Trichomoniasis and retesting in Durham County, North Carolina, United States, 2021 - 2022.

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends universal retesting within 3 months after treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection given high rates of persistent infection or reinfection, or if this is not possible, within 12 months following treatment. Data is lacking on how often this is actually done. METHODS: We analyzed the demographic and clinical characteristics, rate of return for the recommended retesting, concordance between wet prep and nucleic acid amplification testing, and percent positivity for T. vaginalis on repeat vaginal specimens at a local public health department in Durham, North Carolina, United States. RESULTS: Of 193 females treated for trichomoniasis between March 1, 2021 - May 31, 2022, 83% were Black or African American and 44% between the ages of 20 and 29 years. Of these individuals, 32% had retesting performed within 3 months and 50% within 365 days after treatment. Females between the ages of 20 and 29 years were more likely to return for retesting than those between the ages of 30 and 39 years. Of those who returned for retesting, 10% were positive on repeat testing. CONCLUSION: In this study, 50% of females diagnosed with trichomoniasis completed retesting within 365 days. Improved scheduling of clients at the time of trichomoniasis treatment and improved identification in our electronic health record of individuals diagnosed with trichomoniasis within the prior year would likely improve retesting rates. Given the high prevalence of trichomoniasis, expanded screening of asymptomatic females in settings where this is feasible may be warranted.

Combating COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, populations of color have been disproportionately impacted, with higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and mortality, compared to non-Hispanic whites. These disparities in health outcomes are likely related to a combination of factors including underlying socioeconomic inequities, unequal access to healthcare, higher rates of employment in essential or public-facing occupations, language barriers, and COVID-19 vaccine inequities. In this manuscript the authors discuss strategies of how one local health department responded to vaccine inequities to better serve historically excluded communities throughout the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. These efforts helped increase vaccination rates in marginalized communities, primarily in the Black or African American population in Durham County, North Carolina.

Mpox Vaccination and the Role of Social Vulnerability in Durham County, North Carolina, USA.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in vaccine coverage among groups in the USA is common, possibly due to higher vaccine hesitancy in certain populations, difficulty accessing vaccines, and underlying social vulnerability. METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mpox vaccine administration, social determinants of health, and social vulnerability index (SVI) in Durham County, North Carolina, USA. Random forest regression (RFE) and min-max scaling preprocessing were used to predict mpox vaccinations in Durham County at the census tract level. The top eleven most influential features and their correlations with mpox vaccination were calculated. RESULTS: Non-Hispanic white individuals, males, and those between the ages of 20 and 40 years were overrepresented in mpox vaccine reception in Durham County. Surprisingly, lacking a high school diploma, lacking health insurance, lacking a household vehicle, and living below the poverty line were all positively associated with receiving the mpox vaccine. Being a Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino individual was also positively associated with receiving the mpox vaccine. DISCUSSION: Vaccine outreach efforts in Durham County, North Carolina, had success in reaching at-risk individuals, including socially vulnerable individuals. Future research should focus more specifically on how social vulnerability relates to vaccine reception for vaccine-preventable diseases.

Relationship Between Sexually Transmitted Infections and Social Determinants of Health in Durham County, North Carolina, United States.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are increasing in the United States, and certain populations are more at risk than others. One explanation for this is inequities in underlying social determinants of health (SDOH). Methods: We analyzed chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis cases in Durham County, North Carolina, from 01/01/2020 to 12/31/2020 by select SDOH at the census tract level. We included 48 variables of interest, including variables related to income, education, transportation, and health insurance. For each variable, we modeled STI incidence at the census tract level using Poisson regression. Wald's chi-square was used to determine which variables were significantly associated with STI incidence. Results: Of 24 variables that were statistically associated with STI incidence at the census tract level, 9 were negatively associated and 15 positively associated with STI incidence. Having employer health insurance was most strongly associated with lower-than-expected STI incidence, and having Medicaid insurance, no health insurance, using public transportation, and income below the poverty level were most strongly associated with higher-than-expected STI incidence. Lastly, STI incidence was not associated with race or ethnicity overall across Durham County, except in historically marginalized areas, where we found higher-than-expected STI incidence. Conclusions: We found that lacking health insurance, having Medicaid insurance, using public transportation, and income below the poverty level were most strongly associated with higher-than-expected STI incidence. Strategies to combat increasing STIs may include improving access to health insurance, reducing barriers to cost-effective and timely transportation to medical appointments, and raising wages to bring individuals out of poverty.

Test-of-Cure After Treatment of Pharyngeal Gonorrhea in Durham, North Carolina, 2021-2022.

BACKGROUND: In December 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its treatment guidelines for gonococcal infection and, for the first time, recommended universal test-of-cure for all individuals treated for pharyngeal gonorrhea. After the release of these guidelines, data are lacking on rates of return for the test-of-cure, particularly in populations other than men who have sex with men. METHODS: We analyzed the demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, rate of return for the recommended test-of-cure, and percent positivity for Neisseria gonorrhoeae on repeat pharyngeal specimens at a local public health department in Durham, NC. RESULTS: Of 101 individuals treated for pharyngeal gonorrhea between March 2021 and April 2022, 54.5% were men, 71.2% Black or African American, and 58.4% between the ages of 20 and 29 years. Most identified as either women who have sex with men (38.6%), men who have sex with men (24.8%), or men who have sex with women (22.8%). Of these individuals, 41 (40.6%) returned for a test-of-cure, with LGBTQ+ individuals more likely to return than men who have sex with women and women who have sex with men. Of those who returned for the test-of-cure, 4.9% of pharyngeal samples were equivocal and 2.4% positive for N. gonorrhoeae by nucleic acid amplification testing, likely reflecting false-positive tests. CONCLUSION: Despite recommendations to perform a test-of-cure 7 to 14 days after treatment of pharyngeal gonorrhea, rates of return continue to be low. Alternative strategies should be investigated to increase test-of-cure rates.

Local Government Approaches to Combating COVID-19 Inequities: A Durham County Department of Public Health Perspective.

When a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) made major headlines in 2020, it further exposed an existing public health crisis related to inequities within our communities and health care delivery system. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, populations of color had higher infection and mortality rates, and even experienced greater disease severity compared to whites. Populations of color often bear the brunt of COVID-19 and other health inequities, due to the multifaceted relationship between systemic racism and the social determinants of health. As this relationship continues to perpetuate health inequities, the local health department is an agency that has the jurisdiction and responsibility to prevent disease and protect the health of the communities they serve. When equity is integrated into a health department's operational infrastructure as a disease prevention strategy, it can elevate the agency's response to public health emergencies. Collecting, reporting, and tracking demographic data that is necessary to identify inequities becomes a priority to facilitate a more robust public health response. The purpose of this paper is to present strategies of how a local health department operationalized equity in various stages of COVID-19 response and apply these methods to future public health emergencies to better serve vulnerable communities.

Public Awareness of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Durham, North Carolina: Results of a Community Survey.

BACKGROUND Adoption of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) remains limited among populations at greatest risk for HIV acquisition. This study aims to assess awareness of PrEP among individuals in Durham, North Carolina, which has one of the highest rates of HIV diagnoses in the state.METHOD In 2015-2016, we administered a survey including questions to assess PrEP awareness to individuals at multiple venues throughout Durham, North Carolina.RESULTS A total of 139 respondents were surveyed. The majority were male (66%) and black/African American (75%); 21% were Hispanic/Latino. There were an estimated 53 men who have sex with men (MSM), of which 18 (33%) were black MSM M 24 years of age. Overall, only 53/138 (38%) respondents were aware of PrEP. Awareness was reported among 33/52 (63%) MSM respondents, 29/46 (63%) black MSM, and 10/17 (59%) black MSM M 24 years of age. In multivariate analysis, non-heterosexual orientation, health-insured status, and prior HIV testing were significantly associated with PrEP awareness. Ninety-four (69%) of 137 respondents reported prior HIV testing.LIMITATIONS Limitations include non-random sampling and limited sample size. Further research needs to be done in other areas of North Carolina, and assessment of PrEP acceptability and uptake needs to be performed.CONCLUSION This study reveals low overall awareness of PrEP in Durham, North Carolina, indicating that expanded outreach is necessary to increase public awareness and encourage adoption of PrEP among all demographics at risk for HIV.