[The immunomorphological characteristics of experimental bacterial sepsis]. / Immunomorfologicheskaia kharakteristika éksperimental'nogo bakterial'nogo sepsisa.

The experimental model of bacterial sepsis, based on the intraperitoneal inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus with the simultaneous suppression of sensitivity by the injection of prednisolone, has been developed in 40 guinea pigs. Sepsis is characterized by the generalization of the infection in the body and by the formation of disseminated purulent foci simultaneously with inflammatory and dystrophic changes in different organs. The development of experimental sepsis leads to an increase in the content of B lymphocytes and to the activation of humoral immunity simultaneously with the suppression of cell-mediated immunity.

Interactions between heterochronic cells in the formation of delayed-type hypersensitivity.

The effect of ageing on lymphocyte and macrophage functional activity in the induction of tuberculin sensitivity was studied in experiments on 440 CBA mice of three age groups. The capacity of old animals to generate delayed-type hypersensitivity following administration of BCG cells was found to be diminished and their lymphocytes caused decreased hypersensitivity on transplantation. The capacity of recipients to reproduce delayed-type hypersensitivity after thymocyte and bone marrow cell transplantation was influenced by the age of transplanted thymocytes. This capacity was markedly suppressed on the recipients of old cells. The antigen presentation function of macrophage did not after significantly as a function of age.

[The macrophagal-lymphocytic interaction of heterochronic cells in the induction of delayed hypersensitivity]. / Makrofagal'no-limfotsitarnoe vzaimodeistvie geterokhronnykh kletok v induktsii zamedlennoi giperchuvstvitel'nosti.

The influence of senescence on the functional activity of lymphocytes and macrophages in the induction of sensitivity to tuberculosis has been studied in experiments on 226 CBA mice. The study has revealed that after the injection of BCG old animals exhibit decreased capacity for the formation of delayed hypersensitivity, and their lymphocytes, transplanted to recipients, induce a lower level of hypersensitivity. Joint incubation of lymphocytes and macrophages from animals of different ages has shown that immunological defect appearing with age is localized in lymphocytes, while the antigen-presenting function of macrophages remains basically unchanged.

[Activity of specific and natural killer cells in experimental tuberculosis and vaccination]. / Aktivnost' spetsificheskikh i estestvennykh killerov pri éksperimental'nom vosproizvedenii tuberkuleznogo i vaktsinnogo protsessov.

The dynamics of activity of specific and natural killers was studied in 125 Balb/c mice by reproducing the BCG vaccinal process and primary and secondary tuberculosis. The activity of specific killers rose after vaccination and infection. Their level reached maximum in secondary tuberculosis reproduction. In tuberculosis development cellular killer activity declined. The vaccinal and tuberculous processes are attended by phase variations of natural killer lymphocyte activity which at first rises and subsequently declines. It is suggested that natural killers might play a role in the self-limitation of the immune response and elimination of the mutant cells formed during lymphocyte reproduction in the course of immune response to antigen.

Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in the formation of delayed-type hypersensitivity.

Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction was studied on 121 CBA mice during a 2-hour contact of lymph-node cells of non-immune mice with a monolayer of peritoneal macrophages of BCG-immunized mice and subsequent intravenous administration of 4.10(7) pre-incubated lymphocytes to syngenic recipients. Sensitivity to tuberculin was demonstrated in the recipients by means of blast-transformation reaction of spleen cells (stimulation index was evaluated according to incorporation of 3H-thymidine--SI = 1.32 +/- 0.40) using administration of tuberculin into the paws (Mantoux reaction--MR = 0.11 +/- 0.02 mm) and the cytotoxic effect (CTE) of the lymphocytes on tuberculin-loaded sheep-cell erythrocytes whose disintegration was assessed according to discharge of iron from the target cells (CTE = 13.98 +/- 2.73%). At transfer of intact lymphocytes after contact with non-immune macrophages, SI = 1.046 +/- 0.019; MR = 0.014 +/- 0.002 mm; CTE = 0.214 +/- 0.048%. The treatment of lymphocytes with indomethacin during the contact with macrophages induced idvere changes in the indices of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTHS). The conclusion has been drawn that the antigen-presenting ability of macrophages can materialize in vitro.

[T-suppressors and their functional activity in tuberculosis in middle-aged and elderly subjects]. / T-supressory i ikh funktsional'naia aktivnost' pri tuberkuleze u lits pozhilogo i starcheskogo vozrasta.

The role of T-suppressor cells in regulation of the immune response in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and in healthy persons in regard to their age was studied. 226 persons were examined. The findings showed that ageing was accompanied by an increase in the functional activity of T-suppressor cells. In the elderly and senile persons with active tuberculosis there were observed higher counts of T-suppressor cells and their increased specific and nonspecific activity. With aggravation of the tuberculosis process the lymphocyte activity increased. These shifts were likely to be the basis of incomplete immune responses to tubercle bacilli in elderly and senile patients with tuberculosis.

[A method of determining allergic changes in leukocytes]. / Sposob opredeleniia allergicheskoi al'teratsii leikotsitov.

The new technique for the detection of hypersensitivity to allergens is based on the fact that after 2 hrs incubation of citrate blood with the allergen the leukocytes are destroyed and K ions leave the cell. Potassium level in the supernatant is measured by flame photometry. This method has been tried in examinations of 81 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and aspergillosis and 18 healthy donors. The method has proved to be specific and informative for the detection of tuberculin and fungal allergy. It is less labor-consuming than the determination of the neutrophil injury index and more objective, since its results are recorded instrumentally.

[An experimental model of pulmonary aspergillosis]. / Eksperimental'naia model' aspergilleza legkikh.

The model of experimental chronic pulmonary aspergillosis has been obtained in mice and guinea pigs by the intrapulmonary infection of the animals with the suspension of Aspergillus mycelium and spores in complete Freund's adjuvant. Such method of infection has made it possible to produce chronic local mycotic process. Morphologically, focal inflammatory changes of the lung tissue with the subsequent formation of a multitude of small abscesses in these areas have been observed as characteristic manifestations of aspergillosis.

[Immunological diagnosis of aspergillosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Immunologicheskaia diagnostika aspergilleza u bol'nykh tuberkulezom legkikh.

The informative value of a number of immunological tests, such as the routine tests of lymphocyte blast cell transformation and indirect hemagglutination, and the original tests of cytotoxic effect and neutrophil damage was studied in diagnosis of aspergillosis. 94 patients with fibro-cavernous tuberculosis and 18 patients with lung aspergillosis along with tuberculosis were examined. It was shown that the tests provided diagnosis of aspergillosis in the tuberculosis patients. The diagnostic efficiency of the tests was studied. The test of neutrophil damage proved to be the most informative. Diagnostic tables for interpretation of the immunological examination results were developed.

[Interaction of antigen-reactive cells in specific hyposensitization]. / Izuchenie vzaimodeistviia antigenoreaktivnykh kletok pri spetsificheskoi giposensibilizatsii.

The study of the role of T-lymphocytes in specific hyposensitization to tuberculin was carried out. Tie suppressive effect of thymic lymphocytes on the ability of lymph node cells to transfer delayed hypersensitivity was demonstrated in the system of adoptive transfer on 179 CBA mice. In hyposensitization the suppressor activity of thymocytes was found to increase. The authors came to the conclusion that hyposensitization was an active process connected with the increase of the suppressor function of T-lymphocytes.