ABSTRACT
Gallbladder carcinoma is a fatal disease with highly metastatic potential, and the chemotherapeutic regimen has not been established yet. We reported here a case of gallbladder carcinoma with lung and liver meatstases responding to a single agent, UFT. A 70-year-old female with advanced carcinoma of the gallbladder and bilateral pulmonary metastases were treated with UFT 600 mg/day weekday for half a year. Pulmonary metastases disappeared completely, and the primary lesion shrank markedly 6 months after. Unfortunately, the patient died 1.5 years after the start of treatment due to relapse of liver and lung lesions.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/drug therapy , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Gallbladder Neoplasms/drug therapy , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Tegafur/therapeutic use , Uracil/therapeutic use , Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/secondary , Administration, Oral , Aged , Drug Combinations , Female , Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Liver Neoplasms/secondary , Lung Neoplasms/secondary , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
Defects in chromosomes or mitotic spindles activate the spindle checkpoint, resulting in cell cycle arrest at prometaphase. The prolonged activation of spindle checkpoint generally leads to mitotic exit without segregation after a transient mitotic arrest and the consequent formation of tetraploid G(1) cells. These tetraploid cells are usually blocked to enter the subsequent S phase by the activation of p53/pRb pathway, which is referred to as the G(1) tetraploidy checkpoint. A human homologue of the Drosophila warts tumor suppressor, WARTS, is an evolutionarily conserved serine-threonine kinase and implicated in development of human tumors. We previously showed that WARTS plays a crucial role in controlling mitotic progression by forming a regulatory complex with zyxin, a regulator of actin filament assembly, on mitotic apparatus. However, when WARTS is activated during cell cycle and how the loss of WARTS function leads to tumorigenesis have not been elucidated. Here we show that WARTS is activated during mitosis in mammalian cells, and that overexpression of a kinase-inactive WARTS in Rat1 fibroblasts significantly induced mitotic delay. This delay resulted from prolonged activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint and was frequently followed by mitotic slippage and the development of tetraploidy. The resulting tetraploid cells then abrogated the G(1) tetraploidy checkpoint and entered S phase to achieve a DNA content of 8N. This impairment of G(1) tetraploidy checkpoint was caused as a consequence of failure to induce p53 expression by expressing a kinase-inactive WARTS. WARTS thus plays a critical role in maintenance of ploidy through its actions in both mitotic progression and the G(1) tetraploidy checkpoint.
Subject(s)
Drosophila Proteins , G1 Phase , Genome , Mitosis , Protein Kinases , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology , Actins/metabolism , Animals , Cell Cycle , DNA/biosynthesis , Drosophila , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Flow Cytometry , HeLa Cells , Humans , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Ploidies , Polyploidy , Rats , S Phase , Spindle Apparatus , Time Factors , Transfection , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolismABSTRACT
Identification of physiological substrates for Cdc2/cyclin B is crucial for understanding the functional link between mitotic events and Cdc2/cyclin B activation. A human homologue of the Drosophila warts tumor suppressor, termed WARTS, is a serine/threonine kinase and a dynamic component of the mitotic apparatus. We have found that Cdc2/cyclin B forms a complex with a fraction of WARTS in the centrosome and phosphorylates the Ser613 site of WARTS during mitosis. Immunocytochemical analysis has shown that the S613-phosphorylated WARTS appears in the spindle poles at prometaphase and disappears at telophase. Our findings suggest that Cdc/cyclin B regulates functions of WARTS on the mitotic apparatus.
Subject(s)
CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism , Cyclin B/metabolism , Drosophila Proteins , Genes, Tumor Suppressor , Mitosis , Protein Kinases , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Spindle Apparatus , Amino Acid Sequence , Blotting, Western , Chromatography, Gel , HeLa Cells , Humans , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Phosphorylation , Precipitin Tests , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology , Subcellular Fractions/metabolism , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Various mitotic events are controlled by Cdc2-cyclin B and other mitotic kinases. Aurora/Ipl1-related mitotic kinases were proved to play key roles in mitotic progression in diverse lower organisms. Aurora-A is a mammalian counterpart of aurora/Ipl1-related kinases and is thought to be a potential oncogene. However, the regulation of aurora-A activation and the commitment of aurora-A in the progression of G2-M phase are largely unknown in mammalian cells. RESULTS: We demonstrated that aurora-A is activated depending on the activation of Cdc2-cyclin B in mammalian cells. Since Cdc2-cyclin B does not directly phosphorylate aurora-A, indirect pathways such as the inhibition of PP1 by Cdc2-cyclin B may act for the activation of aurora-A kinase. Microinjection of anti-aurora-A antibodies into HeLa cells at late G2 phase caused a significant delay in mitotic entry. Furthermore, aurora-A activation at G2-M transition was inhibited by DNA damage, and the over-expression of aurora-A induced the abrogation of the DNA damage-induced G2 checkpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Aurora-A is activated downstream of Cdc2-cyclin B and plays crucial roles in proper mitotic entry and G2 checkpoint control. Dysregulation of aurora-A induces abnormal G2-M transition in mammalian cells and may lead to chromosome instability, which results in the development and progression of malignant tumours.
