPV type (OR = 4.21, 95% CI: 1.97-9.23), and particularly by HPV 16 and/or 18 (OR = 5.62, 95% CI: 2.33-13.81). A higher proportion of ASC-US+ was found in older MSM, in those with a higher number of lifetime partners and in those with a history of ano-genital warts. However, none of these variables or the others analyzed showed any significant association with abnormal cytological findings. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of anal cytological abnormalities in about one third of the recruited MSM and their strong association with HPV infection, in particular that caused by HPV 16 and/or 18, might provide a further complement to the data that now support the introduction of HPV vaccination among MSM to protect them from the development of HPV-associated diseases. Additional studies are needed to determine whether and how screening for anal cancer precursor lesions should be performed in younger MSM.

Prevalence, genotype diversity and determinants of anal HPV infection in HIV-uninfected men having sex with men.

BACKGROUND: Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is very common in men having sex with men (MSM), but the available data on its burden and characteristics mainly concern HIV-infected individuals. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, spectrum of genotypes, and determinants of the anal HPV infection in metropolitan HIV-1 uninfected MSM. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort of 258 MSM (median age 32 years, IQR 26-39) enrolled at an STI Clinic was screened for anal HPV infection using a highly sensitive PCR-based genotyping method. Medical history and behavioral data were collected. RESULTS: Overall, 74.8% of the MSM were HPV-positive, with 56.2% of the participants being infected by high-risk (HR) types. A multiple infection was detected in 65.3% of the HPV-positive MSM, with up to 10 different HPV types detected in the same sample. A broad spectrum of infecting HPV types was observed, with 36 different types found overall and HPV16 representing the most common type (17.8%). The lifetime and recent number of sexual partners as well as having receptive anal sex were significantly associated with the anal HPV infection, confirming the role of sexual behavior in risk of HPV infection. However, neither younger age at first intercourse nor inconsistent use of condom was significantly associated with the infection. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings highlight the need to create a more significant awareness about the risk of anal HPV infection among HIV-uninfected MSM and warrant the investigation of possible anal intraepithelial lesions, particularly in view of the increasing anal cancer incidence in high-risk populations.