ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Acquiring the technical skills required for thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is challenging. A high-fidelity 3D-printed pediatric thoracoscopic EA/TEF simulator has been developed to address this issue. This study explored motion-tracking as an assessment tool to distinguish between surgeons of different expertise using the simulator. METHODS: Participants performed a single intracorporeal suture between the esophageal ends in EA with TEF. Total relative path lengths of the right and left surgical instruments were recorded during the task. Each video-recorded attempt was assessed by a blinded pediatric surgeon using a modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) score. Data recorded as median (range) and statistical significance as p<0.05. RESULTS: The task was performed by 17 participants. The median OSATS scores identified a significant difference between experts and novices. A difference between left- and right-hands was only found in the mid-skill level group. Right-hand path length was greatest in novices and lowest in experts. Left-hand path length was greatest in novices and the mid-skill level group compared to experts. CONCLUSION: Experts had the lowest total path length for either hand, suggesting they had the greatest efficiency of movement. The similar high path lengths in both hands for novices indicate their relatively low level of skill with either hand. The difference between right- and left-hand path lengths in the mid-skill level group likely reflects the improved right-handed technical skills in contrast to the still developing left hand. Further focus on the left hand during simulation training may improve left-handed economy of movement.
Subject(s)
Esophageal Atresia , Tracheoesophageal Fistula , Child , Clinical Competence , Esophageal Atresia/surgery , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Printing, Three-Dimensional , Thoracoscopy/education , Tracheoesophageal Fistula/surgeryABSTRACT
Operative repair of complex conditions such as esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is technically demanding, but few training opportunities exist outside the operating theater for surgeons to attain these skills. Learning them during surgery on actual neonates where the stakes are high, margins for error narrow, and where outcomes are influenced by technical expertise, is problematic. There is an increasing demand for high-fidelity simulation that can objectively measure performance. We developed such a simulator to measure force and motion reliably, allowing quantitative feedback of technical skill. A 3D-printed simulator for thoracoscopic repair of EA/TEF was instrumented with motion and force tracking components. A 3D mouse, inertial measurement unit (IMU), and optical sensor that captured force and motion data in four degrees of freedom (DOF) were calibrated and verified for accuracy. The 3D mouse had low average relative errors of 2.81%, 3.15%, and 6.15% for 0 mm, 10 mm offset in Y, and 10 mm offset in X, respectively. This increased to - 23.5% at an offset of 42 mm. The optical sensors and IMU displayed high precision and accuracy with low SDs and average relative errors, respectively. These parameters can be a useful measurement of performance for thoracoscopic EA/TEF simulation prior to surgery. Graphical abstract Inclusion of sensors into a high-fidelity simulator design can produce quantitative feedback which can be used to objectively asses performance of a technically difficult procedure. As a result, more surgical training can be done prior to operating on actual patients in the operating theater.
