Effects of different exercise modes and intensities on cognitive performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity in mice.

Exercise can induce beneficial improvements in cognition. However, the effects of different modes and intensities of exercise have yet to be explored in detail. This study aimed to identify the effects of different exercise modes (aerobic and resistance) and intensities (low and high) on cognitive performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice. A total of 40 C57BL/6J mice were randomised into 5 groups (n = 8 mice per group): control, low-intensity aerobic exercise, high-intensity aerobic exercise, low-intensity resistance exercise, and high-intensity resistance exercise. The aerobic exercise groups underwent treadmill training, while the resistance exercise groups underwent ladder climbing training. At the end of the exercise period, cognitive performance was assessed by the Y-maze and Barnes maze. In addition, adult hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated immunohistochemically by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/ neuronal nuclei (NeuN) co-labeling. The levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus, including synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), were analyzed by western blotting. Our results showed no significant differences in cognitive performance among the groups. However, high-intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased hippocampal adult neurogenesis relative to the control. A trend towards increased adult neurogenesis was observed in the low-intensity aerobic group compared to the control group. No significant changes in synaptic plasticity were observed among all groups. Our results indicate that high-intensity aerobic exercise may be the most potent stimulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Design and synthesis of novel thiazole-derivatives as potent ALK5 inhibitors.

TGF-ß is an immunosuppressive cytokine and plays a key role in progression of cancer by inducing immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Therefore, inhibition of TGF-ß signaling pathway may provide a potential therapeutic intervention in treating cancers. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of novel thiazole derivatives as potent inhibitors of ALK5, a serine-threonine kinase which is responsible for TGF-ß signal transduction. Compound 29b was identified as a potent inhibitor of ALK5 with an IC50 value of 3.7 nM with an excellent kinase selectivity.

Initial 12 Cases of Robot-Assisted Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer Using the Hinotori Surgical Robot System: Tips for the Efficient Introduction of a New Surgical Robot.

Introduction: The use of robotic platform for gastrectomy for gastric cancer is rapidly increasing. This study aimed to describe the perioperative outcomes of 12 patients who underwent robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer using the hinotori™ surgical robot system (hinotori), a novel robot-assisted surgical platform, and compare the outcomes with the existing system, the da Vinci® Surgical System (DVSS). Methods: This study included 12 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer using the hinotori between March 2023 and September 2023 at our institution. The comprehensive perioperative outcomes of these patients were retrospectively analyzed and compared to 11 patients who underwent robotic gastrectomy using the DVSS during the same period. Results: The median age and body mass index were 71 years (range: 56-86) and 22.7 kg/m2 (range: 16.1-26.7). Distal and total gastrectomy were performed in 8 and 4 patients, respectively. The median console time and operation times were 187 (range: 112-270) and 252 minutes (range: 173-339), respectively. The median blood loss was 3 mL (range: 2-5). No intra- or postoperative complications were observed. There were no significant differences in perioperative outcomes between the hinotori and the DVSS. Conclusions: Robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer using the hinotori is a feasible procedure and achieved perioperative outcomes similar to that using the DVSS. Clinical Trial Registration number: 114167-1.

Impact of Arteriosclerosis on Reconstruction-related Complications After Esophagectomy and Usefulness of Tailor-made Reconstruction Technique.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Anastomotic leakage is one of the most common and serious postoperative complications following esophagectomy. This study analyzed the effect of risk factors, such as the degree of arteriosclerosis, comorbidities, and patient characteristics on the incidence of reconstruction-related complications including anastomotic leakage. Furthermore, the usefulness of tailor-made reconstruction methods was clarified using wide gastric conduit. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent esophagectomy with a gastric conduit for esophageal cancer between 2011 and 2018 were enrolled. In the initial group that underwent esophagectomy between August 2011 and February 2016, gastrointestinal reconstruction was performed using a narrow gastric conduit. In the latter group, reconstruction using subtotal gastric conduit was selected for high-risk patients between March 2016 and March 2018. Postoperative complications including reconstruction-related complications were assessed. RESULTS: The occurrence of anastomotic leakage was significantly associated with the patient's risk in the initial group. The rates of anastomotic leakage and reconstruction-related complications were significantly lower in the latter group than in the initial group (3.2% vs. 23.0%, p=0.001; 27.0% vs. 44.3%, p=0.044). The incidence of all complications was significantly lower in the latter group than in the initial group (28.6% vs. 59.0%, p=0.001). The change in bodyweight loss one year after the operation was significantly lower in the latter group than in the initial group (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Tailor-made reconstruction using wide gastric conduit for high-risk cases of esophageal cancer could reduce the occurrence of anastomotic leakage and promote a better quality of life after surgery.

[Three Cases of Preoperative Chemotherapy(FOLFOXIRI plus Bevacizumab)for Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer with Urinary Bladder Invasion].

Radical cystectomy for locally advanced colorectal cancer with urinary bladder invasion significantly reduces the quality of life in exchange for a cure. We performed preoperative chemotherapy with FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab for 3 patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer with urinary bladder invasion to avoid radical cystectomy and to achieve local control for urinary bladder preservation. Grade 3 neutropenia was observed in 2 patients as an adverse reaction to the preoperative chemotherapy, but all 3 patients showed good tumor regression. All 3 patients underwent laparoscopic high anterior rectal resection and partial cystectomy, and all were able to undergo R0 resections with urinary bladder preservation. One patient had anastomotic leakage as a postoperative complication. One patient had local recurrence in the urinary bladder, and 2 had recurrence with peritoneal dissemination during their postoperative courses. Preoperative chemotherapy(FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab)for locally advanced colorectal cancer with urinary bladder invasion is considered to be a useful treatment option because of its potential for tumor shrinkage and bladder preservation.

Development of patellofemoral osteoarthritis with knee joint malalignment and lateral patellar dislocation after hindlimb suspension in growing rats.

Knee malalignment is a risk factor for patellar instability and patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFOA), but etiologies remain unknown. We investigated the potential effects of decreased weight loading during growth on knee alignments and patellofemoral (PF) joint pathology. Hindlimb suspension (HS) was performed in 4-week-old female rats for 2, 4, and 8 weeks (HS groups). Age-matched rats were used as controls. Three-dimensional reconstructed images of the knee were obtained using X-ray computed tomography. Tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, patellar tilt angle, and bisect offset were measured as indices of knee alignment. Histological analysis was also performed to evaluate the changes in cartilage and synovium in the PF joints. At Week 8, TT-TG distance, patella tilt angle, and bisect offset were significantly larger in the HS group than in the control group, respectively, indicating tibial external rotation, outward patellar tilt, and external displacement of the patella. Lateral patellar dislocation was frequently found in the HS group at Week 8 (five of eight knee joints, p < 0.05). Degenerative changes in the cartilage of the trochlear groove were observed at Week 8, and synovial changes such as hypertrophy and synovitis were observed at Weeks 4 and 8. Correlation analyses revealed significant relationships between the Mankin score and bisect offset, and between the OARSI synovitis score and all knee alignments indices. These results suggest that decreased weight loading on the lower extremities in growing rats resulted in knee malalignments characterized by external rotation of tibia and high incidence of lateral patellar dislocation with concomitant PFOA.

Thoracoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric tube cancer after esophagectomy: a case report.

The incidence of gastric tube cancer (GTC) is increasing due to the improved prognosis of patients after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Total resection of the gastric tube is expected to be curative for patients with GTC. However, several studies have reported that this procedure is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. We here present a case of GTC without lymph node metastasis in a patient who underwent partial resection of a gastric tube via thoracoscopic-endoscopic cooperative surgery. No postoperative complications or recurrence was observed. This procedure is a favorable and minimally invasive procedure for GTC without lymph node metastasis.

Effects of acute- and long-term aerobic exercises at different intensities on bone in mice.

INTRODUCTION: Exercise intensity determines the benefits of aerobic exercise. Our objectives were, in aerobic exercise at different intensities, to determine (1) changes in bone metabolism-related genes after acute exercise and (2) changes in bone mass, strength, remodeling, and bone formation-related proteins after long-term exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 36 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group and exercise groups at 3 different intensities: low, moderate, or high group. Each exercise group was assigned to acute- or long-term exercise groups. Tibias after acute exercise were evaluated by real-time PCR analysis. Furthermore, hindlimbs of long-term exercise were assessed by micro-CT, biomechanical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: Acute moderate-intensity exercise decreased RANKL level as bone resorption marker, whereas low- and high-intensity exercise did not alter it. Additionally, only long-term exercise at moderate intensity increased bone mass and strength. Moderate-intensity exercise promoted osteoblast activity and suppressed osteoclast activity. After low- and high-intensity exercise, osteoblast and osteoclast activity were unchanged. An increase in the number of ß-catenin-positive cells and a decrease in sclerostin-positive cells were observed in the only moderate group. CONCLUSION: These results showed that moderate-intensity exercise can inhibit bone resorption earlier, and long-term exercise can increase bone mass and strength through promoted bone formation via the Wnt/ß-catenin activation. High-intensity exercise, traditionally considered better for bone, may fail to stimulate bone remodeling, leading to no change in bone mass and strength. Our findings suggest that moderate-intensity exercise, neither too low nor high, can maintain bone health.

Chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma in a rat surgical model by a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor­1 antagonist.

Reflux of gastroduodenal contents into the esophagus leads to the development of esophagitis and inflammation-associated pathologies, such as Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The role of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway in carcinogenesis has been recently reported; however, its involvement in esophageal carcinogenesis remains unclear. To address this, the present study investigated the potential of pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, to suppress the progression of BE and EAC in a rat duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) model. Male Wistar rats that underwent DGER were divided into two groups. One group was fed commercial chow (control group), and the other was fed experimental chow containing pranlukast (pranlukast group). The rats were sacrificed at 10, 20, 30 and 40 weeks after surgery, and their esophagi were examined. Expression levels of 5-LOX, CD68, IL-8, VEGF and Ki-67 were investigated using immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis was analyzed using the TUNEL method. In the pranlukast group, esophagitis was milder, and the incidence of BE and EAC was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared with that in the control group at 40 weeks after surgery. The number of cells positive for IL-8 and VEGF were significantly lower in the pranlukast group compared with the control group. Proliferative activity was also lower in the pranlukast group compared with the control group (P<0.05). Pranlukast treatment increased apoptosis (P<0.05). Overall, Pranlukast suppressed esophageal carcinogenesis in a rat DGER model, decreasing inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and VEGF.

Increased intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps at admission is more strongly related to activities of daily living recovery at discharge compared to muscle mass loss in older patients with aspiration pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies reported that an increase in intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older patients negatively affects the recovery of activities of daily living (ADL) more than the loss of muscle mass. However, whether intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older patients with aspiration pneumonia is related to ADL recovery remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the relationship between intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps and ADL recovery in older patients with aspiration pneumonia. METHODS: Thirty-nine older inpatients who were diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia participated in this prospective study. The main outcome of this study was ADL at discharge. ADL were assessed using the Barthel Index (BI). The intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle mass of the quadriceps were evaluated at admission using echo intensity and muscle thickness observed on ultrasound images. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to confirm whether the quadriceps echo intensity was related to the BI score at discharge, even after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: The medians [interquartile range] of the BI score at admission and discharge were 15.0 [0.0-35.0] and 20.0 [5.0-55.0], respectively. The BI score at discharge was significantly higher than that at admission (p = 0.002). The quadriceps echo intensity (ß = - 0.374; p = 0.036) and BI score at admission (ß = 0.601; p < 0.001) were independently and significantly related to the BI score at discharge (R2 = 0.718; f2 = 2.546; statistical power = 1.000). In contrast, the quadriceps thickness (ß = - 0.216; p = 0.318) was not independently and significantly related to the BI score at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Increased intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps at admission is more strongly and negatively related to ADL recovery at discharge than the loss of muscle mass among older patients with aspiration pneumonia. Interventions targeting the intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps may improve ADL among these patients.

Cut-off values of preoperative knee extensor strength and hip abductor strength for predicting good walking ability after total knee arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) reduces pain and improves physical function; however, not all patients have successful outcomes after surgery. To identify these patients would be critical information for improving rehabilitation programs. The purpose of this study was to clarify the cut-off values of lower extremity muscle strength for predicting postoperative good walking ability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Timed Up and Go test of 105 patients was measured at 6 months postoperatively, and participants were divided into good (< 9.1 s) and poor (≥ 9.1 s) walking ability. Both sides of knee extensor strength (KES) and hip abductor strength (HAS) were measured using hand-held dynamometer preoperatively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify cut-off values for classifying the participants into the two groups. RESULTS: Of the 105 patients, 54 were allocated in the poor walking ability group, whereas 51 were allocated in the good walking ability group. KES and HAS were significantly greater in the good walking ability group than in the poor walking ability group. ROC curve analysis revealed that the cut-off value for KES was 0.79 Nm/kg (area under the curve (AUC) 0.68; sensitivity 64.7%; specificity 68.5%) on the involved side and 0.86 Nm/kg (AUC 0.73; sensitivity 84.6%; specificity 55.6%) on the uninvolved side, and for HAS was 0.57 Nm/kg (AUC 0.71; sensitivity 60.8%; specificity 71.7%) on the involved side and 0.61 Nm/kg (AUC 0.76; sensitivity 66.7%; specificity 77.4%) on the uninvolved side. CONCLUSION: The cut-off values of preoperative KES and HAS for predicting good walking ability after TKA are 0.79 Nm/kg on the involved side and 0.86 Nm/kg on the uninvolved side, and 0.57 Nm/kg on the involved side and 0.61 Nm/kg on the uninvolved side, respectively. We should provide enhanced pre- and post-operative rehabilitation programs for patients with muscle strength lower than these values.

Increase in protein intake is related to decreasing intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients: A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Several randomized controlled trials indicated that an increase in protein intake decreases intramuscular adipose tissue of the thigh in mobility-limited or pre-frail older persons and stroke patients. However, whether the increase in protein intake in older inpatients is related to decreasing intramuscular adipose tissue remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps and protein intake in older inpatients. METHODS: This longitudinal study included 193 older inpatients (aged ≥65 years) (median [IQR] age: 83.0 [77.0-88.0]). The primary outcomes were changes in intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps and protein intake. Intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle mass of the quadriceps were examined using ultrasound images (i.e., quadriceps echo intensity and thickness). The changes in quadriceps echo intensity and protein intake were calculated by subtracting the quadriceps echo intensity and protein intake at admission from those values at discharge. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for confounding factors was used to determine whether the change in protein intake was independently and significantly related to changes in quadriceps echo intensity and thickness. RESULTS: Quadriceps echo intensity at discharge (81.3 ± 20.6 [a.u.]) was significantly lower than at admission (84.0 ± 20.5 [a.u.]). Protein intake at discharge (1.2 [1.0-1.4] g/kg/day) was significantly higher than at admission (1.2 [0.9-1.4] g/kg/day). Change in protein intake was negatively and significantly related to the change in quadriceps echo intensity. In contrast, change in protein intake was not independently and significantly related to change in quadriceps thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that an increase in protein intake is related to a decrease in intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients. Nutritional intervention for increasing protein intake in older inpatients may be essential for decreasing intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps.

Higher-intensity ultrasound accelerates fracture healing via mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1.

Osteoporosis-related fractures are a major public health problem. Mechanobiological stimulation utilizing low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is the most widely accepted modality for accelerating fracture healing. However, recent evidence has demonstrated the ineffectiveness of LIPUS, and the biophysical mechanisms of ultrasound-induced bone formation also remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that ultrasound at a higher intensity than LIPUS effectively accelerates fracture healing in a mouse osteoporotic fracture model. Higher-intensity ultrasound promoted chondrogenesis and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes in the fracture callus. Higher-intensity ultrasound also increased osteoblasts and newly formed bone in the callus, resulting in accelerated endochondral ossification during fracture healing. In addition, we found that accelerated fracture healing by ultrasound exposure was attenuated when the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 was inhibited by GsMTx4. Ultrasound-induced new bone formation in the callus was attenuated in fractured mice treated with GsMTx4. Similar results were also confirmed in a 3D osteocyte-osteoblast co-culture system, where osteocytic Piezo1 knockdown attenuated the expression of osteoblastic genes after ultrasound exposure. Together these results demonstrate that higher-intensity ultrasound than clinically used LIPUS can accelerate endochondral ossification after fractures. Furthermore, our results suggest that mechanotransduction via Piezo1 mediates ultrasound-stimulated fracture healing and bone formation.

Impact of preoperative docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) therapy on degree of malignant esophageal stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Malignant esophageal stenosis is a common and severe complication of advanced esophageal cancer that can be a serious problem in the continuation of chemotherapy and other anticancer treatments. The impact of chemotherapy regimens on the degree of improvement in esophageal stenosis is unknown. In this study, we focused on the impacts of chemotherapy on the direct anticancer effects, and in the improvement of malignant stenosis. METHODS: Patients who underwent radical esophagectomy after chemotherapy, either adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (FP) or docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) regimen, were included. We assessed the length of the cancerous stenosis, the width of the narrowest segment, and the size of the intraluminal area in the stenotic segment by fluoroscopy, and compared the differences before and after chemotherapy. In addition, we evaluated the dysphagia score (Mellow-Pinkas scoring system) as the evaluation of patients' symptoms. The antitumor effects of chemotherapy were also investigated. RESULTS: A total of 81 patients were enrolled: 50 were treated with FP, and 31 were treated with DCF. The expansion rate in the length of the narrowest part was significantly increased in the DCF group compared with the FP group. Furthermore, the stenosis index (intraluminal stenotic area/stenotic length) was significantly increased in the DCF group compared with the FP group (112% vs 96%, P = 0.038). Dysphagia score after chemotherapy significantly improved in the DCF group compared to the FP group (P = 0.007). The response rates were 60% in the FP group and 67.7% in the DCF group. Effective histopathological response (improvement to grade 2 or 3) was 24% in the FP group and 38.8% in the DCF group. CONCLUSION: DCF therapy is more effective than FP treatment in the improvement of malignant esophageal stenosis.

Analysis of factors associated with operative difficulty in thoracoscopic esophageal cancer surgery in the left-decubitus position: a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The degree of difficulty in the overall procedure and forceps handling encountered by surgeons is greatly influenced by the positional relationship of intrathoracic organs in minimally invasive esophagectomy. This study aimed to identify the anatomical factors associated with the difficulty of minimally invasive esophagectomy assessed by intraoperative injuries and postoperative outcomes. METHODS: Minimally invasive esophagectomy in the left-decubitus position was performed in 258 patients. We defined α (mm) as the anteroposterior distance between the front of the vertebral body and aorta, ß (mm) as the distance between the center of the vertebral body and center of the aorta, and γ (degree) as the angle formed at surgeon's right-hand port site by insertion of lines from the front of aorta and from the front of vertebrae in the computed tomography slice at the operator's right-hand forceps hole level. We retrospectively analyzed the correlations among clinico-anatomical factors, surgeon- or assistant-caused intraoperative organ injuries, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Intraoperative injuries significantly correlated with shorter α (0.2 vs. 3.9), longer ß (33.0 vs. 30.5), smaller γ (3.0 vs. 4.3), R1 resection (18.5% vs. 8.3%), and the presence of intrathoracic adhesion (46% vs. 26%) compared with the non-injured group. Division of the median values into two groups showed that shorter α and smaller γ were significantly associated with organ injury. Longer ß was significantly associated with postoperative tachycardia onset, respiratory complications, and mediastinal recurrence. Furthermore, the occurrence of intraoperative injuries was significantly associated with the onset of postoperative pulmonary complications. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathoracic anatomical features greatly affected the procedural difficulty of minimally invasive esophagectomy, suggesting that preoperative computed tomography simulation and appropriate port settings may improve surgical outcomes.

Successful treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia in a reconstructed jejunum after esophagectomy and remnant gastric tube resection: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI), an ischemic bowel disease without a disruption of the mesenteric blood flow or strangulation of the mesentery or intestine, may cause a lethal clinical course. We report a very rare case of jejunal necrosis caused by NOMI in the pedicled mesentery of the reconstructed jejunum after remnant gastric tube resection for heterochronous gastric tube cancer after esophagectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: An 80-year-old man visited our department with chief complaints of fever and appetite loss after 4 months from gastric tube resection and digestive reconstruction with pedicled jejunum. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed impaired blood flow without torsion of the mesentery, severe wall thickness, and micro-penetration in the reconstructed jejunum and combined pyothorax in the right thoracic cavity. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy demonstrated extensive mucosal necrosis confined to the jejunum, which was elevated in the thoracic cavity. The jejunal necrosis due to NOMI occurring in the reconstructed jejunum was suspected, and lifesaving small bowel resection with right thoracotomy was considered necessary. However, radical operation with right thoracotomy was considered to be excessively invasive and not valid due to the patient's poor physical status, advanced age, and presence of left adrenal metastasis from the remnant gastric cancer. Therefore, we selected the conservative treatment with fasting, transnasal drainage, and administration of antibiotics due to the patient's intention. CT-guided right thoracic drainage for the intrathoracic abscess was needed 10 days after starting treatment and the inflammatory response rapidly improved. Follow-up CT and esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed the improvement in the ischemic changes in jejunal mucosa without perforation. Intake was initiated at 20 days after symptom onset, and the patient was discharged at 40 hospital days without any complications and sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of NOMI occurring in the reconstructed jejunum after remnant gastric tube resection that was successfully treated with a conservative treatment. For NOMI, it is important to make appropriate diagnosis based on imaging findings and perform proper assessment of the patient's condition. Conservative treatments may be also useful depending on the patient's condition.

Greater intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients at post-acute hospital admission is more strongly related to a low rate of home discharge than a loss of muscle mass.

This study aimed to examine the relationships between intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle mass of the quadriceps at post-acute hospital admission and the low rate of home discharge. This prospective study included 389 inpatients aged ≥ 65 years. Patients were divided into two groups according to the destination: home discharge (n = 279) and no-home discharge (n = 110) groups. The primary outcome was hospital discharge destination (home discharge or not). Intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle mass of the quadriceps were assessed at post-acute hospital admission using echo intensity and muscle thickness on ultrasound images, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used for determining whether quadriceps echo intensity is related to home discharge. Quadriceps echo intensity was significantly and independently associated with home discharge (odds ratio [per 1 SD increase] = 1.43, p = 0.045). Quadriceps thickness was not associated with home discharge (odds ratio [per 1 SD increase] = 1.00, p = 0.998). Our study indicates that greater intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients at post-acute hospital admission is more strongly related to a low rate of home discharge than a loss of muscle mass.

Effects of different modes and intensities of exercise on longevity proteins in middle-aged mouse skeletal muscle.

Physical exercise represents one of the most effective approaches to anti-aging. The goal of this study was to verify the effects of different modes and intensities of exercise on longevity proteins in the skeletal muscle in midlife. Middle-aged mice were trained in aerobic or resistance exercise for 8 weeks, and the changes in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in the skeletal muscle were evaluated by western blotting. Long-term exercise had no effects on skeletal muscle SIRT1 abundance, whereas high-intensity aerobic exercise increased AMPK phosphorylation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Low-intensity resistance exercise facilitated Akt/mTOR/p70 ribosomal protein kinase S6 (p70S6K) signaling but did not induce muscle hypertrophy. Conversely, high-intensity resistance exercise stimulated muscle hypertrophy without phosphorylation of mTOR signaling-related proteins. These results suggest the importance of setting exercise modes and intensities for anti-aging in midlife.

Effects of uphill and downhill walking on post-traumatic osteoarthritis development in mice.

Using destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) to induce models of osteoarthritis (OA), we sought to clarify how flat, uphill and downhill walking affects OA-related inflammation and articular cartilage degeneration. Thirty-two male C57BL/6J mice 7 weeks old underwent DMM surgery in their right knee and sham surgery in their left knee, and were then assigned to either the no walking after DMM group or the flat, uphill or downhill walking after DMM group (n = 8/group). After creating the knee OA model, the mice in the walking groups were subjected to treadmill walking 1 day after surgery, which included walking at 12 m/min for 30 min/day, 7 days/week, at inclines of 0, 20, or -20 degrees. Knee joints were harvested at the end of the intervention period. Non-demineralized frozen sections were prepared and samples were examined histologically. Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores were significantly decreased in both the uphill and flat-walking groups, compared with the no-walking group. Immunohistochemical staining showed increased levels of aggrecan and Sry-related high-mobility group box9; conversely, decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 in both the uphill and flat-walking groups. Micro-CT results showed a higher bone-volume fraction in the uphill and flat-walking groups than that in the no-walking group. Our findings indicate that flat and uphill walking may prevent the progression of OA. KEY POINTS: Flat and uphill treadmill walking can prevent the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in mice. Flat and uphill walking increases anabolic proteins and decreases catabolic proteins and inflammatory cytokines in articular cartilage, resulting in protection against cartilage degeneration. Downhill walking increases catabolic proteins and inflammatory cytokines in cartilage, which has negative effects on articular cartilage.