Dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and stable C isotope ratios (δ13CDIC) in a tropical watershed with diversified land use in São Paulo State, Brazil.

The fluvial transport of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important component of the global carbon cycle. Herein, we assessed the dynamics of DIC and the C stable isotopic composition (δ13CDIC) in a watershed with diversified land use in São Paulo State (Brazil), more specifically in the Sorocaba River basin (SRB) and considered the temporal and spatial scales. For this purpose, twelve fluvial samples at each sampling point (e.g., S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) were collected in the SRB, from June 2009 to May 2010, which represented one complete hydrological cycle that included the extremes of the rainfall and discharge regimes. In addition, the δ13CDIC values were also characterized in the wet and dry season at all sampling points to verify their seasonal variability. The results reflected the seasonal variation in discharges, water temperatures, and electrical conductivities. Most of the DIC was transported in the wet season at all sampling points, where the less negative δ13CDIC values were characterized. The natural sources of DIC are associated with atmospheric/soil CO2 consumption. The anthropogenic impacts on both [DIC] and δ13CDIC are linked to untreated urban sewage that is discharged directly into the Sorocaba River, as well as to aquatic photosynthesis in the Itupararanga Reservoir. From 1970 to 2020, the modeling proposed in this study indicated that the annual flux of DIC (Friver) varied from 9.0 to 78.7 t km-2 a-1, confirming that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) controlled Friver in the SRB, with higher and lower Friver values occurring during strong El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) years. The average Friver value was 20 t km-2 a-1, which is higher than those obtained in natural several temperate and tropical watersheds due to the influences of urban areas on [DIC] in the SRB.

Assessment of sustainable drainage strategies in urban water systems using urban water metabolism and multi-criteria decision analyses.

The simulation of urban water metabolism (UWM) allows for the tracking of all water, energy, and material flows within urban water systems (UWSs) and the quantification of their performance, including emissions into the air, water, and soil. This study evaluates seven drainage strategies (DSs) within conventional and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDSs) using UWM and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA). The DSs were designed to assess their corresponding UWM performances, employing key performance indicators (KPIs) related to sewer system balance, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, acidification, eutrophication, contamination, and sludge production. The outcomes were ranked using the compromise programming MCDA model. The top three strategies were permeable pavements, green spaces, and infiltration trenches and sand filters. The approach used for the evaluation of DS can provide valuable insights for decision-makers, support the promotion of sustainable integrated UWS management and adaptation, and accommodate design variations in urban drainage. Sensitivity analysis on uncertain parameters and KPI selection also contributed to robust and sustainable urban drainage solutions.

Combining ultrafiltration and diffusive gradients in thin films techniques for speciation/fractionation of Cu and Zn in cytosol of liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This work aims to evaluate the size and lability of Cu and Zn bound to proteins in the cytosol of fish liver of Oreochromis niloticus by employing solid-phase extraction (SPE), diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), and ultrafiltration (UF). SPE was carried out using Chelex-100. DGT containing Chelex-100 as binding agent was employed. Analyte concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. Total Cu and Zn concentrations in cytosol (1 g of fish liver in 5 ml of Tris-HCl) ranged from 39.6 to 44.3 ng ml-1 and 1498 to 2106 ng ml-1, respectively. Data from UF (10-30 kDa) suggested that Cu and Zn in cytosol were associated with ∼70% and 95%, respectively, with high-molecular-weight proteins. Cu-metallothionein was not selectively detected (although 28% of Cu was associated with low-molecular-weight proteins). However, information about the specific proteins in the cytosol will require coupling UF with organic mass spectrometry. Data from SPE showed the presence of labile Cu species of ∼17%, while the fraction of labile Zn species was >55%. However, data from DGT suggested a fraction of labile Cu species only of 7% and a labile Zn fraction of 5%. This data, as compared with previous data from literature, suggests that the DGT technique gave a more plausible estimation of the labile pool of Zn and Cu in cytosol. The combination of results from UF and DGT is capable of contributing to the knowledge about the labile and low-molecular pool of Cu and Zn.

Relevance of tyre wear particles to the total content of microplastics transported by runoff in a high-imperviousness and intense vehicle traffic urban area.

Microplastics (MPs) are an emerging pollutant and a worldwide issue. A wide variety of MPs and tyre wear particles (TWPs) are entering and spreading in the environment. TWPs can reach waterbodies through runoff, where main contributing particulate matter comes from impervious areas. In this paper, TWPs and other types of MPs that were transported with the runoff of a high populated-impervious urban area were characterised. Briefly, MPs were sampled from sediments in a stormwater detention reservoir (SDR) used for flood control of a catchment area of ∼36 km2, of which 73% was impervious. The sampled SDR is located in São Paulo, the most populated city in South America. TWPs were the most common type of MPs in this SDR, accounting for 53% of the total MPs; followed by fragments (30%), fibres (9%), films (4%) and pellets (4%). In particular, MPs in the size range 0.1 mm-0.5 mm were mostly TWPs. Such a profile of MPs in the SDR is unlike what is reported in environmental compartments elsewhere. TWPs were found at levels of 2160 units/(kg sediment·km2 of impervious area) and 87.8 units/(kg sediment·km street length); MP and TWP loadings are introduced here for the first time. The annual flux of MPs and TWPs were 7.8 × 1011 and 4.1 × 1011 units/(km2·year), respectively, and TWP emissions varied from 43.3 to 205.5 kg/day. SDRs can be sites to intercept MP pollution in urban areas. This study suggests that future research on MP monitoring in urban areas and design should consider both imperviousness and street length as important factors to normalize TWP contribution to urban pollution.

Tannin-based coagulant for harvesting microalgae cultivated in wastewater: Efficiency, floc morphology and products characterization.

Tannin-based coagulants (TBCs) have the potential to be used to harvest microalgae cultivated at wastewater treatment plants. Their use would address the circular economy associated with the production of low-toxicity biomass and supernatant. Studies in this field are still scarce, and substantial gaps exist in the definitions of the flocculation process parameters. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate TBC performance as a natural coagulant for harvesting microalgae biomass grown in sanitary effluent digested in an up flow biofilter, as well establishing a path to enable recovery and reuse of wastewater nutrients. Classical removal techniques combined with image analysis and light scattering-based equipment were used to evaluate the coagulant performance, recovery efficiency, floc strength, and floc recovery compared to aluminum sulfate (AS). The results showed that TBC was able to efficiently harvest algal biomass from the effluent, achieving color, turbidity, and optical density (OD) removal efficiencies greater than 90% with only 5 min of sedimentation. The optimal harvesting dosage was 100 mg·L-1 for TBC and 75 mg·L-1 for AS. TBC presented the advantage of harvesting biomass without changing the pH of the medium and was also able to present satisfactory removal of the analyzed parameters (color, turbidity and OD) at pH values of 5.0, 7.0, and 8.5. In addition, TBC produced stronger flocs than AS, showing a better ability to resist breakage upon sudden shear rate variations. TBC produced macronutrient-rich biomass and supernatant that was similar to that produced with AS.

Functionalization of kaolinite for removal of phosphate from urban sewage.

The PO4 3- widespread in urban sewages promotes eutrophication of water sources, with harmful effects to natural life and endanger human health. The removal of PO4 3- from urban sewage requires treatment at tertiary level, with high costs and low efficiency in most cases. Thus, a functionalization method for surface modification of kaolinite was proposed to improve the removal of PO4 3- from urban sewage. The kaolinite commercial did not remove PO4 3- from aqueous solution. However, the functionalized kaolinite (FK) was efficient, with a maximum removal capacity of 8.4 ± 0.1 mg PO4 3-/L, within less than 1 min of reaction. The removal of PO4 3- is associated with precipitation of pyromorphite, a mineral with low solubility (Ksp < 10-79,6). Finally, real urban sewage samples (raw and treated) were also tested for removal of PO4 3- using FK, confirming its effectiveness. The central aspects of this development are:•Functionalized kaolinite (FK), with Pb(II), for removal of PO4 3- from urban sewage was studied.•The FK was efficient for removal of up to 8.4 mg PO4 3-/L from aqueous solution, within a short reaction time.•The precipitation of pyromorphite was the mechanism responsible for removal of PO4 3- and FK efficiency have been confirmed for real urban sewage samples.

Multi-tracer analysis to estimate the historical evolution of pollution in riverbed sediment of subtropical watershed, the lower course of the Piracicaba River, São Paulo, Brazil.

The main land use/land cover changes (LULCC) have been associated with population growth and energy policies in the São Paulo State, Brazil, since 1970. The LULCC can alter the behavior of trace elements in different environmental systems, with the riverbed sediments being the main reservoirs or sinks for trace elements, and thus become a valuable environmental archive on temporal changes. Thus, the main purpose of the study was to apply a multi-tracer analysis to estimate the historical evolution of pollution in riverbed sediment of a subtropical watershed, the lower course of the Piracicaba River, São Paulo, Brazil. 210Pb measurements done on river sediment core samples allowed estimating a sedimentation rate of 9 mm yr-1 between 1971 and 2001. Zn was the most abundant trace element in the sediment core, followed by Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc and Cd. The total concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Sc and Pb presented practically no variations in the sediment core, with a continuous excess of ca. 0.27 µg g-1 yr-1 of Cu and of ca. 0.54 µg g-1 yr-1 of Zn between 1971 and 2001. The excess of Cu and Zn was associated with labile fractions, in particular with carbonate bound to Zn and organic matter bound to Cu. The assessment of trace metal pollution indicated that most of the trace elements were of geogenic origin, except for Cu and Zn. According to the sediment quality guidelines used in Brazil, Pb showed no potential toxic effect, Cu, Cr and Zn were intermediate to Threshold Effect Level (TEL) and Probable Effect Level (PEL) and the Cd and Ni concentrations were above the PEL limits. The elemental and isotopic analysis of C and N and the C/N ratio indicated that the anthropogenic origin of POM found in the sediment core is related mainly to domestic sewage.

Estudo da coagulação/floculação de água com turbidez moderada na sedimentação e flotação por ar dissolvido / Study of coagulation/flocculation of water with moderate turbidity in sedimentation and floating by dissolved air

RESUMO Os processos de formação, crescimento, ruptura e rearranjo dos flocos que ocorrem durante a coagulação/floculação influenciam, significativamente, a eficiência da remoção dos agregados no tratamento de água. Por isso, é importante estudar as propriedades dos flocos, que são alteradas continuamente durante a floculação e podem interferir na subsequente remoção das partículas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a eficiência de remoção de turbidez por meio da sedimentação e da flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD), com o uso de aluminato de sódio como agente coagulante. Adicionalmente, a etapa de floculação foi monitorada usando imagens obtidas por método não intrusivo. A FAD proporcionou melhor resultado de remoção de turbidez, de 93%, mostrando robustez como etapa no processo de tratamento de água. Na etapa de floculação, o tamanho dos flocos variou de 0,03 a 0,53 mm, com maior concentração de partículas nas menores classes de tamanho monitoradas. O estudo da dimensão fractal mostrou que o aumento da intensidade da mistura acentuou a ruptura (Dmédio de 0,2 mm para 20 s-1 para Dmédio de 0,1 mm para 40 s-1) nos flocos, promovendo o surgimento de flocos menos compactos. A FAD se mostrou menos sensível às variações de tamanho dos agregados quando comparada à sedimentação.

ABSTRACT The processes of formation, growth, rupture, and rearrangement of flocs, which occur during coagulation/flocculation, significantly influence the removal efficiency of the aggregates in water treatment. Therefore, it is important to study the flocs properties because they change continuously during the process and may interfere in the choice of later step for removal of the particles. This article evaluated the efficiency of turbidity removal in sedimentation and dissolved air flotation (DAF) with the use of sodium aluminate as a coagulant. In addition, the flocculation step was monitored through digital images, by non-intrusive method, to study the morphological properties of flocs. The DAF step provided better removal results (greater than 93%) in less process time, showing to be an advantageous step in turbid water treatment. In the flocculation step, the size of the flocs varied from 0.03 to 0.53 mm, with a higher particle concentration in the smaller size classes. The study of the fractal dimension showed that the increase in the intensity of the mixture accentuated the rupture (Dmean of 0.2 mm for 20s for Dmean of 0.1 mm for 40s-1) in the flocs, promoting the appearance of less compact flocs. DAF was less sensitive to variations in aggregate size when compared to sedimentation.

Avaliação da sensibilidade da função de distribuição de tamanho de partícula durante a floculação / Sensitivity analysis of particle size distribution function during flocculation

RESUMO Neste artigo, buscou-se avaliar a sensibilidade da função contínua de distribuição de tamanho de partículas (DTP) diante da modificação decorrente da floculação. Para tal, foram investigadas seis configurações discretas, subdivididas em 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 e 15 classes de tamanho. As configurações investigadas diferem na frequência de partículas presentes por faixa de tamanho e no comportamento, sendo este monotônico ou unimodal. O ajuste da função contínua na forma linearizada aos dados discretos foi avaliado por meio do coeficiente de determinação (R2). O coeficiente de potência da função (β) e o centro de massa (C.M) da distribuição foram tomados como representativos da DTP para a análise de sensibilidade, realizada por meio do estudo da correlação múltipla entre as variáveis. Experimentos em escala de bancada foram conduzidos visando a avaliar a simulação. Os resultados demonstraram que os parâmetros β e C.M foram sensíveis às variações da DTP, todavia os ajustes das funções para distribuições unimodais carecem de aprimoramento.

ABSTRACT In this paper, the sensitivity of the continuous particle size distribution function (PSD) was evaluated, as flocculation occurs. To this end, six discrete configurations were investigated, subdivided into 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 15 classes. The distribution studied here differ in the particles presented by size range and behavior, whether monotonic or unimodal. The adjustment of the continuous function in linearized form to the discrete data was evaluated by means of R2. The power law coefficient (β) and the center of mass (C.M) were taken as representative of PSD during the sensitivity analysis, which was carried out by means of multiple correlation between the variables. Batch essays were performed in order to evaluate simulations. Results showed that β and C.M were both sensitive to PSD variations; however, the function adjustments for unimodal distributions need improvement.

Factors and mass ratio analyses for Reactive Blue 19 dye decolorization using ozone: an experimental and analytical modelling approach / Análises de atributos e taxa mássica da descolorização do corante Azul Reativo 19 usando ozônio: modelagem experimental e analítica

ABSTRACT Dyes highly reduce sunlight penetration into the stream, and consequently affect photosynthesis and oxygen transfer into water bodies. An experimental and analytical modelling approach to Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) removal using ozone was carried out. For this purpose, factors and mass ratio analyses were assessed based on batch assays experiments. Removal efficiency increased from 64 to 94% when the dosage increased from 38.4 to 153.6 mg O3.L-1. Results showed that RB19 is more efficiently removed when initial pH is 7. The rate of RB19 removal decreased as the initial dye concentration increased. Kinetic studies showed that the ozonation of RB19 was a pseudo first-order reaction with respect to the dye, and the apparent rate constant declined logarithmically with the initial dye concentration. Mass ratio studies showed that, for the empirical analysis, the power law equation was adequate to describe mass ratio over time and the analytical analysis suggests that the process is influenced by mass transfer in the liquid film as well as in the bulk fluid.

RESUMO Os corantes reduzem significativamente a penetração da luz solar no corpo d'água e, consequentemente, afetam a fotossíntese e a transferência de oxigênio. Realizaram-se modelagens experimental e analítica da remoção do azul reativo 19 por ozônio. Para isso, avaliaram-se os atributos e a taxa mássica por ensaios em batelada. A eficiência de remoção foi de 64 para 94% quando a dose de ozônio aumentou de 38,4 para 153,6 mg O3.L-1. Os resultados mostraram que o azul reativo 19 é removido mais eficientemente em pH inicial da solução de 7. A taxa de remoção do azul reativo 19 reduziu à medida que a sua concentração inicial aumentou. Os estudos cinéticos mostraram que a ozonização do azul reativo 19 é uma reação de pseudoprimeira ordem em relação ao corante e a constante cinética aparente decai logaritmicamente com a concentração inicial de corante. A análise empírica indica que a taxa mássica ao longo do tempo pode ser descrita adequadamente por uma equação de potência, e os estudos analíticos sugerem que o processo é influenciado pela transferência de massa tanto no filme líquido quanto na massa líquida.

Estimativa da correção do coeficiente de retorno de esgoto sanitário em habitações com sistemas de aproveitamento de água pluvial: estudo de caso da cidade de Bauru, SP / Estimate of the correction of sewage return rate in housing with rain water recovery systems: case study of Bauru city, SP, Brazil

RESUMO O coeficiente de retorno (f) da rede coletora de esgoto, que apresenta quociente dado pelos volumes água/esgoto micromedidos, é empregado no projeto e na gestão do sistema de coleta de esgoto sanitário. As fontes de suprimento de água alternativas, tais como águas de reúso e de aproveitamento pluvial, não estão contempladas por f. O presente artigo teve o objetivo de aplicar metodologias para avaliar o potencial do lançamento de água pluvial no sistema de coleta e transporte de esgoto sanitário por meio de práticas de aproveitamento, na cidade de Bauru/SP. As variáveis de interesse foram parametrizadas utilizando o número de habitantes. Foi usado procedimento amostral para a determinação das áreas de telhado disponíveis. Os resultados apontam para correções de f (f corrigido ) na faixa de 0,86 e 1,14.

ABSTRACT The return coefficient (f) of the sewage disposal system, which presents the ratio given by the volume of wastewater by the public supply system water volume is employed in the design and management of sanitary sewer collection system. The use of alternative sources, such as reuse and rainwater harvesting, are not considered by f. This article aims at applying the methodology to evaluate the potential release of rainwater in the collection and transportation of sanitary sewage system through recovery practices in Bauru city/SP. Variables were quoted by means of number of inhabitants. The statistical sampling procedure was applied for roof area determination. Results pointed out for f correction (f corrected ) values varying from 0,86 to 1.14 for Bauru city.

Caracterização e avaliação de fatores que determinam a remoção de microcistina-LR em carvão ativado granular produzido a partir de diferentes matérias-primas / Characterization and evaluation of factors influencing microcystin-LR removal by granular activated carbon produced from different raw materials

RESUMO As microcistinas (MC), que estão entre as cianotoxinas mais encontradas em florações de cianobactérias, não são eficientemente removidas pelas tecnologias do ciclo completo de tratamento de água. Como barreira adicional para sua remoção, destaca-se o processo de adsorção com carvão ativado granular (CAG). Esta pesquisa comparou a eficiência de remoção de MC-LR por sete CAG produzidos a partir de diferentes matérias-primas, analisando as propriedades das amostras: umidade, teor de cinzas, pH e características texturais. Inicialmente, os resultados indicaram que as propriedades dos CAG foram influenciadas pelo material de origem, assim como pelo método de produção. Nos ensaios de adsorção, o modelo de Langmuir indicou que, em quatro horas, com dosagem de 100 mg.L-1, o CAG de linhito (CGLIN) apresentou a maior capacidade de remoção (97,2%) de MC-LR (Co: 115,1 µg.L-1), com qe,máx de 10,6 mg.g-1. O volume de mesoporos influenciou significativamente a capacidade adsortiva de MC dos carvões avaliados (r=0,98, Pearson). Esses resultados podem oferecer subsídios para a aplicação do processo de adsorção de MC-LR em estações de tratamento de água (ETA) para a minimização de intoxicações por água contaminada.

ABSTRACT Microcystins (MC), which are among the cyanotoxins more commonly found in cyanobacterial blooms, are not efficiently removed by full-cycle water treatment technologies. As an additional barrier, there is the adsorption process with granular activated carbon (GAC). This research compared the efficiency of MC-LR removal by seven GACs produced from different raw materials, analyzing these samples' properties: moisture, ash content, pH and textural characteristics. Initially, the results indicated that the GAC properties were influenced by the source material, as well as by the production method. In the adsorption assays, the Langmuir model indicated that in 4h, with 100 mg.L-1 dosage, the granular activated carbon of lignite (CGLIN) had the highest MC-LR (Co: 115.1 µg.L-1) removal capacity (97.2%), with qe,max of 10.6 mg.g-1. The volume of mesopores significantly influenced the adsorption capacity of microcystin by the evaluated GACs (r=0.98, Pearson). These results can support the application of the MC-LR adsorption process in water treatment plants to minimize intoxication with contaminated water.

Distribuição das taxas de infiltração em áreas afetadas por processos erosivos acelerados e recobertas por materiais antropogênicos / Infiltration distribution rates on areas affected by rapid erosive process and covered by anthropogenic materials

RESUMO Este artigo busca avaliar a distribuição das taxas de infiltração na dinâmica de áreas afetadas por processos erosivos acelerados e recobertas por material antropogênico. Foram realizados ensaios de infiltração com o uso de infiltrômetro em pontos distribuídos na área de investigação. Os dados foram ajustados à função de decaimento de Horton, e seus parâmetros, correlacionados com atributos do meio físico e do modelo digital do terreno por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Os resultados permitiram constatar grande variabilidade das taxas de infiltração, decorrentes das complexidades geradas pelas diversas obras de contenção, com diferentes variáveis morfológicas, granulométricas e de uso da terra, nos diferentes setores amostrados. Apesar da variação espacial dessas taxas, a avaliação setorizada, coerente com as características do meio físico, permitiu a constatação das principais variáveis que interferem nos parâmetros representativos das taxas de infiltração. Assim, em setores de baixa vertente, há correlação forte entre as taxas de infiltração e a areia fina, assim como entre essas taxas e a distância do rio. Já nos setores de alto declive e pastagem, tais correlações são altas entre as taxas de infiltração final e os materiais finos (argila e argila + silte). Em setores de alta vertente, sem cobertura vegetal, as correlações mais fortes ocorrem entre a infiltração final e o fluxo de escoamento superficial acumulado. Tais dados apontam, portanto, para a complexidade do próprio fenômeno, que depende tanto das características dos materiais de superfície e da morfologia dos terrenos quanto da situação específica da área.

ABSTRACT In this paper, infiltration distribution rates were evaluated on areas affected by accelerated erosive processes and covered by anthropogenic material. Infiltration tests were performed at several samples distributed in the area. The data were adjusted to the Horton decay function, and its parameters were correlated with attributes of the physical environment and the terrain digital model, using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Results pointed out great variability of infiltration rates, due to the complexities generated by several structural interventions in the different sectors sampled, with different morphological, granulometric and land use variables. The analysis made sector by sector here proposed allowed verifying the main variables that interfere in the parameters that represent the infiltration rates, in spite of the spatial variability for infiltration rates. In low-slope sectors, there was a strong correlation between infiltration rates and sand, as well as between these rates and river distance. In high slope and grassland areas, such correlations are high between the final infiltration rates and the fine materials (clay and clay + silt). In high-slope areas with no vegetation coverage, the strongest correlations occur between the final infiltration and the cumulative runoff flow. Therefore, results here presented emphasize that both the characteristics of the cover materials and the morphology of the land are determinant for data analysis.

Neural network for fractal dimension evolution.

The coagulation/flocculation process is an essential step in drinking water treatment. The process of formation, growth, breakage and rearrangement of the formed aggregates is key to enhancing the understanding of the flocculation process. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a powerful technique, which can be used to model complex problems in several areas, such as water treatment. This work evaluated the evolution of the fractal dimension of aggregates obtained through ANN modeling in the coagulation/flocculation process conducted in high apparent color water (100 ± 5 PtCo), using alum as coagulant in dosages varying from 1 to 12 mg Al3+ L-1, and shear rates from 20 to 60 s-1 for flocculation times from 1 to 60 minutes. Based on raw data, the ANN model resulted in optimized condition of 9.5 mg Al3+ L-1 and pH 6.1, for color removal of 90.5%. For fractal dimension evolution, the ANN was able to represent from 95% to 99% of the results.

Controle de enchentes no lote por poço de infiltração de água pluvial sob nova concepção / Stormwater source control with infiltration wells under a new conception

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma nova concepção de poço de infiltração como técnica de controle de drenagem pluvial na fonte. Esse poço, denominado P-GHidro, possui furos na parede dos anéis de concreto, camada de brita externa aos anéis para melhorar a distribuição de água, pré-filtro de geotêxtil na tampa e filtros adicionais no fundo e na lateral, entre a brita e o solo. Usou-se como referência o poço de infiltração comumente empregado em São Carlos, São Paulo (P-SC), cuja construção foi realizada com anéis de concreto justapostos ao solo sem furos laterais e sem pré-filtro. Foram realizados seis ensaios de chuvas simuladas para cada poço de infiltração. Os dados experimentais de vazão de água infiltrada foram modelados pelo método de Puls. A condutividade hidráulica, constante ou variada, foi empregada como parâmetro de calibração do modelo aos dados experimentais; o ajuste foi avaliado por meio dos coeficientes de determinação (R2) e de Nash-Sutcliffe (NS). O P-GHidro apresentou melhor desempenho na infiltração de água pluvial, com volume armazenado 25% menor e tempos de esvaziamento 4% menores que os do P-SC. A modelagem apresentou boa representatividade dos dados experimentais para condutividade hidráulica constante (média de R2 de 0,92 e de NS de 0,56) e melhor ainda para condutividade hidráulica variada (média de R2 de 0,97 e de NS de 0,97).

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate a new concept of infiltration well as in loco stormwater drainage source control. This infiltration well, namely P-GHidro, has holes in the wall of the concrete rings, layer of gravel external to the rings in order to improve the water distribution, a geotextile prefilter on the cover, and additional filters on the bottom and on the sides between the gravel and the soil. An infiltration well common in San Carlos (P-SC), São Paulo, Brazil, was used as reference, and its construction uses concrete rings juxtaposed to the soil without side holes or prefilter. Six tests of simulated rain were performed for each design infiltration well. The experimental data of infiltrated water flow were modeled by Puls method. The hydraulic conductivity, constant or variable, was used as a model adjustment parameter to the experimental data, and the adjustment was assessed using the coefficients of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS). P-GHidro had a better performance in the stormwater infiltration, with stored volume and emptying times smaller than the P-SC. The modeling showed good adjustments to the experimental data for constant hydraulic conductivity (average R2 = 0.92 and NS = 0.56) and even better adjustments for variable hydraulic conductivity (average R2 = 0.97 and NS = 0.97).

Adsorção de Cd 2+, Ni 2+ e Zn 2+ em soluções aquosas usando anidrita e lama vermelha / Adsorption of Cd2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ in aqueous solutions using anhydrite and red mud

RESUMO Vários minerais e resíduos industriais têm sido estudados para uso como adsorvente, entre eles a lama vermelha e a anidrita. A lama vermelha é um resíduo insolúvel gerado em grande quantidade durante o processamento da bauxita. A anidrita é um sulfato de cálcio (CaSO4) cristalizado sob a forma rômbica e usada como matéria-prima na indústria. Nesta investigação, a capacidade de adsorção de Cd2+, Ni2+ e Zn2+ pela anidrita e pela lama vermelha foi avaliada usando isotermas de adsorção de Langmuir e Freundlich. Os materiais empregados apresentaram adsorção ≥75±1% para todos os metais em soluções aquosas com concentração de 0,5 mmol.25 mL-1. As isotermas baseadas no modelo de Langmuir foram as mais apropriadas para descrever o fenômeno de remoção de Cd2+, Ni2+ e Zn2+ para a anidrita e a lama vermelha, com valores de capacidade máxima de adsorção de 0,47 e 0,51 mmol.g-1 para o Cd2+, 1,18 e 1,56 mmol.g-1 para o Ni2+ e 0,84 e 1,47 mmol.g-1 para o Zn2+, respectivamente. Esses valores foram superiores a outros valores exibidos por materiais empregados como adsorventes descritos em estudos prévios.

ABSTRACT Various minerals and industrial waste have been studied for use as an adsorbent, in particular the anhydrite and the red mud. The red mud is an insoluble residue that is generated in large quantities during the processing of bauxite. The anhydrite is a calcium sulfate (CaSO4), crystallized as a rhombic way, and used as raw material in the industry. In this study, the Cd2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+adsorption capacity by anhydrite and by red mud was evaluated using adsorption isotherms obtained by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The materials used showed adsorption ≥75±1% for all metals in aqueous solutions with a concentration of 0.5 mmol.25 mL-1. The Langmuir isotherm was more appropriate to describe the phenomenon of Cd2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal, with highest adsorption capacity at 0.47 and 0.51 mmol.g-1 for Cd2+, 1.18 and 1.56 mmol.g-1 for Ni2+, and 0.84 and 1.47 mmol.g-1 for Zn2+, respectively. These values were higher than those ones obtained for other materials described in previous studies.

O efeito do hidrograma e da concentração afluentes na remoção de material particulado em canal gramado / The effect of hydrograph and of inlet concentration in particle removal on grassy channel

RESUMO Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar o efeito do hidrograma e da concentração afluentes na remoção de material particulado em canal gramado construído em escala real. Para tal, foram investigados três hidrogramas de entrada e concentrações iniciais (Co) de material particulado: 65; 130; 195; 263, 327 e 400 mg/L, os quais foram descarregados em canal gramado de 100 m de extensão e declividade de 2%. O pico dos hidrogramas investigados foi da ordem de 11±2 L/s; e o tempo de base (tB), determinado no ponto de descarregamento no canal, variou entre 15, 25 e 35 minutos. O tempo de trânsito no canal (tT) foi da ordem de 10,5±2,5 minutos, o que corresponde à velocidade de 0,14±0,02 m/s. Para tB de 15 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências foi da ordem de 64±3%, para posição de 31±26 m. Para tB de 25 minutos, a média das máximas foi da ordem de 73±3%, para posições de 59±24 m. Finalmente, para tB de 35 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências obtidas foi da ordem de 65±3%, nas posições de 73±15 m. Verificou-se que 70% dos valores da constante de decaimento (k d) estão entre 0,005 e 0,015 s-1, e, ao desconsiderar o hidrograma representado por tB de 15 minutos, 90% dos dados estão no intervalo 0,005 ≤ k d ≤ 0,015 s-1. Além disso, foi identificada relação direta e proporcional entre a concentração final (C*) e as concentrações iniciais (Co).

ABSTRACT The present work investigated the effect of hydrograph and inlet concentration on the removal of particle matter on a constructed real scale grassy channel. For this, three input hydrographs and initial concentration (Co) of particulate matter were investigated, as following: 65; 130; 195; 263, 327 and 400 mg/L, which were discharged in a grassy channel with 100 m length and a 2% slope. The peak of the hydrographs investigated was around 11±2 L/s; and the time base (tB), determined in the unloading point on the channel, ranged between 15, 25 and 35 minutes. The transit time in the channel (tT) was about 10.5±2.5 minutes, corresponding to a speed of 0.14±0.02 m/s. For 15 minutes tB, the average of maximum efficiencies was around 64±3% for the position 31±26 m. For 25 minutes tB, it was around 73±3% for 59±24 m. Finally, for 35 minutes tB the average of maximum efficiencies was about 65±3% for 73±15 m. It was verified that 70% of the values of the decay constant (k d) are between 0.005 and 0.015 s-1; and, when the tB of 15 minutes is not considered, 90% of the data is in the range of 0.005≤ k d ≤0.015 s-1. Also, a direct and proportional behavior of the final concentration (C*) and the initial concentration (Co) was identified.

Avaliação do desempenho de canal gramado na remoção de material suspenso em escoamento superficial pluvial / Performance of natural channel on removing suspended matter from runoff

RESUMO Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o desempenho de canal gramado na remoção de material suspenso presente em escoamento superficial em unidade construída em escala real. Para tal, foram investigadas diferentes concentrações iniciais de material particulado, o qual foi descarregado por meio de chuvas simuladas em canal de 100 m de extensão e declividade de 2%. As medidas de material particulado foram feitas mediante a análise de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) em diferentes posições ao longo do canal. Os hidrogramas de descarregamento e as lâminas de água no canal foram monitorados durante a passagem da onda de cheia. Avaliaram-se as frações removidas para cada evento isolado e também em conjunto, por intermédio da interpolação por krigagem. Remoções da ordem de 50% foram obtidas para a posição de 50 m do canal gramado e de 70% para a posição de 80 m. Os resultados mostraram que a remoção de material particulado é fortemente dependente da extensão do canal e que os aspectos dinâmicos decorrentes da passagem da onda de cheia influenciam no processo.

ABSTRACT In this study, the performance of a natural channel in removing particulate matter from runoff was evaluate. For this purpose, different initial concentrations of particles, which were discharged by means of simulated 100 m in length and slope of 2% channel rains, were investigated. The measurements of particulate matter were made by means of total suspended solids (TSS) at different positions along the channel. Hydrograph and water levels in the canal during the passage of the flood wave were monitored. The removed fractions for each one of the isolated essays and also in a combined way were evaluated, by applying kriging interpolation. Removals around 50% were obtained for the channel position of 50 m and 70% for channel position of 80 m. The results indicated that the removal of particulate material is strongly dependent on the extension of the channel and the dynamic aspects arising from the passage of the flood wave influence in the process.

Considerações sobre os valores máximos permitidos (VMP) de E. coli em águas cinza, visando ao reúso por meio de avaliação quantitativa de riscos microbiológicos (AQRM) / Considerations on the maximum permitted values (VMP) of E. coli for grey water reuse by means of quantitative risk assessment of microbiology (QRMA)

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar a ferramenta de avaliação quantitativa de riscos microbiológicos (AQRM) para avaliação do reúso de águas cinza, a fim de definir uma faixa de valores máximos permitidos (VMP) para Escherichia coli por meio do conceito de riscos aceitáveis 10-3 e 10-6 por pessoa por ano (pppa), para as diversas finalidades de reúso. Para tal, foram avaliadas a exposição, a dose-resposta e a probabilidade de infecção para diferentes finalidades de reúso. O modelo de Beta-Poisson foi empregado para a avaliação da probabilidade de infecção. Os dados de entrada para AQRM foram avaliados mediante a compilação sistemática de dados da literatura. Os maiores riscos de infecção decorrem das culturas alimentares e da balneabilidade com águas cinza misturadas, resultando em VMP de 5,25 a 105 Número Mais Provável (NMP)/100 mL e de 3,95 a 39,5 NMP/100 mL respectivamente, para risco aceitável de 10-3 e 0,00 a 0,10 NMP/100 mL e 0,00 a 0,04 NMP/100 mL, simultaneamente, para risco de 10-6 pppa. Já o menor risco de infecção decorre do reúso de águas cinza de lavatório para lavagem de pisos, proporcionando VMP de 21,4 × 101 a 2,14 × 103 NMP/100 mL para risco aceitável de 10-3 e 0,71 a 14,3 NMP/100 mL, sucessivamente, para risco de 10-6 pppa. A AQRM com riscos aceitáveis de 10-3 pppa mostra-se uma potencial ferramenta para avaliação dos VMP em água cinza bruta, visando sua reutilização, e pode subsidiar decisões normativas nacionais.

ABSTRACT The current study had the objective to apply the tool of quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) to evaluate the reuse of greywater in order to define a range of maximum value allowed (MVA) to Escherichia coli by means of the concept of acceptable risk 10-3 and 10-6 per person per year (pppy), for the various purposes of reuse. For that, the following criteria were evaluated: the exposure, the dose-response and the probability of infection for different purposes of reuse. The Beta-Poisson model was used to assess the probability of infection. The input data for QMRA were evaluated from a systematic compilation of literature data. The greatest risks of infection resulted from food crops and balneability in mixed greywaters, resulting in MVA from 5.25 to 105 MPN/100 mL and from 3.95 to 39.5 MPN/100 mL respectively, to an acceptable risk of 10-3 and 0.00 to 0.10 NMP/100 mL and from 0.00 to 0.04 MPN/100 mL, simultaneously, to a risk of 10-6 pppy. Yet, the lowest risk of infection was due to the reuse of greywater from lavatories for washing floors, providing MVA from 21.4 × 101 to 2.14 × 103 MPN/100 mL to an acceptable risk of 10-3 and 0.71 to 14.3 MPN/100 mL, for a risk of 10-6 pppy. The QMRA with acceptable risk of 10-3 pppy has been a potential tool for the assessment of MVA in crude greywater aiming the reuse and the possibility of support in national policy decisions.

Floculação: considerações a partir da análise clássica e da avaliação direta da distribuição de tamanho de partículas / Flocculation: considerations from the classical analysis and from direct evaluation of particle size distribution

RESUMO: Este artigo apresenta algumas considerações sobre a floculação a partir da análise clássica e da avaliação direta da distribuição de tamanho de partículas. Para tal, foram realizados experimentos em escala de bancada. Os resultados foram avaliados à luz da abordagem clássica, dada pelo adimensional número de Camp (GT) e pela cinética de agregação e ruptura, e da distribuição de tamanhos de partículas. Verificou-se que o emprego isolado do produto GT não é adequado para representar as variações de desempenho na floculação e que o modelo clássico de agregação e ruptura pode ser influenciado pela medida indireta de turbidez, bem como pelo uso da sedimentação como etapa intermediária. Por outro lado, a avaliação direta de desempenho por meio da distribuição de tamanhos de partículas, representada pela função contínua linearizada, pode constituir ferramenta promissora na avaliação dedicada da floculação.

ABSTRACT: This article presents some considerations on the flocculation from the classical analysis and direct evaluation of the particle size distribution. For this purpose, essays in bench scale were performed. The results were evaluated in the light of classical approach, given by the dimensionless number Camp (GT) and the kinetics of aggregation and breakage, as well as particle size distribution. It has been found that the use of GT isolated product is not suitable to represent the variations in flocculation performance and the classical model of aggregation and break-up can be biased by an indirect measurement of turbidity and sedimentation as an intermediate step. On the other hand, the direct evaluation of performance by particle size distribution, represented by linear continuous function, can be a promising tool for the evaluation of flocculation.