ABSTRACT
Rhodobacter capsulatus fixes CO2 via the Calvin reductive pentose phosphate pathway and, like some other nonsulfur purple bacteria, is known to synthesize two distinct structural forms of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO). Cosmid clones that hybridized to form I (cbbLcbbS) and form II (cbbM) RubisCO gene probes were isolated from a genomic library of R. capsulatus strain SB1003. Southern blotting and hybridization analysis with gene-specific probes derived from Rhodobacter sphaeroides revealed that R. capsulatus cbbM is clustered with genes encoding other enzymes of the Calvin cycle, including fructose 1,6/sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase (cbbF), phosphoribulokinase (cbbP), transketolase (cbbT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cbbG), and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (cbbA), as well as a gene (cbbR) encoding a divergently transcribed LysR-type regulatory protein. Surprisingly, a cosmid clone containing the R. capsulatus form I RubisCO genes (cbbL and cbbS) failed to hybridize to the other cbb structural gene probes, unlike the situation with the closely related organism R. sphaeroides. The form I and form II RubisCO genes were cloned into pUC-derived vectors and were expressed in Escherichia coli to yield active recombinant enzyme in each case. Complementation of a RubisCO-deletion strain of R. sphaeroides to photosynthetic growth by R. capsulatus cbbLcbbS or cbbM was achieved using the broad host-range vector, pRK415, and R. sphaeroides expression vector pRPS-1.
Subject(s)
Genes, Bacterial , Pentose Phosphate Pathway/genetics , Rhodobacter capsulatus/genetics , Rhodobacter capsulatus/metabolism , Chromosome Mapping , Cloning, Molecular , Cosmids , Escherichia coli/genetics , Gene Expression , Genetic Complementation Test , Multigene Family , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/geneticsABSTRACT
The expression patterns of myosin-IA (MIA) and myosin-IB (MIB), two novel unconventional myosins from Drosophila melanogaster, have been characterized through immunoblot analysis and immunocytochemistry of embryos, larvae, and adults. The appearance and distribution of both proteins during embryogenesis is correlated with the formation of a brush border within the alimentary canal as documented at the ultrastructural level. MIA and MIB, both found predominantly at the basolateral domain of immature enterocytes, exhibit increased expression at the apical domain of differentiated enterocytes co-incident with microvillus assembly. Colocalization of MIA and MIB to larval and adult gut by confocal microscopy demonstrates distinct but overlapping subcellular distributions of these two proteins. In the larval brush border, MIA is enriched in the subapical terminal web domain whereas MIB is found predominantly in the apical microvillar domain. In the adult gut, MIA and MIB both exhibit a microvillar component as MIA attains a more apical position in addition to its previous terminal web locale. MIB is also found in egg chambers at both the basolateral and apical surfaces of the somatic follicle cells during oogenesis. MIA and MIB both demonstrate ATP-dependent extraction from the larval brush border cytoskeleton and exogenous F-actin, biochemical properties characteristic of functional myosins-I.
Subject(s)
Cytoskeleton/physiology , Drosophila melanogaster/physiology , Microvilli/physiology , Myosins/biosynthesis , Animals , Cell Differentiation , Cloning, Molecular , Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure , Drosophila melanogaster/embryology , Drosophila melanogaster/growth & development , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology , Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology , Female , Gene Expression Regulation , Immunoblotting , Immunohistochemistry , Larva , Microscopy, Electron , Microscopy, Immunoelectron , Microvilli/ultrastructure , Myosins/isolation & purification , Oogenesis , Ovum/cytology , Ovum/physiology , Pupa , Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis , Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purificationSubject(s)
Drosophila melanogaster/genetics , Myosins/genetics , Animals , Genes, Insect , Multigene FamilyABSTRACT
In this paper we describe the isolation and characterization of myosin-IA and myosin-IB, two distinct class I myosins from Drosophila melanogaster. A polymerase chain reaction based strategy using degenerate primers directed against two highly-conserved regions in the head domain of most myosins resulted in the isolation of these two novel myosins-I in addition to a number of previously identified myosins from three Drosophila cDNA libraries. A approximately 3.9 kilobase cDNA clone encoding the putative full-length myosin-IA gene product was isolated from an early embryonic library. Its deduced amino acid sequence predicts a protein of 1011 residues (117,094 Da) with a typical although highly basic myosin head, a neck composed of two IQ motifs, and a unique tail. A approximately 3.4 kilobase cDNA clone encoding the putative full-length myosin-IB gene product was isolated from an adult head library. Its deduced amino acid sequence predicts a protein of 1026 residues (117,741 Da) with a canonical head, three IQ motifs constituting the neck, and a distinct tail. Although both are myosins-I from fly, myosin-IA at cytological locus 31D-F and myosin-IB at cytological locus 61F appear to be more similar to their vertebrate homologs than they are to each other. Primary sequence analyses of both the head and tail domains of the known class I myosins illustrate a division of the metazoan myosin-I family into four distinct subclasses with myosin-IA and myosin-IB as members of two of these groups. Just as the sequence comparisons demonstrate a disparity between myosin-IA and myosin-IB, Northern blot analysis of these two unconventional myosins indicates distinct patterns of temporal expression.
