Molecular characterization of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener with ISSRs markers.

Passiflora edulis it is a specie widely distributed and cultivated in Colombia, with economic potential. Although there is a wide genetic and phenotypic variability, it has not yet been explored through the use of molecular techniques. This study aimed to characterize the structure and genetic diversity of P. edulis cultivars using ISSR markers. The study was carried out using leaf samples from 21 cultivars of P. edulis collected within a productive system in the department of Boyacá, Colombia, using seven ISSR primers. Genetic similarity was used to cluster by the UPGMA method, polymorphic information content (PIC), expected heterozygosity (He), Shannon index (I), gene flow (Nm), and coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst) were estimated using POPGENE and TFPGA software. The Bayesian model and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were used to assess the genetic structure. Cultivars of P. edulis showed high polymorphism rates. Seven ISSR produced 138 loci. The cluster analysis formed two groups according to the genetic similarity and phenotypic characteristics associated mainly with the fruit. The average value of expected heterozygosity was 0.29 for the total population and 0.27 and 0.22 for groups I and II, respectively. AMOVA indicates higher diversity within groups, but not between groups showing levels of hierarchy different from those considered in this study. Moderate genetic differentiation (Gst=0.12) and high gene flow (Nm=3.91) are observed.

Characterization of yellow pitahaya (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw.) genotypes under two productive systems in Colombia.

Selenicereus megalanthus Haw. It is an exotic fruit tree, with productive and nutritional potential. In Colombia, there is a great phenotypic and genotypic diversity, but its genetic studies are scarce. The objective was to characterize morphologically 15 selected yellow pitahaya genotypes, under two productive systems in the open field and under cover, in the municipalities of Miraflores and Zetaquira, in Boyacá, Colombia. Quantitative characters were evaluated: plant height (PH), number of vegetative sprouts (NVS), sub-sprouts (SS), longest sprouts length (LSL), distance between areoles (DBA), width of the ribs in the apical region (WRA), width of the ribs in the middle region (WRM), width of the ribs in the basal region (WRB), height of undulations between successive areoles in a rib (HUA), number of spines per areole (NSA) and longest spine length (LSP). The results showed under the two productive systems and the evaluated localities that the variables with the highest coefficient of variation (greater than 90%) were the number of sub-sprouts, height of the undulations between successive areoles (HUA) and the longest spine length (LSP). High positive correlations were obtained between the distances areoles, the width of the ribs and the length of the spines (r>0.7). The conglomerate showed that the characteristics that define the groupings are height of the plant, the texture of the cladodes, the width of the ribs and the height of the undulations. Characters associated with the shoots and cladodes were identified, which directly influence the vegetative propagation and therefore the yield of the yellow pitahaya.

Afrosymetric method for quantifying saponins in Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. from Colombia.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudocereal that, in addition to presenting good nutritional characteristics in the grain, has secondary metabolites in the episperm of the seeds and, within them, saponins. Saponins are characterized by being emulsifying, foaming and generating a bitter taste. This metabolite has not been completely studied in quinoa materials from Colombia. For this reason, the objective of this research was to quantify the content of saponins present in quinoa materials from the department of Boyacá using three afrosimetric methods. For this, a completely randomized design (CRD) was implemented with a factorial arrangement of 3 (afrosimetric methods) x 5 (quinoa materials). From the quantification of saponins, it was determined that the Amarilla de maranganí genotype, was the one that presented the highest content in all the evaluated methods; the standard afrosimetric method being the most efficient. Finally, the conglomerate analysis allowed to discriminate the materials in sweet quinoas such as Tunkahuan and Blanca de Jericó with saponin contents lower than 0.06%, and in bitter quinoas (Negra de la Colorada, Dorada and Amarilla de Maranganí) with contents higher than 0.11%. The biochemical characterization of the germplasm will allow a selection of genotypes suitable for consumption and for the industry, given the potential use that saponins currently have.

Analysis of the genetic diversity of Dragon fruit based on ISSR markers in Colombia.

Selenicereus megalanthus H. is a tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive components. It presents wide variability in different characteristics and a great demand in the market; however, genetic studies in Colombia are scarce. The main of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 76 yellow pitahaya genotypes with eight ISSR markers. Genetic parameters expected average heterozygosity (He), percentage of polymorphic loci, genetic distances and Fst were estimated with TFPGA. The analysis of the population genetic structure was carried out with the STRUCTURE 2.3.4. As a result, 225 alleles were generated and the number of polymorphic loci ranged 85 (CT, AG) to 90 (GT). High genetic diversity was found, with an average value of heterozygosity was 0.34 with a genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) of 0.26, indicating that there was a great genetic diversity, similar values than those reported in other studies of pitahaya genetic diversity in Colombia. The 76 genotypes were grouped into K=3 according to geographic location, however, in some groups a mixture of individuals from different origins was observed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher variation (75%) within groups than among groups (25%). These results provide information that can be used to develop conservation strategies for dragon fruit and breeding programs to obtain more productive pitahaya genotypes with superior quality, high yield and with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors.

Analysis of the genetic diversity of Dragon fruit based on ISSR markers in Colombia / Análise da diversidade genética da fruta do dragão com base em marcadores ISSR na Colômbia

Selenicereus megalanthus H. is a tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive components. It presents wide variability in different characteristics and a great demand in the market; however, genetic studies in Colombia are scarce. The main of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 76 yellow pitahaya genotypes with eight ISSR markers. Genetic parameters expected average heterozygosity (He), percentage of polymorphic loci, genetic distances and Fst were estimated with TFPGA. The analysis of the population genetic structure was carried out with the STRUCTURE 2.3.4. As a result, 225 alleles were generated and the number of polymorphic loci ranged 85 (CT, AG) to 90 (GT). High genetic diversity was found, with an average value of heterozygosity was 0.34 with a genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) of 0.26, indicating that there was a great genetic diversity, similar values than those reported in other studies of pitahaya genetic diversity in Colombia. The 76 genotypes were grouped into K=3 according to geographic location, however, in some groups a mixture of individuals from different origins was observed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher variation (75%) within groups than among groups (25%). These results provide information that can be used to develop conservation strategies for dragon fruit and breeding programs to obtain more productive pitahaya genotypes with superior quality, high yield and with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors.

Selenicereus megalanthus H. é uma fruta tropical pertencente à família Cactaceae, rica em nutrientes essenciais, antioxidantes e componentes bioativos. Apresenta grande variabilidade em diferentes características e uma grande demanda no mercado; no entanto, os estudos genéticos na Colômbia são escassos. O principal deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de 76 genótipos de pitahaya amarela com oito marcadores ISSR. Parâmetros genéticos esperados de heterozigosidade média (He), porcentagem de locos polimórficos, distâncias genéticas e Fst foram estimados com TFPGA. A análise da estrutura genética da população foi realizada com a ESTRUTURA 2.3.4. Como resultado, 225 alelos foram gerados e o número de loci polimórficos variou de 85 (CT, AG) a 90 (GT). Foi encontrada alta diversidade genética, com um valor médio de heterozigosidade de 0,34 com coeficiente de diferenciação genética (Fst) de 0,26, indicando que havia uma grande diversidade genética, valores semelhantes aos relatados em outros estudos de diversidade genética de pitahaya na Colômbia. Os 76 genótipos foram agrupados em K = 3 de acordo com a localização geográfica, porém, em alguns grupos foi observada uma mistura de indivíduos de diferentes origens. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) mostrou maior variação (75%) dentro dos grupos do que entre os grupos (25%). Esses resultados fornecem informações que podem ser utilizadas para desenvolver estratégias de conservação da fruta do dragão e programas de melhoramento para a obtenção de genótipos de pitahaya mais produtivos, com qualidade superior, alto rendimento e com resistência a fatores bióticos e abióticos.

Analysis of the genetic diversity of Dragon fruit based on ISSR markers in Colombia

Abstract Selenicereus megalanthus H. is a tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients, antioxidants and bioactive components. It presents wide variability in different characteristics and a great demand in the market; however, genetic studies in Colombia are scarce. The main of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 76 yellow pitahaya genotypes with eight ISSR markers. Genetic parameters expected average heterozygosity (He), percentage of polymorphic loci, genetic distances and Fst were estimated with TFPGA. The analysis of the population genetic structure was carried out with the STRUCTURE 2.3.4. As a result, 225 alleles were generated and the number of polymorphic loci ranged 85 (CT, AG) to 90 (GT). High genetic diversity was found, with an average value of heterozygosity was 0.34 with a genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) of 0.26, indicating that there was a great genetic diversity, similar values than those reported in other studies of pitahaya genetic diversity in Colombia. The 76 genotypes were grouped into K=3 according to geographic location, however, in some groups a mixture of individuals from different origins was observed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed higher variation (75%) within groups than among groups (25%). These results provide information that can be used to develop conservation strategies for dragon fruit and breeding programs to obtain more productive pitahaya genotypes with superior quality, high yield and with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors.

Resumo Selenicereus megalanthus H. é uma fruta tropical pertencente à família Cactaceae, rica em nutrientes essenciais, antioxidantes e componentes bioativos. Apresenta grande variabilidade em diferentes características e uma grande demanda no mercado; no entanto, os estudos genéticos na Colômbia são escassos. O principal deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de 76 genótipos de pitahaya amarela com oito marcadores ISSR. Parâmetros genéticos esperados de heterozigosidade média (He), porcentagem de locos polimórficos, distâncias genéticas e Fst foram estimados com TFPGA. A análise da estrutura genética da população foi realizada com a ESTRUTURA 2.3.4. Como resultado, 225 alelos foram gerados e o número de loci polimórficos variou de 85 (CT, AG) a 90 (GT). Foi encontrada alta diversidade genética, com um valor médio de heterozigosidade de 0,34 com coeficiente de diferenciação genética (Fst) de 0,26, indicando que havia uma grande diversidade genética, valores semelhantes aos relatados em outros estudos de diversidade genética de pitahaya na Colômbia. Os 76 genótipos foram agrupados em K = 3 de acordo com a localização geográfica, porém, em alguns grupos foi observada uma mistura de indivíduos de diferentes origens. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) mostrou maior variação (75%) dentro dos grupos do que entre os grupos (25%). Esses resultados fornecem informações que podem ser utilizadas para desenvolver estratégias de conservação da fruta do dragão e programas de melhoramento para a obtenção de genótipos de pitahaya mais produtivos, com qualidade superior, alto rendimento e com resistência a fatores bióticos e abióticos.