Ventriculorenal shunts in the treatment of pediatric and adult hydrocephalus-historical perspective and analysis of current practice.

Hydrocephalus is a complex pathology that can have a significant impact on the quality of life in all age groups. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversions from the lateral ventricle to the peritoneal cavity are regarded as the treatment of first intent, but they have a high revision rate, and there are multiple factors which can impair their proper insertion and function. One of the many alternatives to peritoneal shunting is redirecting the CSF towards the renal system. A literature search was conducted to identify the particularities of these types of shunts and what clinical context rendered them feasible in pediatric and adult patient populations. Twenty-eight studies were found to meet the selection criteria. The shunts were classified into ventriculopyeloureteral, ventriculoureteral, and ventriculovesical. Their main advantage was that they did not depend on absorption properties of the tissues, like in the case of the peritoneum. However, several issues with ascending infections, bladder pressure imbalance, distal shunt migration, and calculus formation were noted. Literature suggests that the urinary tract can have the potential of diverting CSF when the peritoneum or atrium is not available, but further research is required to establish their proper role in current practice.

Skull Base Neurosurgery Eponyms: A Review of Notable Anatomical Landmarks.

Eponyms highlight the contributions made to medicine over the years, and celebrate individuals for their work involving diseases, pathologies, and anatomical landmarks. We have compiled an in-depth report of eponyms used in skull base neurosurgery, as well as the historical contexts of the personalities behind the names. A literature search identified 36 eponyms of the bones, foramina and ligaments of the skull base named after anatomists and physician-scientists. The 36 eponymous structures pinpointed include Arnold's canal, the foramen of Arnold, Bill's bar, Bertin's bones, Civinini's canal, Civinini's ligament, Civinini's process, sinodural angle of Citelli, Clivus of Blumenbach, Dorello's canal, the Eustachian tube, the eponymous cavernous sinus triangles of Parkinson, Kawase, Mullan, Dolenc, Glasscock and Hakuba, the Fallopian canal, the Glasserian fissure, Gruber's ligament, Haller cells, the spine of Henle, Highmore's antrum, the foramen of Huschke, Hyrtl's fissure, the Ingrassia process, Jacobson's canal, the MacEwen triangle, Meckel's cave, the Onodi air cell, the Pacchionian foramen, Fossa of Rosenmuller, the foramen of Vesalius, the Vidian canal, Trautman's triangle and the annular tendon of Zinn. Knowledge of the relevant eponyms enables succinct descriptions of important skull base structures, provides an understanding of associated clinical implications, and reminds us of the vast history of contributions to neurosurgery made by prominent figures in the field.

Brachioradial pruritus secondary to cervical disc protrusion - a case report.

Brachioradial pruritus (BRP) is a rare chronic neuropathy of the skin of the arms and forearms that presents with itching, burning or tingling, with no associated dermatological features. Sun exposure and cervical spine pathology have been described as causes for BRP; however, the exact aetiology is often unclear. Herein, we discuss the case of a 63-year-old female patient who presented with BRP with a C5-C6 distribution. Physical examination excluded skin conditions, thus magnetic resonance imaging was done and revealed a C5-C6 disc protrusion. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion were performed leading to the resolution of symptoms. The case emphasizes the beneficial role of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion as a last resort in patients with refractory pruritus of discogenic cause.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is effective in cases of sinusitis where pharmacological treatment has not been successful. Patients undergoing FESS have reported an 85% improvement in symptoms as measured by the quality of life scores. Despite its convincing therapeutic benefit, complications sometimes occur with potentially dire consequences. We report the case of a 69-year-old patient who underwent FESS for recurrent frontal sinusitis and developed a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) on Day 3 post-operatively. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of SIADH arising after an endoscopic intervention for frontal sinusitis.

Woodruff's plexus-arterial or venous?

PURPOSE: Woodruff's plexus is a vascular network located on the posterior lateral wall of the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity and it is generally considered to be responsible for posterior epistaxis. Despite being initially identified in 1949 as a venous plexus, discrepancies exist within literature regarding this anatomical structure, particularly its arterial or venous nature and its association with posterior epistaxis. This systematic review aims to collate information pertaining to Woodruff's plexus and evaluate our current understanding of this vascular area. METHODS: The systematic review was performed using published data in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, EBSCO and Web of Science platforms using keywords such as 'Woodruff', 'posterior' and 'plexus'. Articles referring to Woodruff's plexus were collected and analysed by independent reviewers. RESULTS: The search revealed 154 papers, out of which only 40 were included in the review. Out of this number only two papers were anatomical dissection studies, both of which identify the plexus as venous in nature. Seventeen studies describe the plexus as venous by citing these two papers. The remainder of the articles (23) consider Woodruff's plexus as arterial with variability in the reported arteries that supply it. CONCLUSION: Woodruff's original description of a venous plexus is supported by modern anatomical studies. There are a multitude of reports that Woodruff's plexus is arterial in nature, despite the absence of existing anatomical studies to support this notion. This misconception has likely arisen due to clinical associations in relation to posterior epistaxis.

Evaluation of the ventriculocholecystic shunt-an overview of present practice in adult and pediatric hydrocephalus.

In the context of hydrocephalus, there are a multitude of therapeutic options that can be explored in order to improve patient outcomes. Although the peritoneum is the current elected clinical solution, various receptacles have been utilized when experiencing contraindications. Along with the ventriculoatrial or ventriculopleural, the ventriculocholecystic shunt was also described as an alternative. In order to make a decision on a place for drainage, the surgeon must be knowledgeable on details from modern literature. The main target of this review was to summarize the currently available information on this topic and assess the status of the gallbladder as a viable option for cerebrospinal fluid diversion.

Phantosmia as the first presentation of a cavernous sinus - clinoidal meningioma.

Cavernous sinus meningiomas (CSM) are complex skull base lesions that, due to their particular anatomical location, render surgical management difficult. Their symptomatology is versatile, and the clinical outcome is difficult to predict. We present the case of a 57-year old female patient who experienced phantosmia - an abnormal, persistent, olfactory sensation of cigarette smell for 18 months. MRI was performed and revealed a left cavernous sinus meningioma, extending into the left temporal fossa, with olfactory and optic nerve distortion. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of phantosmia as the initial presentation of a lesion in the cavernous sinus.

From the heart to the bladder-particularities of ventricular shunt topography and the current status of cerebrospinal fluid diversion sites.

Hydrocephalus represents the pathological elevation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels as a consequence of various embryological or acquired defects. Although the classic method of treatment is by means of diverting the CSF from the ventricular system towards the peritoneum, there are other sites of diversion that have proven their efficiency through time, in the context of complications related to the more common option of intraperitoneal insertion. The aim of the review is to assess and organize a database of all the types of shunt locations from the oldest shunt attempts until present, using Pubmed and Medline and to underline the particularities related to technique, indications, complications and associated epidemiological background. Current literature reveals up to 36 sites of diversion of CSF with a diverse topography varying from cephalic regions such as venous sinuses or mastoid bone, thoracic elements such as the heart or the pleura and abdominopelvic segments such as the peritoneum or the urinary bladder. Several atypical locations were studied such as the fallopian and intestinal shunts. Although ventriculoperitoneal and ventriculoatrial shunts are the most commonly used shunts today, there are some systems such as the ventriculosinusal and ventriculolymphatic shunts that prove to be equally as efficient. The successful treatment of hydrocephalus requires a complete comprehension of the indications and therapeutic options and a reliable evaluation of the risks and possible complications. The profile of cerebral ventricular shunts is highly dynamic and the spectrum of cerebrospinal fluid diversion offers multiple solutions in the benefit of the patient.

Neurosurgical cadaveric and in vivo large animal training models for cranial and spinal approaches and techniques - a systematic review of the current literature.

INTRODUCTION: Due to its high complexity, neurosurgery consists of a demanding learning curve that requires intense training and a deep knowledge of neuroanatomy. Microsurgical skill development can be achieved through various models of simulation, but as human cadaveric models are not always accessible, cadaveric animal models can provide a reliable environment in which to enhance the acquisition of surgical dexterity. The aim of this review was to analyse the current role of animal brains in laboratory training and to assess their correspondence to the procedures performed in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Pubmed literature search was performed to identify all the articles concerning training cranial and spinal techniques on large animal heads. The search terms were 'training model', and 'neurosurgery' in association with 'animal', 'sheep', 'cow', and 'swine'. The exclusion criteria were articles that were on human brains, experimental fundamental research, or on virtual simulators. RESULTS: The search retrieved 119 articles, of which 25 were relevant to the purpose of this review. Owing to their similar neuroanatomy, bovine, porcine and ovine models prove to be reliable structures in simulating neurosurgical procedures. On bovine skulls, an interhemispheric transcalosal and retrosigmoid approach along with different approaches to the Circle of Willis can be recreated. Ovine model procedures have varied from lumbar discectomies on sheep spines to craniosynostosis surgery, whereas in ex vivo swine models, cadaveric dissections of lateral sulcus, median and posterior fossa have been achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory training models enhance surgical advancements by familiarising trainee surgeons with certain neuroanatomical structures and promoting greater surgical dexterity. The accessibility of animal brains allows trainee surgeons to exercise techniques outside the operating theatre, thus optimising outcomes in human surgical procedures.

Experimental cerebral hemispherectomy in rodent models. A systematic review of current literature.

Cerebral hemispherectomy is a neurosurgical procedure that involves surgically removing one hemisphere of the brain, used as a therapeutic option in severe cases of intractable epilepsy. Several animal models have contributed to our understanding of the underlying neuromechanisms. The review was based on a PubMed search using the terms "hemispherectomy" and "mouse" or "rat" or "rodent", with no limitation of year of study or language. We identified a series of elements that were collected and analyzed that add up to our contemporary knowledge of this procedure. Our search returned 29 articles out of which only 15 are relevant to our purposes. Most of the current literature is concerned with the different molecular and electrophysiological issues of neuroplasticity, exhibiting the neurochemical background on which brain plasticity is founded. Experimental neurosurgery is quintessential in understanding the process in which various pathologies respond to in vivo animal models and recreating conditions otherwise difficult or impossible to obtain in humans. The aim of our study was to evaluate the current literature on the modern comprehension that animal models offer for histopathological, neurochemical and microsurgical research. In addition, the review is focused on the neuroplastic/compensatory mechanisms developed after hemispherectomy. Further research is of vital importance in exploring neurotherapeutical aspects of neuroplasticity in central nervous system (CNS) diseases.

Expression of EGFR in Paired New and Recurrent Glioblastomas.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of EGFR in newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included a total of 48 paired samples collected from 24 patients diagnosed with GBM. The intensity of EGFR cytoplasmatic staining was scored on a scale of 1-3+ (weak, intermediate or strong). RESULTS: We found EGFR overexpression in 23 patients (96%) with newly diagnosed GBM, while all recurrent tumours overexpressed EGFR. Ten recurrent tumours (42%) had a lower expression than their new counterpart 13 tumours (54%) had a similar expression, and only one case (2%) had increased expression on recurrence. The expression of EGFR in newly diagnosed GBM was significantly correlated with EGFR expression in recurrent tumour (p = 0.036). In addition, new GBMs with strong EGFR expression had a mean relapse-free interval of 11.5 months (p=0.017). A benefit of combined therapy was observed in the radiotherapy-plus-chemotherapy group where the average time was 11 months (p=0.011), as compared with surgery/radiotherapy alone (average time 6.8 months). CONCLUSIONS: The present data show that EGFR is overexpressed in paired GBMs. The discrepancies of EGFR expression between the primary tumour and the recurrence suggest heterogeneity of GBMs but also unity at relapse.