Bilateral vocal cord palsy induced by long-term use of small-bore nasogastric tube.

Background: Nasogastric tube syndrome is a rare but life-threatening complication of nasogastric tube placement due to acute upper airway obstruction caused by bilateral vocal cord paresis. Case Presentation: An 86-year-old woman was brought to the emergency department with acute stridor. She had been diagnosed with stroke 106 days prior, and an 8F nasogastric tube was placed on the day following the diagnosis. A laryngeal fiberscopy revealed bilateral laryngeal edema and bilateral vocal cord palsy. Nasogastric tube removal and intubation were carried out, and the stridor disappeared. Two days later, a tracheostomy was performed. Unfortunately, the patient's vocal cord function had not improved at the 1 month follow-up upon assessment with a laryngeal fiberscope. Conclusion: Long-term small-bore nasogastric tube placement can cause upper airway obstruction due to bilateral vocal cord palsy.

Dialysis-related Amyloidosis Presenting as a Fever of Unknown Origin: Symptoms and Management.

A 74-year-old woman with a 34-year history of hemodialysis presented with an intermittent fever, which later coincided with recurrent bilateral shoulder and hip joint pain. Imaging studies suggested amyloid arthropathy, which was histologically confirmed by a synovial biopsy. Increasing ß2-microglobulin clearance during dialysis alone attenuated the intermittent fever and joint pain, but the symptoms did not disappear until the administration of prednisolone 10 mg/day. Reported cases of dialysis-related amyloidosis with a fever imply that changing to blood purification methods with high ß2-microglobulin clearance is crucial for controlling the condition long-term, whereas concurrent use of anti-inflammatory agents promptly alleviates the symptoms.

Malnutrition and Insulin Resistance May Interact with Metabolic Syndrome in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Mets) and whether 100 cm2 of visceral fatty area (VFA) measured by computed tomography (CT) validates the criteria of waist circumference (WC) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: The study comprised 141 HD patients. Mets was defined according to the criteria of Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and the modified criteria of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) that defines abdominal obesity as a WC of >=85 cm in men and >=90 cm in women. RESULTS: The prevalence of Mets was 31.9% in men and 13.6% in women. However, the prevalence of patients with a body mass index over 25 in all HD patients was only 11.2%. The visceral fatty area (VFA) measured by CT showed a strong positive correlation with WC. The patients with Mets, comparing with those without Mets, have significantly shorter duration of HD, higher high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and higher Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). In the patients with Mets, there was a significant negative correlation between HOMA-IR and serum albumin levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR and short duration of HD were chosen as independent risk factors for Mets. CONCLUSIONS: Mets is more prevalent in HD patients. In Japanese HD patients, 100 cm2 of VFA corresponded to a WC of 85 cm in men and 90 cm in women, thus confirming the validity of the modified criteria. HOMA-IR and serum albumin were significantly correlated in HD patients with Mets.

Transcranial Doppler Echography Measurement in Hemodialysis Patients: The Potential Role of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockades on Cerebrovascular Circulation.

BACKGROUND: Although hemodialysis (HD) patients have an elevated risk of strokes, there are few reports about transcranial doppler (TCD) echography measurements. It is well-known that angiotensin II receptor blockades (ARBs) protect against cardiovascular complications. In this study, we measured intracranial artery (ICA) velocity using TCD echography and studied the associated factors with its velocity in HD patients by a comparison with or without ARBs. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a single hospital. We included 61 patients who had measurable ICA velocity by TCD echography. Among them, the ARB usage group consisted of 22 subjects, whilst the non-ARB usage group consisted of 39 subjects. RESULTS: Patients in the ARB (+) and ARB (-) groups did not show any difference in basic characteristics. ICA blood flow velocity in all intracranial arteries tended to show greater values in the ARB group than those in the non-ARB group. Particularly, blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (maximal flow velocity) statistically increased in the ARB group, respectively. In a univariate analysis, MCA maximum velocity was significantly associated with ARB usage (p = 0.011) and low hematocrit levels (p = 0.045). The multivariate analysis chose only ARB usage as an independent factor associated with left MCA maximum velocity (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that dialysis patients with ARBs have significantly higher ICA blood velocity. ARBs might have a potential benefit for maintaining ICA blood flow in HD patients.

Impact of the 3% Oxygen Desaturation Index via Overnight Pulse Oximetry on Cardiovascular Events and Death in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

It is unclear whether the severity of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) affects the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). We determined the severity of SDB with the 3% oxygen desaturation index (ODI) via overnight pulse oximetry. This study was a retrospective cohort, observational study of 134 patients on maintenance HD at a single center. They were divided into four groups according to SDB severity (normal, mild, moderate, and severe), and were followed. The baseline characteristics of all patients were as follows: the median age was 67 (interquartile range, 59-75) years, 64.2% were men, 37.3% were diabetic, and the median duration of HD was 69 (29-132) months. During follow-up, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) occurred in 71 patients and deaths in 60 (including 32 cardiovascular deaths). Severe SDB was an independent risk factor for MACEs (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.87-11.61, p = 0.001) and all-cause death (HR = 5.74, 95% CI = 1.92-16.70, p = 0.001). Severe SDB had a statistically significant impact on the risk of MACEs and mortality in patients undergoing HD. The severity of the 3% ODI via overnight pulse oximetry may be a useful marker as a risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in these patients.

Impact of Arterial Calcification of the Lower Limbs on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients on Hemodialysis.

Lower limbs' arterial calcification is significantly associated with the clinical severity of lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). However, the association between arterial calcification of the lower limbs and long-term clinical outcomes in patients on HD has not been elucidated. Calcification scores of the superficial femoral artery (SFACS) and below-knee arteries (BKACS) were quantitatively evaluated in 97 HD patients who were followed for 10 years. Clinical outcomes, including all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events, and limb amputation were evaluated. Risk factors for clinical outcomes were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. Furthermore, SFACS and BKACS were divided into three groups (low, middle, and high), and their associations with clinical outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. SFACS, BKACS, C-reactive protein, serum albumin, age, diabetes, presence of ischemic heart disease, and critical limb-threatening ischemia were significantly associated with 3-year and 10-year clinical outcomes in the univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that SFACS was an independent factor associated with 10-year cardiovascular events and limb amputations. Kaplan-Meier life table analysis showed that higher SFACS and BKACS levels were significantly associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. In conclusion, long-term clinical outcomes and the risk factors in patients undergoing HD were evaluated. Arterial calcification of the lower limbs was strongly associated with 10-year cardiovascular events and mortality in patients undergoing HD.

Association between zinc deficiency and aorta stiffness in non-diabetic hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVES: Zinc deficiency (Zn < 60 µg/dL) is known to play an important role for vascular calcification. However, little data is available regarding the association between zinc deficiency and aorta stiffness in dialysis patients. Thus, we studied the relationship between zinc deficiency and aorta stiffness in non-diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: Of 150 patients receiving maintenance HD at our hospital, we included 79 non-diabetic HD patients (age: 70±11 years, 49 men) after excluding 71 diabetic HD patients. Zinc deficiency was defined as Zn <60 µg/dL during pre-HD blood sampling. The association between zinc deficiency and aorta stiffness was analyzed. Aorta stiffness was evaluated as brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Other surrogate markers for cardiovascular complications were also measured. RESULTS: The zinc deficiency group (ZD group) included 45 patients (57.0%). Compared to the zinc non-deficiency group (ZND group), patients with ZD group were significantly older, higher levels of CRP and hypoalbuminemia. Moreover, they had significantly higher levels of baPWV, and lower levels of ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) (p<0.05). After adjusting for hypoalbuminemia, and CRP, multivariate analysis showed that age and zinc level were independent predictors of baPWV. CONCLUSION: The study suggested that zinc deficiency may be an independent risk factor for aorta stiffness, even after adjusting for malnutrition and inflammation.

Aseptic meningitis after amenamevir treatment for herpes zoster ophthalmicus with oculomotor nerve palsy in a patient taking immunosuppressant.

A 79-year-old woman presented with vomiting after being prescribed amenamevir by her primary care physician. She had a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis and was administered prednisolone and methotrexate. She was finally diagnosed with herpes zoster ophthalmicus and aseptic meningitis, and intravenous antiviral therapy was initiated. However, the patient developed oculomotor nerve palsy on the 11th day of hospitalization. In this case, there was a time lag between the administration of antiviral drugs and clinical improvement. Our case suggests the necessity of selecting antivirals, especially in high-risk cases of CNS complications, to avoid the low intracerebral transferability of antiviral drugs, including amenamevir.

Impact of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy on Long-Term Renal Function after Coronary Angiography and Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography.

Background: It remains unclear whether contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has a prognostic impact on subsequent renal dysfunction and whether deteriorating renal function is a risk factor for CIN. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of CIN in patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction and investigate the long-term effects of worsening renal function after coronary angiography or contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). The prognostic factors of worsening renal dysfunction were also analyzed. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of patients at risk for CIN, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 on coronary angiography or eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 on contrast-enhanced CT. Serum creatinine levels and the 2-year prognosis were evaluated. CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine level by more than 0.5 mg/dL or a 25% increase from the previous value within 72 hours after contrast administration. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who had serum Cr doubling or induction of dialysis within 2 years according to CIN occurrence. Results: Of the 410 patients, 19 patients developed CIN (8/142 patients on coronary angiography and 11/268 patients on contrast-enhanced CT), and 38 patients had worsened renal function (21/142 patients on coronary angiography and 17/268 patients on contrast-enhanced CT). CIN was not associated with worsening renal function at 2 years. Analysis by renal function at the time of coronary angiography or contrast-enhanced CT (i.e., eGFR ≥30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and eGFR ≤1.73 m2) found no between-group difference in the occurrence of CIN. Conclusions: CIN is not a prognostic risk factor for the long-term of chronic kidney disease after coronary angiography or contrast-enhanced CT. Pre-existing renal dysfunction is also not a risk factor for CIN, even if the eGFR is <30 ml/min/1.73 m2.

Clinical features and progress of ischemic gastritis with high fatalities: Seven case reports.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic gastritis is a clinically rare and highly fatal disease that occurs when the hemodynamics of a patient with vascular risk is disrupted. Early diagnosis and treatment are possible only with upper endoscopy after symptom appearance. We report seven cases of ischemic gastritis and its clinical features, prognosis, and indicators that may help in early detection. CASE SUMMARY: Of the seven patients, six had vascular risk and five died within 2 wk of diagnosis. Their symptoms included hematemesis and hypotension. Although surgery is a choice for radical treatment, not all patients were tolerant. For such patients, conservative treatment was selected, but all of them died. In contrast, patients who underwent repeat endoscopy showed improved mucosal findings, suggesting that this improvement may not affect prognosis. Some ischemic changes such as wall thickening, mural emphysema, and fluid retention in the stomach were observed before diagnosis through endoscopy and computed tomography (CT). The CT scan can be effective for early detection, and improvement in circulatory failure and aggressive treatment may save the lives of patients with this disease. CONCLUSION: The characteristic CT findings enable early detection of ischemic gastritis. Early diagnosis increases the chance of survival if early therapeutic intervention and improvement of circulatory dynamics can be achieved in this highly fatal disease.

Association between Anti-Erythropoietin Receptor Antibodies and Cardiac Function in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Cardiac dysfunction is an important prognostic predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients on hemodialysis (HD). Erythropoietin (EPO) has been reported to improve cardiac function by binding to the EPO receptor (EPOR) on cardiomyocytes. This study investigated whether anti-EPOR antibodies were associated with left ventricular cardiac function in patients undergoing HD. This multicenter, cross-sectional observational study included 377 patients (median age, 70 years; 267 (70.8%) males) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing stable maintenance HD. Serum levels of anti-EPOR antibodies were measured, and echocardiography was used to assess the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Anti-EPOR antibodies were found in 17 patients (4.5%). LVMI was greater (median of 135 g/m2 vs. 115 g/m2, p = 0.042), and the prevalence of LVEF < 50% was higher (35.3% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.032) in patients with anti-EPOR antibodies than in those without. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression analysis (after adjusting for known risk factors of heart failure) revealed that anti-EPOR antibodies were independently associated with LVMI (coefficient 16.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0−35.0%, p = 0.043) and LVEF <50% (odds ratio 3.20; 95% CI 1.05−9.73, p = 0.041). Thus, anti-EPOR antibody positivity was associated with left ventricular dysfunction in patients undergoing HD.

Acquired aplastic anemia complicated with anti-glomerular basement membrane disease successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare but fatal disorder characterized by pancytopenia due to bone marrow hypoplasia. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (anti-GBM disease) is an immune complex small-vessel vasculitis that presents as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and/or pulmonary hemorrhage. Although both involve autoreactive T cells that are partially triggered by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR15, there have been no reports of their co-existence and the treatment strategy is not well understood. CASE PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old woman presented with fever, malaise, and acute kidney injury with proteinuria and hematuria requiring hemodialysis. She was diagnosed with anti-GBM antibody disease based on high serum anti-GBM antibody titer and crescentic glomerulonephritis on a renal biopsy. Pulse administration of methylprednisolone (MP), oral prednisolone (PSL), and plasmapheresis were performed. Only 2 weeks after the diagnosis of anti-GBM disease, the patient developed pancytopenia requiring frequent blood transfusions. The blood cell count did not recover even 1 month after discontinuing the drugs that could cause pancytopenia. Bone marrow examination showed hypocellularity without abnormal infiltrates or fibrosis, which led to the diagnosis of severe acquired AA. Further HLA phenotyping revealed that she had HLA-DR15. Increased dose of PSL with the secondary MP pulse and the addition of cyclosporine improved pancytopenia. Although she remained dialysis-dependent, anti-GBM disease and pancytopenia did not recur for more than 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first case of acquired AA complicated with anti-GBM disease in an elderly woman with HLA-DR15, which was successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IST). This report is valuable not only because it shows they may co-occur, but also because it provides a therapeutic option for this complex condition. It was also suggested that pancytopenia in patients with anti-GBM disease recalls serious hematologic diseases including AA that require immediate treatment based on bone marrow examination.

Recurrent hemorrhagic shock from hemorrhagic cystitis due to neurogenic bladder.

INTRODUCTION: Hemorrhagic cystitis is characterized by gross hematuria, with hemorrhagic shock a rare complication. However, to our knowledge, its exact frequency has not been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of an 86-year-old woman who showed repeated hemorrhagic cystitis with massive bleeding and hemorrhagic shock. The hemorrhagic cystitis was supposedly caused by the administration of aspirin and a neurogenic bladder. A urethral catheter was indwelled and hemorrhagic cystitis subsequently ceased. CONCLUSION: A review of patients with hemorrhagic cystitis at our hospital showed that only 3.3% experienced hemorrhagic shock. This case was even rarer because the patient experienced recurrent hemorrhagic shocks. A neurogenic bladder, which reduces the bladder's ability to function as a uroepithelial barrier against recurrent bacterial infections, caused the condition in this case. This report highlights how hemorrhagic cystitis can sometimes cause hemorrhagic shock.

Acute kidney injury successfully treated with autologous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood CD34-positive cell transplantation: A first-in-human report.

A 36-year-old man with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) was admitted to Shonan Kamakura General Hospital in Japan. He was diagnosed with refractory hypertension based on a severely elevated blood pressure of 224/116 mmHg and retinal, cardiac, and brain damage revealed by electrocardiogram, fundoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Although hemodialysis was withdrawn following strict blood pressure control by an angiotensin receptor blocker, severe kidney insufficiency persisted. Therefore, we performed an autologous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood CD34-positive cell transplantation. Collected CD34-positive cells were directly infused to both renal arteries. The patient's general condition was unremarkable after intervention, and the serum creatinine level gradually improved to 2.96 mg/dL 23 weeks after cell therapy. Although transient fever and thrombocytosis were observed after intervention, no major adverse events were observed. This patient is the first case in a phase I/II clinical trial of autologous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood CD34-positive cell transplantation for severe AKI with a CD34-positive cell dose-escalating protocol (trial number jRCTb030190231).

Renal hemosiderosis presenting with acute kidney Injury and macroscopic hematuria in Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Macroscopic hematuria-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-known complication of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. In such cases, intratubular obstruction by red blood cell (RBC) casts and acute tubular necrosis are mainly observed pathologically. Herein, we report the case of a patient with IgA nephropathy presenting with AKI following an episode of macrohematuria. The patient presented with severe renal tubular hemosiderosis and acute tubular necrosis and without any obvious obstructive RBC casts. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with IgA nephropathy on renal biopsy 6 years ago, was admitted to our hospital after an episode of macroscopic glomerular hematuria and AKI following upper respiratory tract infection. Renal biopsy showed mesangial proliferation of the glomeruli, including crescent formation in 17 % of the glomeruli, and acute tubular necrosis without obvious hemorrhage or obstructive RBC casts. The application of Perls' Prussian blue stain showed hemosiderin deposition in the renal proximal tubular cells. Immunofluorescence showed granular mesangial deposits of IgA and C3. Based on these findings, she was diagnosed with acute tubular necrosis with a concurrent IgA nephropathy flare-up. Moreover, direct tubular injury by heme and iron was considered to be the cause of AKI. She was treated with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone. Thereafter, the gross hematuria gradually faded, and her serum creatinine levels decreased. CONCLUSIONS: IgA nephropathy presenting with acute kidney injury accompanied by macrohematuria may cause renal hemosiderosis and acute tubular necrosis without obstructive RBC casts. Hemosiderosis may be a useful indicator for determining the pathophysiology of macroscopic hematuria-associated AKI. However, renal hemosiderosis may remain undiagnosed. Thus, Perls' Prussian blue iron staining should be more widely used in patients presenting with hematuria.

De novo ulcerative colitis after kidney transplantation treated with infliximab.

Diarrhea is a common complication in kidney transplant recipients. Common causes of diarrhea include infection, side effect from medication, rejection, and malignancy. A less common but important cause of diarrhea is de novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This is unexpected, as these patients are already immunosuppressed. Herein, we present the case of a 45-year-old man with end-stage kidney disease because of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis who underwent preemptive kidney transplantation, with his mother as donor. His immunosuppressive regimen included methylprednisolone, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. He had no episodes of graft dysfunction, rejection, or infectious events. Two and a half years post-transplantation, he developed bloody diarrhea. After excluding infections, colonoscopy was performed and revealed edematous mucosa and erythema with pigmentation, which are typical findings in ulcerative colitis. Despite therapy with 5-aminosalicylate and granulocyte monocyte apheresis, he presented with massive bloody diarrhea. We initiated infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) agent. He responded very well and achieved remission within 6 months after initiation of infliximab, while administration of the other immunosuppressants was maintained. His course was uneventful and no complications developed. Management of immunosuppressants for de novo IBD after organ transplantation is complicated, because treatment of IBD, graft function protection, and prevention of infection must be considered. Therefore, cooperation between transplantation physicians and gastroenterologists is essential during therapy.

Angiectasia of the parietal pleura in a hemodialysis patient with central venous stenosis and bloody pleural effusion: a case report.

Pleural effusion in hospitalized patients with long-term hemodialysis (HD) has been frequently reported. The most common causes of unilateral pleural effusions include hypervolemia, parapneumonic, uremic effusion, and malignancy. In contrast, central venous stenosis (CVS) has rarely been shown to result in pleural effusion. CVS is often diagnosed by percutaneous angiography, yet there are no reports of cases where percutaneous angiography missed CVS and instead intrathoracic endoscopy was performed. Herein, we report a case of CVS with angiectasia of the parietal pleura detected on intrathoracic endoscopy. A 62-year-old man with HD presented with massive unilateral pleural effusion. Although the cause of pleural effusion was suspected to be CVS, percutaneous angiography did not show apparent stenosis, and as a result, other potential causes of bloody effusion were investigated. The intrapleural cavity was assessed using intrathoracic endoscopy, which revealed angiectasia and no malignancy. As these findings might be suggestive of congestive and dilated vessels with venous stenosis or occlusion, 3D-computed tomography (CT) scans were performed instead of percutaneous angiography to determine whether a stenosis or occlusion was present. Brachiocephalic vein stenosis was found near the aortic arch. CVS was treated through ligation of the arteriovenous fistula (AVF), resulting in a dramatic decrease in the left pleural effusion. This case would suggest that CVS should be suspected when angiectasia of the parietal pleura is observed in HD patients. In addition, the benefit of utilizing 3D-CT should be considered when HD patients present with a unilateral hemothorax on the same side as that of the AVF, particularly when on the left side.

Secondary Minimal Change Disease Due to Pancreatic Cancer Improved by Chemotherapy.

We herein describe an 82-year-old patient who presented with proteinuria and systemic edema. He was diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD) and was found to have stage III pancreatic cancer. He could not undergo surgical resection due to invasion to the celiac artery and he was thus treated with chemotherapy. After a month of chemotherapy, his proteinuria improved to a normal level. After two months of chemotherapy, computed tomography indicated a partial response to the therapy. MCD can occur as paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with malignant disease, and chemotherapy can be effective for MCD associated with paraneoplastic syndrome.

Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis complicated with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is a common complication of PD. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) is a rare complication of PD-related peritonitis, has a high mortality rate, and therefore should be detected early once it occurs. We describe a case of a 70-year-old woman on PD presented with moderate abdominal pain and low blood pressure, which contributed to the early diagnosis of PD-related peritonitis complicated with NOMI. Increased white cell count of 7150/µL (neutrophil, 84%) in dialysate effluent was diagnostic of PD-related peritonitis, which was later found to be caused by Pseudomonas putida. Computed tomography with contrast performed after administering crystalloids revealed hepatic portal venous gas, pneumatosis intestinalis in the ascending colon, and normal enhancement of the bowel wall and mesenteric arteries, which suggested a reperfusion of the previously ischemic ascending colon. Colonoscopy on hospital day seventeen revealed mucosal hemorrhage and ulcers in the entire right colon and the terminal ileum while the remaining colon was normal. These findings are compatible with the consequence of NOMI. Increased peak systolic velocity of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) implied its stenosis. Past studies show that ischemia of the colon in patients with chronic kidney disease commonly occurs in the right colon. Arteriosclerosis of the SMA due to the long history of chronic kidney disease and diabetes might have caused its vulnerability to low blood pressure. Abdominal complications including NOMI should be screened for when a patient presents with low blood pressure and strong abdominal pain. This is the first case report that shows colonoscopy images of the colonic ulcers post-NOMI and PD-related peritonitis.

Efficacy of repeat-dose rituximab maintenance therapy for minimal change disease in adults.

BACKGROUND: Rituximab (RTX) has been reported to effectively treat minimal change disease (MCD) in adults. However, the efficacy of RTX as maintenance therapy, especially in older patients, remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of repeat-dose RTX maintenance therapy regardless of age. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical courses of 13 biopsy-proven adult MCD patients receiving RTX and evaluated the relapse rate, concomitant steroid and immunosuppressant use, relationship between B-cell depletion time and relapse, and adverse events. RESULTS: Mean patient age at start of RTX therapy was 51.5 ± 20.1 years. Each RTX induction consisted of a single 375 mg/m2 dose. One patient received two RTX doses with a 1-year interval. The remaining 12 patients received RTX at 6-month intervals up to four times after RTX introduction. The median observation period was 28 (16-60) months after RTX induction, median relapse frequency was significantly decreased from 0.83 (0.18-1.92) to 0 (0-0.71) times/year (P < 0.001), and median prednisolone dose was reduced from 25 (5-40) mg to 2.5 (0-10) mg (P < 0.001). CD19-positive B cells remained depleted during RTX administration in 6-month intervals. No serious adverse events were observed after RTX administration. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat-dose RTX as maintenance therapy efficiently prevented recurrence and was well tolerated in adult MCD patients including older. This regimen has the potential to maintain prolonged remission. Future studies in larger cohorts are needed to identify the optimal dose and frequency and evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of this regimen.